No description available.

No / The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention designed to enhance young people's motivations to breastfeed. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 50 post-primary schools from across Northern Ireland. However, dropout and exclusion criteria utilized for the current study resulted in an effective sample size of 42 schools. The intervention was delivered in two 35-min classroom sessions targeting those beliefs identified by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as significant in predicting motivation to breastfeed. Questionnaires incorporating the key components of the TPB were administered to all intervention and control schools at baseline, 1 and 6 months post-intervention. Multi-level modelling was used to analyse the data. Findings suggest that the intervention was effective in that it increased females' intentions to breastfeed, expanded their knowledge and led to more favourable attitudes and perceptions of subjective norms. Notably, females' knowledge increased more in secondary schools than in grammar schools irrespective of whether they were control or intervention schools. The research has provided evidence to support the use of the TPB in the design and evaluation of an intervention to increase females' intentions to breastfeed.

Hintergrund: Schwindel ist ein häufig vorgetragenes Symptom beim Hausarzt. Seine erhöhte Vergesellschaftung mit Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität ist aber bisher zu wenig untersucht worden, ebenso wenig ist dieser Zusammenhang Gegenstand der hausärztlichen Behandlung von Schwindelpatienten. Zielstellung: Kommen unbekannte psychische Hintergründe in Kombination mit Schwindel im hausärztlichen Patientengut häufiger vor als ohne Schwindel? Ergeben sich daraus als Konsequenz unterschiedliche Versorgungsformen durch den Hausarzt? Wie verhält es sich mit deren subjektiven Gesundheitszustand, dem Erfolg der hausärztlichen Behandlung, dem ihnen entgegengebrachten Verständnis und der Häufigkeit der Arztbesuche der Betroffenen? Studiendesign: Prospektive Multicenterstudie in der Allgemeinpraxis Untersuchungsregion: Zehn Hausarztpraxen in Halle a.d. Saale und Nordsachsen/ Leipzig im städtischen und ländlichen Einzugsbereich, welche von Fachärzten für Allgemeinmedizin geführt wurden. Methodik: Die Studie untersuchte insgesamt 590 zufällig am Untersuchungstag eintreffende Patienten in jeweils einer von insgesamt zehn Hausarztpraxen. Die Ausprägung von Schwindelbeschwerden und eventuell vorhandene Merkmale von Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität beim jeweiligen Patienten wurden mit Elementen des Gießener Beschwerdebogens 24 und der Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (deutsche Version) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Patienten wurden in eine Gruppe mit relevanten (29,7%, n=175) und in eine Gruppe ohne relevante Schwindelbeschwerden (70,3%, n=408) eingeteilt (Cut off >=8 nach GBB 24). Die Gruppe mit relevantem Schwindel wies häufiger Merkmale für Ängstlichkeit (p<0,001) und Depressivität (p<0,001) in allen Altersgruppen auf, zeigte sich unzufriedener mit ihrem Behandlungserfolg (p=0,004), schätzte ihren aktuellen Gesundheitszustand schlechter ein (p<0,001) und konsultierte ihren Hausarzt in den letzten zwölf Monaten häufiger (p=0,020). Sie stellten sich nach ICPC-2 häufiger wegen neurologischer (p<0,001), psychologischer (p=0,026) und unspezifischer Beschwerden (p<0,001) vor. Sie erhielten mehr Diagnosen aus den ICD-10-Kapitel V (Psychische und Verhaltensstörungen) (p=0,030). Diese Patienten waren nach HADS-D auch häufiger psychisch auffällig (p<0,001). Relevanter Schwindel kam bei Frauen aller Altersgruppen häufiger vor als bei Männern (p<0,001). Dennoch ergaben sich keine Behandlungsunterschiede durch die Hausärzte zwischen beiden Gruppen (p=0,101 bis 0,930 je nach ärztlicher Maßnahme). Schlussfolgerung: Schwindelpatienten weisen häufger Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität auf, welche den Schwindel unterhalten. Dieser Zusammenhang sollte in der Sprechstunde bedacht werden. Die psychischen Hintergründe sollten vom Hausarzt aufgedeckt und behandelt werden. Dadurch könnte der Schwindel und damit der subjektive Gesundheitszustand der betroffenen Patienten verbessert und die Inanspruchnahme des Gesundheitswesens verringert werden.

<p>Uvod: U na&scaron;oj zemlji nema smernica za lečenje bakterijskih infekcija u tercijarnim zdravstvenim ustanovama. Odabir antibakterijskih lekova je empirijski, &scaron;to nije uvek u skladu sa preporučenom terapijom prema međunarodnim smernicama. Zbog toga su na Klinici za infektivne bolesti Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u januaru 2013. godine usvojeni međunarodni protokoli i primenjivani za lečenje infektivnih bolesti bakterijske etiologije. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita i uporedi efikasnost lečenja pojedinih antibiotskih tretmana za lečenja infektivnih bolesti bakterijske etiologije prema kliničkom iskustvu ordinirajućeg lekara, prema međunarodno prihvaćenim protokolima i prema modifikovanim međunarodnim protokolima na osnovu stanja lokalne rezistencije. Materijal i metode: Ispitivanje je bilo retrospektivno-prospektivno u trajanju od tri godine od&nbsp; 01.01.2012-31.12.2014.godine, sprovedeno je na Klinici za infektivne bolesti Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. U studiju je uključeno 1147 pacijenata sa dijagnozom infektivne bolesti bakterijske etiologije (sepsa, infekcija urinarnog trakta, bakterijski meningitis, infekcije kože i mekih tkiva, bakterijski tonzilofaringitisi, pneumonija, febrilni gastroenteritis i spondilodiscitis). U retrospektivnom delu, tokom 2012. godine ustanovljena je efikasnost lečenja prema kliničkom iskustvu ordinirajućeg lekara, kod 459 pacijenata. U drugom delu ispitivanja koje je bilo prospektivno, tokom 2013. godine, kod 487 pacijenata, ustanovljena je efikasnost lečenja prema međunarodnim protokolima i upoređena sa lečenjem prema kliničkom iskustvu ordinirajućeg lekara. Tokom 2012. i 2013. godine, ustanovljena je struktura uzročnika i rezistencija na antimikrobne lekove, i prema stanju lokalne rezistencija modifikovani su međunarodni protkoli i primenjivani su tokom 2014. godine. U trećem delu ispitivanja koje je bilo prospektivno, tokom 2014. godine, kod 201 pacijenta ustanovljena je efikasnost lečenja prema modifikovanim međunarodnim protokolima i upoređena sa lečenjem prema usvojenim međunarodnim protokolima. Efikasnost lečenja praćena je na osnovu vrednosti telesne temperature i na osnovu laboratorijskih parametara (leukocita, C reaktivnog proteina, fibrinogena, sedimentacije eritrocita i prokalcitonina), prvog i sedmog dana hospitalizacije. Za upoređivanje efikasnosti terapijskih režima napravljen je sistem skorovanja telesne temperature i laboratorijskih parametara. Za statističku obradu podataka kori&scaron;ćen je programski paket Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS 21. Statistički značajnim se smatraju vrednosti nivoa značajnosti p&lt;0.05. Rezultati: Praćenjem rezistencija bakterija u na&scaron;oj sredini modifikovani su međunarodni protokoli za lečenje infekcija izazvanih E.coli i S aureus-om. Rezistencija E. coli iz urinokultura tokom 2012. i 2013. godine na ciprofloksacin (koji je preporučen prema međunarodnim protokolima za lečenje infekcija urinarnog trakta) je bila u 2012. godini 38,8% i u 2013. godini 57,1%, a na levofloksacin 27,7% u 2012. godini i u 2013. godini 28,6%. Rezistencija S. aureus-a izolovanog iz brisa rana na cefazolin (koji je preporučen prema međunarodnim protokolima za lečenje infekcija kože i mekih tkiva) u prve dve godine ispitivanja bila je 25% a na klindamicin nije zabeležena rezistencija. Rezistencija S. aureus-a na cefazolin (koji je preporučen prema međunarodnim protokolima za lečenje bakterijskih tonzilofaringitisa) iz brisa grla bila je u 2012. godini 18,1%, u 2013. godini 14,2% a na klindamicin u ovom periodu nije zabeležena rezistencija. Tako da je preporuka u modifikovanom kliničkom protokolu za lečenje infekcija urinarnog trakta levofloksacin, za lečenje bakterijskih tonzilofaringitisa i lečenje infekcija kože i mekih tkiva izazvanih S aureus-om klindamicin.Poredeći ukupan skor kliničkih i laboratorijskih parametara, lečenje pacijenata prema usvojenim međunarodnim protokolima, statistički značajno je efikasnije u odnosu na lečenje prema kliničkom iskustvu lekara kod lečenja pacijenata sa infekcijom urinarnog trakta (p=0,034) i infekcijom kože i mekih tkiva (p=0,032). U lečenju ostalih ispitivanih bakterijskih infekcija prema kliničkom iskustvu lekara i usvojenim međunarodnim protokolima nema statički značajne razlike (p&gt;0,05). Lečenje pacijenata sa infekcijom urinarnog trakta, prema modifikovanim međunarodnim protokolima je statistički značajno efikasnije u odnosu na efikasnost lečenja prema usvojenim međunarodnim protokolima (p=0,025) poredeći ukupan skor kliničkih i laboratorijskih parametara. Lečenje pacijenata sa tonzilofaringitisima i infekcijama kože i mekih tkiva prema modifikovanim međunarodnim protokolima podjednako je efikasno u odnosu na lečenje prema usvojenim međunarodnim protokolima (p=0,100) poredeći ukupan skor kliničkih i laboratorijskih parametara. Zaključak: Upoređivanjem dobijenih rezultata, omogućeno je određivanje najoptimalnijeg načina lečenja bolesti bakterijske etiologije, uvažavajući preporuke prema međunarodnim smernicama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da je praćenjem lokalne strukture uzročnika i stanja lokalne rezistencije omogućeno određivanje optimalnijeg načina lečenja infekcija urinarnog trakta i infekcije kože i mekih tkiva, uvažavajući međunarodne preporuke i modifikaciju međunarodnih smernica prema stanju rezistencija bakterija na antimikrobne lekove u na&scaron;oj sredini</p> / <p>Introduction:In our country,there are noguidelines for the treatment of bacterial infections in tertiary health institutions. The choice of antibiotic is empirical and it does not always comply with the recommended treatment according to international guidelines. For this reason, international protocols were adopted at the Clinic for infectious diseases of the Clinical Center of Vojvodinain January 2013. and implemented in therapy of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. The aim of the study was to compare different regimens and to evaluate their effectiveness in therapy of the bacterial infections: one based on the clinical experience of the prescribing physician, another based on international guidelines and the third, modified international protocoladapted to comply with the local antibacterial resistance. Material and methods: Thisretrospective-prospective study was conducted at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina and it covered the period of three years, from 01.01.2012.-31.12.2014. 1,147 patients diagnosed with infectious diseases of bacterial etiology (sepsis, urinary tract infections, bacterial meningitis, skin and soft tissue infections, bacterial tonsillopharyngitis, pneumonia, febrile gastroenteritis and spondylodiscitis) were included in the study. In the first, retrospective part of the study, the efficacy of therapy based on the clinical experience of the prescribing physician was analyzed from medical records of 459 patients treated in 2012. In 2013, during the second, prospective part of the study, the efficacy of treatment according to the international guidelines was evaluated in 487 patients and the results were compared to the data obtained from the patients treated according to the clinical experience of the prescribing physician. The types of organism isolated in 2012/2013 were analyzed as well as their resistance to antimicrobials, the international protocols were subsequently modified according to the state of local resistance and implemented during 2014. In 2014, during the third, prospective part of the study, the efficacy of therapy according to modified international protocols was established in 201 patients, and the results were compared to the ones obtained by therapy according to original international protocols. The efficacy of the treatment was estimated by body temperature measurements and laboratory parameters (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and procalcitonin) on day 1 and day 7 of hospitalization. The scoring system for body temperature and laboratory parameters was designed to compare therapeutic regimes efficiency. For statistical analysis, we used a software package Statistical Package for Social Sciences- SPSS 21. The values of p&lt;0.05were considered statistically significant. Results.Monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns in our community led to modification international protocols for treating infections caused by E. coli and S aureus. Resistance of E.coli to ciprofloxacin (recommended for the treatment of urinary tract infectionsby international protocols) from urine culture in 2012 and 2013 was 38.8% and 57.1% respectively, while resistance to levofloxacin in 2012 and 2013 was 27.7% and 28.6%, respectively. Resistance of S. aureus to cefazolin (recommended by international protocols for the treatment of the skin and soft tissue infections) from wound cultures in 2012 and 2013 was 25% while the resistance to&nbsp; clindamycin was not present. Resistance to cefazolin (recommended for the treatment of bacterial tonsillopharyngitisby international protocols) from throat culture in 2012 and 2013 was 18,1% and 14,2%, respectively,and the resistance to clindamycin was not present in the same period. Accordingly, clinical therapeutic protocols were modified, levofloxacin was recommended for urinary tract infections and clindamycin was recommended for treatment of tonsillopharyngitis and skin and soft tissues infections caused by S. aureus. Comparing the total score of clinical and laboratory parameters, the treatment of patients according to the adopted international protocols was statistically significantly more effective compared to the one based on clinical experience of physicianin urinary tract infections (p = 0.034) and skin and soft tissue infections(p = 0.032). No statically significant difference (p&gt;0.05) was observed in efficiency of treatment options for other studied bacterial infections. In therapy of urinary tract infections, modified international protocols proved to be significantly more efficient than the adopted international protocols (p = 0.025) when the total score of clinical and laboratory parameters was compared.&nbsp; Comparing the total score of clinical and laboratory parameters, both adopted international protocols and modified international protocols proved to be equally efficient (p=0,100) in therapy of bacterial tonsillopharyngitis and skin and soft tissue infections. Conclusion:Comparison of the obtained results made possible to develop the optimal way of treating diseases of bacterial etiology, taking into account recommendations by international guidelines.The results suggest that the monitoring of the local structure of pathogens and their resistance pattern enabled the determination of optimal treatment options for urinary tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections, respecting international recommendations and modifying the international guidelines to match bacterial resistance pattern in our community.</p>

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of using a knowledge base of prior treatment plans to generate new prostate intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans. Each new case would be matched against others in the knowledge base. Once the best match is identified, that clinically approved plan is used to generate the new plan. METHODS: A database of 100 prostate IMRT treatment plans was assembled into an information-theoretic system. An algorithm based on mutual information was implemented to identify similar patient cases by matching 2D beam's eye view projections of contours. Ten randomly selected query cases were each matched with the most similar case from the database of prior clinically approved plans. Treatment parameters from the matched case were used to develop new treatment plans. A comparison of the differences in the dose-volume histograms between the new and the original treatment plans were analyzed. RESULTS: On average, the new knowledge-based plan is capable of achieving very comparable planning target volume coverage as the original plan, to within 2% as evaluated for D98, D95, and D1. Similarly, the dose to the rectum and dose to the bladder are also comparable to the original plan. For the rectum, the mean and standard deviation of the dose percentage differences for D20, D30, and D50 are 1.8% +/- 8.5%, -2.5% +/- 13.9%, and -13.9% +/- 23.6%, respectively. For the bladder, the mean and standard deviation of the dose percentage differences for D20, D30, and D50 are -5.9% +/- 10.8%, -12.2% +/- 14.6%, and -24.9% +/- 21.2%, respectively. A negative percentage difference indicates that the new plan has greater dose sparing as compared to the original plan. CONCLUSIONS: The authors demonstrate a knowledge-based approach of using prior clinically approved treatment plans to generate clinically acceptable treatment plans of high quality. This semiautomated approach has the potential to improve the efficiency of the treatment planning process while ensuring that high quality plans are developed. / Dissertation

INTRODUÇÃO: Os Potenciais Evocados Auditivos, associados à avaliação comportamental, podem ser uma ferramenta útil no diagnóstico e no monitoramento das mudanças ocorridas no Sistema Nervoso Auditivo Central em indivíduos com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) submetidos a Treinamento Auditivo. OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar o P300 em crianças com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) e verificar a evolução dos achados deste potencial frente ao Treinamento Auditivo. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 29 indivíduos com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) (Grupo Estudo) e 29 indivíduos sem Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) (Grupo Controle) com idades entre oito e 16 anos. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação inicial do processamento auditivo (central) e a uma primeira gravação do P300. O Grupo Estudo foi submetido a um programa de Treinamento Auditivo em cabina acústica durante oito sessões e, um mês após o término deste período, foi realizada nova avaliação do processamento auditivo (central) e nova gravação do P300. O Grupo Controle foi submetido a uma nova avaliação do P300 após três meses da avaliação inicial. RESULTADOS: Para os testes comportamentais, houve diferença estatisticamente significante em todos os testes quando comparados o Grupo Estudo ao Grupo Controle e nas situações pré e pós Treinamento Auditivo do Grupo Estudo. Quando comparados os dados eletrofisiológicos do Grupo Estudo antes e após o Treinamento Auditivo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a latência da onda P300. No Grupo Controle, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos dados eletrofisiológicos entre a avaliação inicial e a final. Na comparação entre o Grupo Estudo e o Grupo Controle antes do Treinamento Auditivo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas medidas de latência e de amplitude e, após o Grupo Estudo ser submetido ao Treinamento Auditivo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas na amplitude entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O P300 mostrou-se um instrumento útil no diagnóstico e no monitoramento da reabilitação de crianças com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central). / INTRODUCTION: Auditory Evoked Potentials associated to behavioral assessment may be a useful tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of changes in the Auditory Central Nervous System of individuals with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder submitted to Auditory Training. AIM: The aims of this study were to characterize the P300 of children with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder and to verify the improvement of this potentials findings after the Auditory Training. METHOD: 29 individuals with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder (Study Group) and 29 individuals without (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder (Control Group), ranging in age from eight to 16 years old took part in this study. All of them underwent the initial assessment of (Central) Auditory Processing and a first recording of P300. The Study Group underwent an Auditory Training program in acoustic booth during eight sessions, and a month after the end of this period, a new (Central) Auditory Processing assessment and a new recording of P300 were performed. The Control Group underwent a new recording of P300 three months after the initial assessment. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences were found in all behavioral tests when the Study Group was compared to the Control Group, and in the pre and post Auditory Training situations of the Study Group. When the electrophysiological data of the Study Group was compared before and after the Auditory Training, there was a significant statistical difference for the latency of wave P300. In the Control Group, no significant statistical differences were found between the initial and the final assessments. Comparing the Study Group and the Control Group before the Auditory Training, it was observed a significant statistical difference concerning measures of latency and amplitude, and after the Auditory Training of the Study Group, it was observed a significant statistical difference between the two groups only regarding the amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: P300 showed to be a useful instrument for the diagnosis and monitoring the rehabilitation of children with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder

O uso de LECO na população pediátrica ocorreu de forma lenta devido à baixa casuística e a incerteza dos efeitos das ondas de choque sobre os rins em desenvolvimento, eficiência, complicações e efeitos sobre órgãos adjacentes. No presente estudo, foram avaliadas 138 crianças, com idades entre 1 e 12 anos, portadoras de litíase do trato urinário tratadas com LECO, para avaliar a eficiência e complicações precoces do procedimento. A taxa de sucesso dos cálculos com menos de 11mm foi significantemente maior que nos cálculos maiores. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante quando relacionamos a taxa de sucesso com idade, intensidade da onda e localização do cálculo / The use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) in children has evolved rather slowly due to the small number of cases and the uncertainty about the effects of shock waves on the immature kidneys, its efficacy, complications and effects on the surrounding organs. In the present study, 138 children aged 1 to 12 years treated for urinary tract lithiasis by ESWL were evaluated in order to assess the efficacy and early complications of the procedure. The success rate for calculi smaller than 11mm was significantly higher than for larger calculi. When the success rate was correlated with age, intensity of the shock wave and location of the calculi no significant statistical difference was observed

O câncer gástrico precoce é definido como adenocarcinoma que não ultrapassa a camada submucosa, independentemente o acometimento linfonodal. O diagnóstico é feito através do exame de endoscopia digestiva alta e da avaliação histopatológica. Pode ser tratado através de mucosectomia endoscópica, sendo reconhecidos vários fatores que influenciam a chance de cura após a ressecção. Quando o adenocarcinoma gástrico precoce bem diferenciado está à restrito a mucosa, com margens de ressecção livres de neoplasia, sem ulceração histológica, invasão linfática ou venosa é alta a chance de cura após a ressecção endoscópica. A freqüência de recidiva local nestes casos varia de 2,8% a 5,7%. Por outro lado, a expressão de antígenos por células tumorais detectadas através da imunohistoquímica pode indicar o comportamento biológico dos tumores. O carcinoma gástrico precoce tipo diferenciado pode apresentar propriedades fenotípicas diferentes que se correlacionam com a expressão de mucinas. Através da expressão de mucinas é possível estratificar o adenocarcinoma diferenciado em tipo intestinal, gástrico, misto ou indeterminado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores preditivos para a ressecção incompleta e recidiva local do câncer gástrico precoce tratado através de mucosectomia endoscópica e com acompanhamento superior a um ano. De junho de 1994 a dezembro de 2005, avaliaram-se 46 pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce submetidos a 47 mucosectomias endoscópicas. Através da análise de dados de prontuário, identificaram-se possíveis fatores preditivos para a ressecção endoscópica incompleta e para a recidiva local. Vinte e dois pacientes com critérios para alta probabilidade de cura foram avaliados prospectivamente em relação aos fatores para recidiva e submetidos a perfil imunohistoquímico das lesões ressecadas. Houve recuperação de peças ressecadas em 18 (81,8%) casos. Neste grupo, houve recidiva local em cinco (27,7%) casos. Assim, os pacientes foram avaliados pelos dados demográficos, endoscópicos e histopatológicos. As mucosectomias endoscópicas foram consideradas como ressecção completa ou incompleta. No grupo ressecção completa, os pacientes foram divididos nos subgrupos com ou sem recidiva. Os pacientes com critérios de alta probabilidade para cura foram divididos nos grupos com ou sem recidiva e comparados pelos dados demográficos, endoscópicos, e histopatológicos e imunohistoquímico. As peças ressecadas foram avaliadas quanto à expressão dos marcadores Muc-2, Muc-5a, CD-10, p-53 e Ki-67. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 69,4 meses ± 36,5 meses. Sobrevida em cinco anos foi de 84,78%. Observaram-se sete (15,21%) óbitos. Houve ressecção completa em 36 casos (76,6%). Foram fatores preditivos de ressecção incompleta, as localizações em parede posterior de terço superior e inferior do estômago (p= 0,035), o tipo histológico indiferenciado (p=0,021), o tamanho da lesão maior que dois centímetros (p= 0,022) e o número de fragmentos maiores ou iguais a dois fragmentos (p= 0,013). Em análise estatística multivariada, o tipo histológico indiferenciado (OR= 0,8; IC (95%)= 0,036-0.897) e números de fragmentos (OR=7,34; IC (95%) = 1.266- 42.629) foram fatores preditivos independentes para ressecção incompleta. No grupo ressecção completa, observou-se que quanto maior o tamanho da lesão, maior o número de fragmentos ressecados (p=0,018). Houve recidiva local em 9 casos (25%). Como fator preditivo para recidiva local, destaca-se a técnica tipo cap com 5/7 casos (71,4%) (p=0,006). Na análise dos pacientes com critérios de alta probabilidade de cura, os dados demográficos (sexo, idade e raça), endoscópicos (tipo macroscópico, localização, número de fragmentos ressecados, técnica de ressecção empregada) e histopatológico (tamanho da lesão e nível de invasão) não mostraram diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos sem ou com recidiva. A análise imunohistoquímica revelou que o marcador Muc-5a esteve presente em 4/5 (80%) dos casos do grupo com recidiva (p=0,026) e quando se estratificaram os casos pela expressão de mucinas, observou-se que o tipo misto se apresentou em 4/5 (80%) casos no grupo com recidiva e o tipo intestinal em 10/13(76,9%) casos no grupo sem recidiva (p=0,004). O adenocarcinoma indiferenciado e números de fragmentos são fatores preditores para ressecção incompleta. O tamanho e a localização da lesão também foram fatores preditores de ressecção incompleta, porém, não de forma independente. A recidiva local teve como fator preditivo o tipo de técnica. O estudo imunohistoquímico se mostrou importante na presunção de recidiva local, nos casos em que os critérios para alta probabilidade de cura foram respeitados. O adenocarcinoma gástrico com expressão das mucinas para o fenótipo do tipo misto se mostrou como fator preditivo para recidiva local do câncer gástrico precoce. / Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has recently become an accepted treatment for early gastric cancer. The histopathologic criteria that are used to define curative endoscopic resection include: intramucosal well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, lateral and deep margins free of tumor, no histologic ulceration, and lastly, no venous or lymphatic emboli. These criteria were defined by a large series of EMR from Japanese centers. Local neoplastic recurrence has been described in up to 6% of cases even when all of the above mentioned criteria are met. On the other hand, the antigen expression of neoplastic cells is related to the biologic behavior of several tumors. The aim of this study was evaluate the factors that predict incomplete resection and local recurrence of early gastric cancer treated by EMR followed up for at least one year in a Western tertiary referral center. It was also evaluated the role of different type of mucins, p53 and ki-67 expression as predictive factors of recurrence even when the standard histopathologic criteria for cure were met. The patients were evaluated retrospectively from June 1994 to December 2005. Forty six patients (23 female and 23 male; mean age 69 ± 14.1y) with early gastric cancer were submitted to EMR. Twenty-two patients with a diagnosis of early gastric cancer were considered cured by EMR were evaluated prospectively for local reccurrence. Local recurrences occurred in five (22.7%) of them. It was possible to perform immunohistochemistry panel in 18 (81.8%) resected specimens. Demographic data (gender, age and race), endoscopic (macroscopic classification, localization, number of resected fragments and technique employed) were retrospectively collected. Histopathologic data (size of tumor, depth of invasion and adenocarcinoma classification) were prospectively assessed by one senior pathologist blinded to the previous diagnosis. Resection was considered incomplete when the lateral or deep margins of the specimen proved positive for tumor. In the complete resection group, patients were followed up, and at the end of this study were divided into two groups: patients recurrence with and without local recurrence. The patients with histopathologic criteria for cure were divided into two groups: with local recurrence and without local recurrence. These were then compared by demographic, endoscopic, histologic and immunohistochemistry profiles. Expression of Muc-2, Muc-5a, CD-10, p-53 and ki-67 were analyzed. Mucin expression allowed a reclassification of the well- differentiated gastric cancer in intestinal, gastric, mixed or null phenotypes. The mean follow up was 69.4 months ± 36.5 months. Five-year survival was 84.78%. Seven (15.21%) patients died from other diseases not related to the gastric lesion. Complete resection was possible in 36 cases (76,6%). Predictive factors for incomplete resection were localization (p= 0,035), histologic type (p=0,021), size of the lesion (p= 0,022) and number of fragments resected (p= 0,013). In the multivariate statistical analysis, the undifferentiated histologic type (OR= 0,8; IC (95%)= 0,036-0.897) and piece-meal resection (OR=7,34; IC (95%) = 1.266-42.629) were independent risk factors for incomplete resection. On the other hand, in the complete resection group, it was noted that lesions >2cm were more frequently resected in piece-meal fashion (p=0,018). Local recurrence occured in 9 cases (group I) (25%). The cap technique was the only predictive factor for local recurrence (5/7 cases - 71,4%, p=0,006). In the group of patients with histopathologic criteria for cure, the demographic (gender, age and race), endoscopic (macroscopic classification, localization, total number of resected fragments, EMR technique) and histopathologic findings (size of the tumor and depth of invasionm1, m2,m3), p-53 and ki-67 expressions did not correlate with neoplastic recurrence. Muc-5a marker was expressed in 80%(4/5) of the cases in group I and in 15.4% (12/13) of the cases in group II (p=0,026). The mixed phenotype (Muc-2 and Muc- 5a positive) was found in 80%(4/5) of the cases of group I and the intestinal type (Muc-2 positive and Muc-5a negative) in 76.9% (10/13) of group II (p=0,004). In conclusion, the undifferentiated adenocarcinoma and piece-meal resection were independent risk factors for incomplete resection. The cap technique for EMR was related to local recurrence after complete resection. Larger lesions are usually resected in more than one fragment. The expression of Muc-5a and the mixed phenotype of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma were related to a higher probability of local recurrence after EMR of early gastric lesions considered cured by the endoscopic intervention.

Introdução: A dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ) é uma doença autoimune idiopática caracterizada pela presença de lesão cutânea, perda de massa muscular, fraqueza muscular proximal, fadiga e redução da aptidão física. Nesse contexto, a suplementação de creatina emerge como estratégia terapêutica não farmacológica para atenuar os sintomas ocasionados pela disfunção muscular e perda de massa muscular em diversas condições, como nas doenças reumatológicas pediátricas; Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da suplementação de creatina em pacientes com DM de início juvenil; Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo duplo-cego, crossover, balanceado e controlado por placebo. Todos os voluntários (n = 15) receberam dois tratamentos, a saber: creatina (0,1 g/kg/dia) ou dextrose (placebo - 0,1 g/kg/dia). Para cada tratamento, o período de suplementação foi de 12 semanas, interpassadas por um período de washout de oito semanas. A ordem dos tratamentos foi determinada de forma aleatória e contrabalanceada. Tanto nos períodos pré-suplementação, como nos períodos pós-suplementação foram avaliadas a força e função musculares (desfechos primários), além da composição corporal, densidade mineral óssea, marcadores bioquímicos do remodelamento ósseo, citocinas inflamatórias, aptidão aeróbia, qualidade de vida, parâmetros relacionados à atividade da doença, consumo alimentar e conteúdo intramuscular de fosforilcreatina. Nos mesmos períodos de tempo, a segurança da intervenção foi avaliada por parâmetros laboratoriais e por clearance de 51Cr-EDTA. Os eventos adversos foram registrados durante todo o estudo; Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa no conteúdo intramuscular de fosforilcreatina entre as condições, antes e após as intervenções (Creatina - Pré: 21,4 ± 5,3/Pós: 20,6 ± 2,7, delta escore = -0,3 ± 2,5 mmol/kg peso úmido; Placebo - Pré: 20,4 ± 3,7/Pós: 20,7 ± 3,6, delta escore = -0,1 ± 4,2 mmol/kg peso úmido, p = 0,45 da interação entre as condições). Também, não houve diferença significativa entre as condições placebo e creatina para função muscular, capacidade aeróbia, composição corporal, densidade mineral óssea e qualidade de vida. Além disso, não houve alteração na função renal após a suplementação de creatina e nenhum efeito adverso foi observado; Conclusão: O protocolo de suplementação de creatina (0,1 g/kg/d) por 12 semanas foi bem tolerado e livre de efeitos adversos. Entretanto, a suplementação de creatina não foi capaz de aumentar o conteúdo intramuscular de fosforilcreatina, o que se traduziu em ausência de melhora da função muscular, aptidão aeróbia, composição corporal e parâmetros de qualidade de vida em pacientes com DM de início juvenil / Introduction: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an autoimmune idiopathic disease characterized by skin rashes, insidious loss of muscle mass, symmetrical proximal muscle weakness, decreased physical capacity, and fatigue. In this context, creatine supplementation has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological therapeutic strategy to counteract muscle dysfunction and low lean mass in a variety of conditions, including in pediatric and rheumatic diseases. Objective: To examine the safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM) patients; Methods: JDM patients (n = 15) received placebo or creatine supplementation (0.1 g/kg/d) in a randomized, crossover, double-blind design. Subjects were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks, with an 8-week washout period. Primary outcome was muscle function. Secondary outcomes included body composition, bone mineral density, biochemical markers of bone remodeling, inflammatory cytokines, aerobic conditioning, health-related quality of life, disease-related parameters, dietary intake and muscle phosphorylcreatine (PCR) content. Safety was assessed by laboratory parameters and kidney function measurements such as 51Cr-EDTA clearance; Results: Intramuscular PCR content was not significantly different between creatine and placebo before or after the intervention (Creatine - Pre: 21.4 ± 5.3, Post: 20.6 ± 2.7, delta score = -0.3 ± 2.5 mmol/kg wet muscle, ES = -0.15; Placebo - Pre: 20.4 ± 3.7, Post: 20.7 ± 3.6, delta score = -0.1 ± 4.2 mmol/kg wet muscle, ES = -0.15; 95% CI for delta score = -2.8 ± 2.4, p = 0.45 for interaction between intervention). No significant changes between placebo and creatine for muscle function and aerobic conditioning, body composition, bone mineral density, and quality of life were detected, probably due to the lack of change in intramuscular PCR content. Kidney function was not changed after creatine supplementation and no side effects were noticed; Conclusion: a 12-week creatine supplementation protocol is well tolerable and free of adverse effects but did not affect intramuscular PCR, muscle function, body composition, bone mineral density or quality of life in JDM patients

Objetivo: O Holmium:YAG laser é o método de litotripsia intracorpórea para cálculos urinários mais recentemente introduzido em nosso meio. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a eficácia e as complicações imediatas do tratamento de pacientes com cálculos ureterais com essa fonte de energia. Casuística e Métodos: Foram tratados 16 pacientes, nove homens e sete mulheres, portadores de cálculos ureterais sintomáticos, maiores ou iguais a 6 mm, ou com evolução superior a 30 dias. A média de idade foi 42 anos (6- 68 anos). Quatro cálculos estavam localizados no ureter superior, seis no ureter médio e seis no ureter inferior. A técnica empregada foi a de vaporização do cálculo com Holmium:YAG laser, através de ureteroscopia. Utilizou-se exclusivamente ureteroscópio semi-rígido de 7 Fr. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso obtida foi de 87,5%, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao relatado na literatura. Todos os cálculos foram fragmentados. Os dois insucessos da série ocorreram com cálculos localizados em ureter superior, em que fragmentos foram deslocados para o rim. As complicações observadas foram três perfurações ureterais e dois casos de febre. Conclusão: O Holmium:YAG laser é eficaz no tratamento endoscópico do cálculo ureteral. Medidas destinadas a prevenir a migração retrógrada do cálculo ou de seus fragmentos devem ser tomadas, principalmente no tratamento dos cálculos localizados em ureter superior. A litotripsia com Holmium:YAG laser não é, entretanto, um método isento de complicações, particularmente no que se refere ao tratamento de cálculos impactados de ureter superior. / Objetive: Holmium:YAG laser is the more recently method of intracorporeal lithotripsy of urinary calculi introduced in our area. The purpose of this study is to analyze the technique and to evaluate the immediate results and complications in the treatment of patients with ureteral calculi. Casuistry and Methods: Sixteen patients were treated, nine men and seven women, carrying symptomatic ureteral stones, bigger than 6 mm or with evolution superior to 30 days. The average age was 42 years old (6-88 years old). Four stones were localized in upper ureter, six in middle ureter, and six in lower ureter. The technique employed was the vaporization of the stone with Holmium:YAG laser, through ureteroscopy. It was used exclusively 7-Fr semirigid ureteroscope. Results: The rate of success attained was of 87.5%, with no statistically significant differences regarding the reports in literature. All the stones were fragmented. The two failures of the series occurred with stones localized in upper ureter, in which fragments were displaced to kidney. The complications observed were three ureteral perforations and two fever cases. Conclusion: Holmium:YAG laser is effective in the endoscopic treatment of ureteral stones. Measures aimed at preventing retrograde migration of stones or fragments should be taken, mainly when the stone are located in the upper ureter. However, lithotripsy with Holmium:YAG laser may be associated with complications, particularly in what concerns the treatment of impacted stones.