Thesis (M.J.)--Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This study analyzes the rule of the law of treaties permitting the provisional application of treaties or parts thereof, which usually occurs between signature and ratification (article 25 of the 1969 Vienna Convention). Chapter 1 reviews the negotiating record of article 25. Chapter 2 examines the reasons for provisional application, which include the urgency of the treaty and preparation for a new international organization. Chapter 3 considers article 25 in detail, while chapter 4 explores provisional application under customary international law, including the origins of the custom. The constitutionality of provisional application and the municipal effect of provisionally applied treaties are examined in chapter 5, along with provisional application in South African law and treaty practice. Chapter 6 considers the special role of provisional application in the field of arms control instruments. The main conclusion reached is that the principle of pacta sunt servanda applies during the provisional period. / Jurisprudence / LL.M

The unconstitutional process at the Peruvian Constitution (1993) has a progressive development in the jurisprudence of his top judicial institution to make constitutional interpretations; but the Congress needs to take a politic decision to promote some amendments at the future.

La thèse porte sur l'existence de conflits lorsqu'il s'agit d'adapter la norme internationale relative aux drogues au sein de l'ordre juridique interne de l’État colombien. En effet, la loi internationale inscrite dans les Conventions Internationales de Contrôle de Stupéfiant considère uniquement les usages de la médecine et de la science comme des usages autorisés et par conséquence toute déviance est fortement réprimée. Certaines communautés indigènes colombiennes ont une conception différente sur les usages licites de la feuille de coca. Elles vont se mobiliser afin de légaliser la commercialisation des produits dérivés de la feuille. Par conséquent, l'adoption de cette conventions s'avère être source de conflit au sein de la nation colombienne. En effet, l'État est face à un dilemme : d'un côté, il se doit de respecter les droits des peuples indigènes et de l'autre, il doit suivre ses obligations internationales de contrôle de stupéfiants. Ce conflit non-résolu entre deux groupes de normes qui s'opposent se trouve au cœur de notre étude. / The thesis deals with the conflicts that appears with the adoption of international drug treaties in the Colombian national law system. In fact, the international law treaties establish that the only legal uses for substances that have been placed under drug surveillance are for the medical or the scientific purposes and consequently any deviance is strongly repressed. Some Colombian indigenous communities have a different conception about the uses of coca leaf. They will mobilize to legalize the commercialization of coca leaf products. Consequently, the adoption of these conventions proves to be a source of conflict within the Colombian nation. With the increased participation of this social group in Colombian politics, the Colombian State faces a dilemma : atone side it has the international law duties and on the other side the respect of native communities rights. From this study case two fields of analyze can be treated : the first one is how international norms becomes interiorized within the states, and finally how are managed potentially conflicting norms.

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.

1 Abstract Host-State Counterclaims in Investment Arbitration: Holding Investors Accountable for Human Rights Violations International investment arbitration has been long criticized for its structural bias against host states in favour of the defence of the interests of investors. The one-way character of this dispute settlement mechanism has been, however, recently challenged in the light of numerous cases in which arbitrators were confronted with counterclaims of host states, requesting damages for investors' illegal conduct. To successfully assert counterclaims in arbitral proceedings, host states have to deal with a series of difficulties. The submission of a dispute to an arbitral tribunal first requires consent both on the part of an investor and a host state. Its scope is determined by the language of dispute settlement provisions in international investment agreements. While these instruments generally accept a wide range of investors' claims related to their investments, counterclaims of host states fall within the jurisdiction of tribunals only if the international investment agreements contain a dispute settlement clause with broad wording. The second condition which concerns the admissibility of host states' counterclaims is their close connection with the primary claims advanced by investors....

The continued growth of world commerce has led to the advance of the permanent establishment principles. These principles are, however, constantly challenged by the developments of e-commerce. This thesis considers the taxing of a permanent establishment and the influence of e-commerce on the concept of a permanent establishment. In 2000, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) developed and introduced guidelines on how to deal with e-commerce in the context of a permanent establishment. Since the OECD guidelines on e-commerce were issued, the permanent establishment principles have come under further scrutiny. The latest development came about in 2013 with the release of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) Action Plan. This Action Plan addresses the intention of the OECD to deal with the taxing of the digital economy. With the development of e-commerce and the result of e-commerce creating intangible boundaries between countries, the concept of a virtual permanent establishment has emerged. This has resulted in the need to tax a presence of an enterprise in a jurisdiction where no actual physical connection can be established. Various authors have made suggestions on how to ensure that an economy in which business is being carried on is correctly compensated for in the form of taxes. The source of income is the driving force for the imposition of taxation today. The main goal of this thesis was to explore the alignment of the concepts of a permanent establishment and e-commerce in the digital economy. This study therefore examined the concepts of both permanent establishments and e-commerce, and explored authors’ views and suggestions on how to deal with the inter-related effects of these two concepts. The relevant Action Points in the OECD Action Plan were also considered. / Maiden name: Venter, Michelle

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-06-05T17:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oscar Silvestre Filho.pdf: 755831 bytes, checksum: 2daf663a1f81edb79fd0a6578a75cfd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T17:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oscar Silvestre Filho.pdf: 755831 bytes, checksum: 2daf663a1f81edb79fd0a6578a75cfd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-19 / This study aims to compare the Brazilian human rights policies for immigrants with international human rights policies. For It had been made a literature review of international legal institutions for the protection of migrants' rights. Research work have been started from Advisory Opinions study before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, noting the concern of nations in the commitment of respect for fundamental rights, establishing a comparison with the policies implemented by the Brazilian government and its verification in practice regarding the application of the rule in the guarantee of human rights. Also noted the importance of States to establish migration policies consistent with international legal orders regarding the rights of migrants, in order to seek a balance in the creation of a universal order, marked by match rights between national and foreign. / O objetivo deste trabalho tem a finalidade de analisar a aplicação dos direitos humanos dos migrantes e as políticas migratórias estabelecidas pelo Estado brasileiro em comparação com instrumentos jurídicos de proteção do estrangeiro no âmbito internacional. Para tanto, faz-se uma revisão de institutos jurídicos de proteção dos migrantes no âmbito internacional, partindo-se, inclusive, de estudo de Pareceres Consultivos perante a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, observando a preocupação das nações no compromisso do respeito aos direitos fundamentais, estabelecendo-se comparação com as políticas implementadas pelo Estado brasileiro e a sua verificação na prática, no que concerne a aplicação da norma na garantia dos direitos humanos. Observou-se também a importância dos Estados em estabelecer políticas migratórias condizentes com as ordens jurídicas internacionais relativamente aos direitos dos migrantes, no sentido de se buscar um equilíbrio na criação de uma ordem universal, marcada pela equiparação de direitos entre o nacional e o estrangeiro.

O presente estudo trata do procedimento amigável e da arbitragem como métodos de solução de controvérsias envolvendo a dupla tributação no âmbito das convenções internacionais celebradas por diversos países. Com efeito, em virtude do desenvolvimento das tratativas comerciais, são recorrentes as discussões relativas à soberania dos países e ao limite de sua competência tributária, sendo que as convenções internacionais para evitar a dupla tributação surgiram como mecanismos para conciliação dos interesses dos Estados Contratantes e de seus contribuintes. Ocorre, contudo, que os acordos internacionais nem sempre são suficientes para dirimir todos os conflitos envolvendo a dupla tributação, exigindo-se a adoção de outros mecanismos, i.e. procedimento amigável e arbitragem, conforme previstos no artigo 25, da Convenção Modelo da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico. O procedimento amigável permite a negociação entre dois ou mais países visando solucionar eventual conflito surgido no âmbito da aplicação da convenção internacional, bem assim a integração de seu conteúdo e a resolução de problemas interpretativos que podem desvirtuar seu fim. A arbitragem, por sua vez, possibilita a composição pacífica dos Estados Contratantes mediante a submissão da controvérsia à apreciação de um tribunal arbitral composto por sujeitos altamente capacitados e com expertise sobre a matéria. A despeito das inúmeras vantagens apresentadas por esses mecanismos, o Brasil não adota o procedimento amigável e ainda não incluiu a arbitragem em suas convenções internacionais, de modo que é imperativo o estudo de referido tema para o incremento e a harmonização das relações internacionais mantidas pelo país e seus contribuintes. / The present study deals with the mutual agreement procedure and arbitration as methods of resolving disputes involving double taxation in tax treaties signed by several countries. Indeed, due to the development of commercial trades are currently the discussions on the sovereignty of states and the limit of its tax competence, so the tax treaties for the avoidance of double taxation have emerged as mechanisms for reconciling the interests of the Contracting States and its taxpayers. However, these tax treaties are not always sufficient to resolve all conflicts of double taxation by requiring the adoption of other mechanisms, such as mutual agreement procedure and arbitration as provided for in Article 25 of the Model Convention of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Economic Development. The mutual agreement procedure allows the negotiation between two or more countries to resolve any conflicts arising in the scope of tax treaty, as well as the integration of content and the resolution of interpretive issues that can prejudice its finality. Arbitration, on the other side, enables the peaceful settlement of the Contracting States through the submission of the dispute before an arbitral tribunal composed of highly trained individuals and expertise on the matter. Despite the many advantages presented by these mechanisms, Brazil does not adopt the mutual agreement procedure and the arbitration is not yet included in their tax treaties, so it is imperative the study of theme for the improvement and harmonization of international relations retained by country and its taxpayers.