A ce jour la détermination de l'angle γ du Triangle d'Unitarité de la matrice de Cabibbo-Kabayashi-Maskawa est statistiquement limitée par la rareté des transitions b→ u. La précision obtenue en combinant les résultats des expériences BABAR et BELLE est proche de 10°. L'expérience LHCb auprès du LHC présente un fort potentiel d'amélioration pour ce paramètre de violation de CP, notamment via la désintégration Bd0 -> D0K*0, un des canaux clés de cette mesure. Les désintégrations D0 -> Kπ, D0 -> Kππ0 et D0 -> Kπππ sont étudiées dans cette thèse. L'utilisation de désintégrations faisant intervenir des π0 nécessite un bon étalonnage en énergie des calorimètres électromagnétiques. Une méthode d'étalonnage intercellules du ECAL basée sur le flux d'énergie, permet d'obtenir une inter-calibration de l'ordre de 1,5 %, l'échelle d'énergie absolue étant obtenue par des méthodes indépendantes non étudiées ici. La détermination du rapport d'embranchement de la désintégration Bs0 -> D0K*0, première étape du programme aboutissant à la mesure de la violation de CP dans le canal Bd0 -> D0K*0, est réalisée relativement au rapport d'embranchement de Bd0 -> D0ρ0. Le résultat final obtenu avec 36 pb−1 de données collectées par LHCb en 2010 reste dominé par l'erreur statistique :BR(Bs0 -> D0K*0)/BR(Bd0 -> D0ρ0) = 1, 48 ± 0, 34 (stat) ± 0, 15 (syst) ± 0, 12 (fd/fs).

<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has been widely spread as a global phenomenon, although many researches have been done, the concept is still hard to define. However, it has been proved that SE has a positive effect on alleviating the social problems. The aim of this research is by the means of comparing three prevalent social enterprise models and analyzing the crucial factor in the social value creation process, to find out an appropriate mode for the Chinese organizations to develop SE, with twofold value creation: social and economic.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method</strong>: Three companies are chosen as case study: Gefle Chocolaterie, Göranssonska Fonder and Lenovo. Face-to-face interview and phone interview are used to collect the primary data, also some books and articles are applied as secondary data. The analysis model is social enterprise models, and strategic triangle model.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions</strong>: We find some advantages and disadvantages of social enterprise models, and come to a result that for each case company, because of the difference between crucial factor of the social enterprise model, their strategic triangle model are different as well. There is no fixed social enterprise model for Chinese companies to practice SE, each kind of the model should be adjusted to the specific situation of the company, only in this way, best results can be achieved.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research</strong>: The information we got from the interviewees may be limited to their point of view, also, bias may occur in the research due to authors’ academic point of view. On the other hand, this research was only based on qualitative data, and the empirical study, which was not enough, hence, more quantitative data is needed in the future study.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis</strong>: After the study, according to the size of the company, we list the potential models for each of them to develop SE. It is valuable and helpful for managers to capture the SE practice model and embed it into the company behaviour.</p>

Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Aim: Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has been widely spread as a global phenomenon, although many researches have been done, the concept is still hard to define. However, it has been proved that SE has a positive effect on alleviating the social problems. The aim of this research is by the means of comparing three prevalent social enterprise models and analyzing the crucial factor in the social value creation process, to find out an appropriate mode for the Chinese organizations to develop SE, with twofold value creation: social and economic.   Method: Three companies are chosen as case study: Gefle Chocolaterie, Göranssonska Fonder and Lenovo. Face-to-face interview and phone interview are used to collect the primary data, also some books and articles are applied as secondary data. The analysis model is social enterprise models, and strategic triangle model.   Result &amp; Conclusions: We find some advantages and disadvantages of social enterprise models, and come to a result that for each case company, because of the difference between crucial factor of the social enterprise model, their strategic triangle model are different as well. There is no fixed social enterprise model for Chinese companies to practice SE, each kind of the model should be adjusted to the specific situation of the company, only in this way, best results can be achieved.   Suggestions for future research: The information we got from the interviewees may be limited to their point of view, also, bias may occur in the research due to authors’ academic point of view. On the other hand, this research was only based on qualitative data, and the empirical study, which was not enough, hence, more quantitative data is needed in the future study.   Contribution of the thesis: After the study, according to the size of the company, we list the potential models for each of them to develop SE. It is valuable and helpful for managers to capture the SE practice model and embed it into the company behaviour.

Les œuvres littéraires d'Alain Robbe-Grillet se caractérisent particulièrement par un rehaussement des problèmes touchant de l'identité et du rôle du narrateur, ainsi que de la relation du narrateur au narré. Au milieu du vingtième siècle, Gérard Genette a défini et détaillé l'analyse narratologique, pour aborder de tels problèmes présentés par le récit. Cette étude emploie les théories de Genette aussi bien que celles des narratologues contemporains pour examiner la narration dans le roman Souvenirs du triangle d'or. Cet ouvrage de Robbe-Grillet offre un exemple de récit riche en manipulation des limitations traditionnelles des personnages et du temps, et s'inspire de la culture populaire et des références inter- et auto- textuelles, tout en établissant un rapport entre le narrateur et le narrataire. Par conséquent, le lecteur se trouve entraîné dans une expérience interactive, dans laquelle l'identité du narrateur dépend de la capacité du lecteur à interpréter les signaux dans le récit.

Abstract This study focuses on the development of a plate-shell element using the vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method to analyze the structural behavior of thin shell structure subjected to various exerting forces. The shell element employed here is the flat three-node triangular shell element proposed by Bathe and Ho, which is obtained by superimposing CST (constant strain triangle) element with DKT (discrete Kirchhoff theory) triangular plate element. The nodal coordinates, displacements, rotations, and the motion equations of the structure are defined in a fixed global set of coordinates. The strains of the shell element, the element internal nodal forces and the element stiffness matrix are defined in terms of co-rotational coordinates, which are corresponding to the configuration of the shell element. Based on the co-rotational coordinate principle, the nodal displacement between two adjacent time steps can be separated into displacements induced from rigid body motion or deformation, and the incremental internal nodal forces can also be obtained. Finally, following the Newton's 2nd law, the equations of motion can be built to analyze the dynamic responses of thin shell structures. The theory derived in this study, were further verified to be able to simulate the behavior of thin shell structures subjected to both static and dynamic loadings. This new analytical model was proved to be an effective tool that can be an alternertive to traditional finite element procedure to solve for complicated engineering problems in thin shell structures.

This research is in accordance with ¡§The Integrating Reference Frame of Public Affair Management¡]PAM¡^¡¨ to demonstrate ¡§The policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area¡¨ and apply Moore ¡¦s V.C.S., the triangle strategic analysis in Value, Capacity and Support addressed in 1995, in searching for the reference variables in value, capability and support while making policy and explain the different comprehensions among each policy-maker by the mold of Social Judgment Theory, SJT, engaging in the questionnaires of SJT and proposing the policy modification after comparing with general questionnaires to enhance the acceptance of the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area. In Sept 1982, the Ministry of Education engaged in drafting ¡§The Method of the Examination and Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨ in accordance with ¡§Act Governing Relations between Peoples of The Taiwan Area and The Mainland Area¡¨ and released and administered the method in Oct 1997. However, next two years, this method was redressed from Control Yuan and put off the administration till now. Nevertheless, in more than one decade, cross-Straits policy and conditions, including international, politics, economy and society, has been changed a lot; the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area has been craved and even explored the avenue of judicatory relief without hesitation. The case of administrative lawsuit of ¡§the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area¡¨ filed by Cheng Shi-Chi, Mainland spouse, in May 2006 can be a good example. For this public policy of ¡§The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨, the mode of policy-making what government considers seems closely bound up with the controversy of cross-Straits policy in Taiwan in these years. Its policy making is still being affected by the governing party and gets bogged down in the mud of dispute about nation independence and consolidation and becomes the clincher of social cognitive dispute in Taiwan. For solving such political predicament, the government must implement the perestroika on policy to decrease political factors in policy making. And for responding the intension of public policy which is under diversified society with various points of view, this text shall delve the related factors of policy in depth from the aspects of economy, society, politics and government to strengthen the systematic intension evaluated by public policy and refer this policy dilemma to the tactical issue. With using the V.C.S. tactical analysis to obtain the variables in the strategic decision and applying Social Judgment Theory in the individuals¡¦ cognition for the policy of recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area and expect to reconcile the conflict of policy by clarifying the differences of cognition. To sum up, the research can be summarized as following four points. I. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation matching with the people's demand and considering the impact on education, the more the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be acceptable II. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation on considering the impact on the aspect of national security, the more the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be unacceptable. III. With the three variables of policy-making, the students and parents from southern and northern Taiwan have different comprehensions for the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China". IV. Most of people who agree at the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area are pre-engaging regarding the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland Area" as the issue of people's demand; therefore, students' options for the location of studying overseas should be much respected. And those who disagree are pre-engaging regarding that policy as the issue of national security; the evaluation of impact on our intelligence security should be much taken account of while policy making. The solution should be setting off in social aspect to let people self-determine to comprehend the public affairs and build up a public sphere arising from the mechanism of liberty and equality. Per the mold that the public join the policy making with rational thinking and debating and integrating the individuals¡¦ different recognitions, making a common consensus in group and affecting the government in measure of administration to get the public value of policy back must be able to decrease the conflict in society and advance the development of society in harmony.

Cette thèse présente la mise en oeuvre de la méthode de Gronau-London-Wyler (GLW) pour les désintégrations B-> D*K. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mesure de l'angle gamma du triangle d'unitarité de la matrice CKM. Les données utilisées proviennent de l'expérience babar. Après une revue de la violation de CP dans le Modèle Standard, les principaux moyens utilisés à l'heure actuelle pour mesurer l'angle gamma sont décrits, avec un intérêt particulier pour la méthode GLW. L'analyse des modes B-> D*K est ensuite présentée. Elle repose sur une sélection optimisée pour maximiser la sensibilité au signal. Un ajustement par maximum de vraisemblance permet de mesurer les quatre observables GLW $\mathcal A_{\CP\pm}^*$ et $\mathcal R_{\CP\pm}^*$ reliées à l'angle gamma. Les résultats obtenus sur les Runs 1 à 5 de BaBar, correspondant à 347 fb$^{-1}$, soit environ $381\times 10^6$ paires $B\bar B$, sont $\mathcal A_{\CP+}^*=-0,114\pm0,089\pm0,007$, $\mathcal A_{\CP-}^*=0,060\pm0,099\pm0,016$, $\mathcal R_{\CP+}^*=1,313\pm0,132\pm0,029$, $\mathcal R_{\CP-}^*=1,081\pm0,119\pm0,034$. Traduits en terme de coordonnées cartésiennes $x_\pm^*$ afin de faciliter la comparaison avec la méthode de Dalitz, ils mènent à $x_+^*=0,112\pm0,061\pm0,012$, $x_-^*=0,004\pm0,059\pm0,012$. Ces valeurs obtenues sont compatibles avec les mesures précédentes de babar et Belle. La prise en compte des modes $D*->D0gamma$ permet d'améliorer la précision, par une réduction de l'incertitude d'un facteur deux pour les observables de CP paire et d'un facteur trois pour celles de CP impaire. La précision obtenue sur les coordonnées cartésiennes est meilleure que celle provenant de la combinaison des mesures des analyses de Dalitz de BaBar et Belle. La statistique utilisée ne permet pas d'attendre avec $\mathcal R_{\CP\pm}^*$ une précision suffisante sur $r_B^*$ afin d'en déduire une contrainte sur gamma avec la méthode GLW seule. Néanmoins la combinaison de cette mesure avec celles issues des analyses de Dalitz déjà disponibles permettra de l'améliorer.

Idag använder spelindustrin flertalet metoder för att leda spelare igenom spel som färg- och ljussättning och användandet av former. Denna uppsats fokuserar på det sist nämnda och försöker besvara frågan: I valet mellan simpla symboler, finns det en specifik symbol som spelare föredrar att följa och vad assosierar de med denna symbol? För att besvara denna fråga skapades ett test som undersökte spelares val då de presenterades för tre symboler, en cirkel, en triangle och en fyrkant. Testet var en spelprototyp som bestod av en korridor, vilket var spelets inlärnings område, och ett rum med tre dörrar, vilket var det huvudsakliga testet. Testet visade att det inte fanns en viss symbol som spelare följde mer än någon av de andra, men att associationerna med symbolerna verkar stämma överrens med tidigare studiers förklaring av vad symbolerna står för. Detta visar på att att symbolerna kan användas inom speldesign för att framföra meddelanden till spelaren och hjälpa till att leda dem i nya områden. / Presently the video game industry uses a number of methods to lead the players though the games such as colours, lights and shapes. This thesis focuses on shapes and tries to answer the question: In choosing between basic symbols is there a particular symbol that players prefer tofollow and what do they associate with that symbol? In order to answer this question we created an experiment in which we tested how test subjects respond to three primitive shapes, triangles, circles and squares. The experiment consisted of a corridor with a door in one end, acting as the controls tutorial, and a room with three doors which was the actual experiment. Our test shows that there is not a certain symbol that the test subjects prefer to follow, but that the associations to the symbols seem to be true in comparison to earlier made studies on what these symbols are viewed to represent. This points at the possibility that the symbols can be used in game design to convey messages to the players and be used to guide the players in new environments.

This essay contends that Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's "between men" thesis (1985) provides a particularly apt methodology for engaging The marrow of tradition (1901), a post-bellum novel concerned with the structure of the New South in the United States. While the novel contains myriad "between men" pairs, reading the homosocial bond between Lee Ellis and Tom Delamere has the potential to change the way we think about the novel's interest in the complex relationships among class, social mobility, race, whiteness, and the erotics of power. If "the political and the erotic necessarily obscure and misrepresent each other... in ways that offer important and shifting affordances to all parties in historical gender and class struggles," then we can read the Ellis/Tom/Clara erotic triangle as dramatizing the rise of a white middle class whose professional capital encroaches upon and supersedes the central role of a plantation based aristocracy without significantly challenging either the essential hierarchy of white over black or the bloody lynch law that helps enforce that hierarchy (Sedgwick 15). Sedgwick's broad definition of desire as "the affective or social force, the glue, even when its manifestation is hostility or hatred, that shapes an important relationship" can usefully be applied to the rivalry between Lee Ellis and Tom Delamere, a rivalry that epitomizes the Girardian theory that "the bond between rivals in an erotic triangle [is] stronger [and] more heavily determinant of actions and choices, than anything in the bond between either of the lovers and the beloved" (Sedgwick 21). An examination of the erotic triangle and the function of the courtship plot enable us to theorize the implications of this expropriation of the aristocrat by the white southern middle class and this ascendant class's role in remaking a whiteness that at the novel's end still reigns supreme. / text