This essay aims to examine how the democratization of Tunisia has taken place since the Arabic spring. It will also analyze how well the country qualifies as a consolidated democracy and what conflicts that have been the driving force of the democratization process. The essay is a qualitive case study and explores the years of 1987 to 2018. Moreover, it is supported by the democratization theory of Dankward A Rustow. The Arabic spring was a consequence of the high unemployment numbers, the poverty in the country and the discontent of the president’s approach of ruling. The road to the democracy has suffered from many difficulties due to influences of the previous authoritarian rule. The situation in Tunisia after the Arabic spring has been unstable and demonstrations in smaller scales has taken place. Today the country has free and fair elections regularly and 2014 a new constitution was introduced. However, people have not gained a better lifestyle from the democratization even though the democracy has flourished. Lastly, the Tunisian democracy is not yet consolidated and still needs to the implemented into the country’s laws and population.

What is democracy? Is it something that suits all countries. The western world encourages the outside world to democratize according to their guidelines. The purpose of the essay is to present two reasons, one about Iraq's failure to democratize, and the other about Tunisia's democratic success. The method in this essay include qualitative methods, where a democratized comparative study as well as the most similar systems design approach will be used. These studies will attempt to determine the composition of democratization outcomes, using three of the dimensions internal and external democratization factors as suggested by Larry Diamond in his book, as well as like the regime transition of Daniel Silander. The results of this study indicate that Iraq had more political dissent as well as ethnic and extremist groups during the invasion and less international support for its democratization beside the United States. On the other hand, Tunisia has a more unified civil society and thanks to the democratic support of the European Union, a peaceful transition to a democratic system is possible. In this essay, a deeper analysis of democratization will be highlighted, including how these essential factors have caused different outcomes in each country.

The outbreak of the Arab Spring took place more than ten years ago and is currently of great interest to researchers. The suicide of the street vendor Bouazizi is considered the start of the revolution. As a result of the uprisings, both Tunisia and Egypt succeeded in overthrowing their authoritarian leaders and regimes. However, Tunisia managed to maintain and develop a democratic political system, unlike Egypt, which is still classified as an authoritarian dictatorship. The main purpose of this study has been to find explanations for why a regime change took place in both countries during the Arab Spring and why Tunisia’s democratization process remained successful compared to Egypt’s. Huntington’s transition processes and consolidation theory have been helpful in finding answers to these questions. The study is of a comparative nature where the most similar system design has been applied. A key conclusion concerns the fact that Egypt’s non-neutral and powerful military has undermined the country’s democratization process. In contrast, Tunisia’s democratization process has been characterized by a peaceful period with a neutral military and political actors willing to negotiate with each other despite divided political views.

Le développement d'un système de reconnaissance de la parole exige la disponibilité d'une grande quantité de ressources à savoir, grands corpus de texte et de parole, un dictionnaire de prononciation. Néanmoins, ces ressources ne sont pas disponibles directement pour des dialectes arabes. De ce fait, le développement d'un SRAP pour les dialectes arabes se heurte à de multiples difficultés à savoir, l’'abence de grandes quantités de ressources et l'absence d’'une orthographe standard vu que ces dialectes sont parlés et non écrit. Dans cette perspective, les travaux de cette thèse s’intègrent dans le cadre du développement d’un SRAP pour le dialecte tunisien. Une première partie des contributions consiste à développer une variante de CODA (Conventional Orthography for Arabic Dialectal) pour le dialecte tunisien. En fait, cette convention est conçue dans le but de fournir une description détaillée des directives appliquées au dialecte tunisien. Compte tenu des lignes directives de CODA, nous avons constitué notre corpus nommé TARIC : Corpus de l’interaction des chemins de fer de l’arabe tunisien dans le domaine de la SNCFT. Outre ces ressources, le dictionnaire de prononciation s’impose d’une manière indispensable pour le développement d’un SRAP. À ce propos, dans la deuxième partie des contributions, nous visons la création d’un système nommé conversion (Graphème-Phonème) G2P qui permet de générer automatiquement ce dictionnaire phonétique. Toutes ces ressources décrites avant sont utilisées pour adapter un SRAP pour le MSA du laboratoire LIUM au dialecte tunisien dans le domaine de la SNCFT. L’évaluation de notre système donné lieu WER de 22,6% sur l’ensemble de test. / The development of a speech recognition system requires the availability of a large amount of resources namely, large corpora of text and speech, a dictionary of pronunciation. Nevertheless, these resources are not available directly for Arabic dialects. As a result, the development of a SRAP for Arabic dialects is fraught with many difficulties, namely the lack of large amounts of resources and the absence of a standard spelling as these dialects are spoken and not written. In this perspective, the work of this thesis is part of the development of a SRAP for the Tunisian dialect. A first part of the contributions consists in developing a variant of CODA (Conventional Orthography for Arabic Dialectal) for the Tunisian dialect. In fact, this convention is designed to provide a detailed description of the guidelines applied to the Tunisian dialect. Given the guidelines of CODA, we have created our corpus TARIC: Corpus of the interaction of the railways of the Tunisian Arab in the field of SNCFT. In addition to these resources, the pronunciation dictionary is indispensable for the development of a peech recognition system. In this regard, in the second part of the contributions, we aim at the creation of a system called conversion(Grapheme-Phonème) G2P which allows to automatically generate this phonetic dictionary. All these resources described before are used to adapt a SRAP for the MSA of the LIUM laboratory to the Tunisian dialect in the field of SNCFT. The evaluation of our system gave rise to WER of 22.6% on the test set.

Cette recherche vise à étudier l’effet de l’orientation marché sur la qualité perçue dans l’enseignement supérieur tunisien. Afin d’articuler ces deux pôles, nous avons proposé, une variable, l’engagement organisationnel, qui joue un rôle médiateur. Faute d’avoir pu corroborer cet effet médiateur, nous avons pu cependent obtenir un résultat crucial : l’orientation marché et l’engagement organisationnel sont des antécédents de la qualité perçue dans l’enseignement supérieur tunisien.Un examen de la littérature scientifique consacré à ce sujet a permis de construire un modèle théorique à tester. L’orientation marché, la qualité perçue et l’engagement organisationnel sont autant de variables constitutives du modèle de recherche. La contribution de l’orientation marché et de l’engagement relatif à l’amélioration de la qualité perçue est théoriquement justifiée (Voon, 2006 ; Yulia et Carmel, 2010 ; Clark et al., 2008 ; George et Sabapathy, 2011).Pour valider l’argumentation théorique, la recherche s’appuie sur un questionnaire administré auprès des étudiants de 11 universités tunisiennes qui enseignent la gestion. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’orientation marché et l’engagement organisationnel exercent tous les deux un effet positif sur la qualité perçue dans l’enseignement supérieur tunisien. / The purpose of this research is to study the effect of market orientation on the perceived quality in the Tunisian higher education. We have suggested an intermediate variable that is to say an organizational commitment which acts as a mediating role between market orientation and perceived quality. Despite the non-corroboration of the mediating effect, we were able to report an interesting result; we found that market orientation and organizational commitment are antecedents of perceived quality in the Tunisian higher education. A stydy of the literature enables us to build an explanatory model of the model to be tested. Market orientation, perceived quality and organizational commitment are variables forming the conceptual model of the research. The contribution of market orientation and commitment in the improvement of the perceived quality is theoretically justified (Voon, 2006; Yulia et Carmel, 2010; Clark et al. 2008; George et Sabapathy, 2011).To validate the theoretical argumentation, the research is based on a questionnaire administered to students from eleven Tunisian business schools. The results show that market orientation and organizational commitment both have a positive effect on the perceived quality in the Tunisian higher education.

The objective of this essay is to present both the reason behind the Egyptian democratization failure, as well as the cause of the success of the Tunisian democracy. The methodology of this essay is composed of a comparative democratization study, which includes a most similar systems-design method. The studies will try to pinpoint the key components of the result of the democratization, by using four of Larry Diamond’s nine internal and external democratization factors, which are presented in his book: ‘The Spirit of Democracy’. The results of this study indicate that Egypt had a far larger and more influential military force and also a critical economy, despite less international support for their democratization. Tunisia has a more democratic-oriented civil society and through democratic assistance from the European Union, a peaceful transition into a democratic system was possible. In this essay, a far deeper analysis of the democratization process will be highlighted, including how to prove how these essential factors caused the different outcomes of the Arabic spring protests.

La Tunisie, vieille de 3000 ans et aux trésors reconnus mondialement a misé sur le tourisme depuis les premières années de son indépendance en 1956. Le nombre des établissements touristiques est passé de 85 en 1965 à 856 en 2011 et le nombre des arrivées a dépassé sept millions de touristes pour une population de 10.5 millions d’individus : un record. Les nuitées ont atteint 35.5 millions enregistrant 3.522 millions de dinars de recette. Malgré ces "performances", le produit tunisien est resté principalement balnéaire attirant majoritairement les mêmes marchés source, en l’occurrence le marché européen : les Français et les Allemands. Avec la rude concurrence dans le bassin méditerranéen, le produit tunisien a montré une certaine stagnation, voire régression. L’objet de notre recherche se concentre sur un point essentiel de la réussite ou de l’échec de tout produit touristique : la stratégie de communication promotionnelle. Quelle sont ses bases en Tunisie? Comment est-elle établie ? Comment est-elle mise en œuvre ? Où résident ses défaillances ? Et quelles sont ses remèdes ? Seulement, au moment où les autorités misent sur une évolution qui espère atteindre dix millions de touristes en 2016, une Révolution surprend le pays et le monde. Elle secoue évidemment les structures et les habitudes et fait déferler des vagues de violence dont le secteur du tourisme ne peut en être que la première victime. Les élections de l’Assemblée constituante font encore élire une majorité islamiste qui n’approuve pas forcément la même politique d’ouverture historiquement entreprise dans le pays. C’est le prix de la démocratie espéré par le peuple qui est venu chambouler le secteur du tourisme et également notre travail qui, pourtant, était sur le point de s’achever. Cela a, au contraire, rendu notre recherche intéressante et excitante. C’est le travail que nous présentons dans cette thèse. / Tunisia, 3000 years old, with its world famous archeological treasures, has been counting on tourism since the early years of its independence in 1956. The "touristic establishments" number from 85 in 1965 to 856 in 2011, and the number of visitors exceeded 7 millions for a population of 10.5 millions. A record. The number of overnights went up to 35.5 millions dinars in takings. In spite of these performances, the Tunisian product has remained mainly in the beach and spa sector and attracted in majority the European market: the French and the Germans. When facing the severe competition of the Mediterranean Basin, the Tunisian product has shown a certain stagnation, if not a decrease. The aim of our research is to concentrate on one essential point concerning the success, or the failure, of any touristic product: that is the strategy of promotional communication. Which are its basises in Tunisia ? How are they operated ? The failures ? The remedies ? At the time when the authorities count on a positive evolution, with the hope of reaching the number of 10 millions tourists in 2016, a Revolution comes to a surprise to the country and to the world. Structures and habits were obviously shaken and waves of violence swept to the industry of tourism which was the first one to suffer from it. The elections of the Constituent Assembly will bring to power an islamist majority who does not readily agree with the policy of openess which had been historically undertaken in the country. This is the price to be paid for the democracy hoped for by the people, which did upset the sector of tourism, and also our work which was about to be completed. It has, actually, made our research the more interesting and exciting. This is the research that we submit in this thesis.

En première partie, cette thèse présente différentes significations des termes nature et environnement, en arabe et en français. Par exemple, en arabe, il existe trois termes pour désigner le mot français "environnement". Elle identifie, dans le cadre du modèle KVP qui analyse les conceptions comme des interactions entre connaissances, valeurs et pratiques sociales, plusieurs valeurs qui sous-tendent ces définitions. Plusieurs d'entre elles sont reprises comme des objectifs de l'éducation à l'environnement : citoyenneté, autonomie, responsabilité, altruisme et solidarité (CARTAS). L'essentiel de cette thèse analyse ensuite les conceptions, et plus particulièrement les systèmes de valeurs, sur la nature et l'environnement chez des enseignants tunisiens (111 enseignants de Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre : SVT et 42 enseignants d'Histoire et Géographie : HG), chez 273 élèves de 2ème année secondaire (16-17 ans) et dans les manuels scolaires tunisiens SVT de ce niveau scolaire, édités en 2003 et 2005. Les différentes analyses effectuées (khi2, analyse des correspondances multiples et analyse en composantes principales) montrent que les élèves sont plus anthropocentrés que les enseignants SVT et HG, qui sont plutôt écolocentrés, sans différence significative entre enseignants SVT et HG. Ces systèmes de valeurs sont corrélés à certaines variables personnelles : les non bacheliers, les jeunes et les individus ayant une enfance campagnarde sont plus anthropocentrés que, respectivement, les titulaires d'un baccalauréat ou plus, les adultes et ceux ayant une enfance citadine, qui sont plus écolocentrés. Les conceptions des élèves sont dans l'ensemble conformes à celles présentes dans les manuels SVT : nature sans homme, rapport utilitaire à la nature, absence de gestion et de prévention des risques liés à l'utilisation des ressources, ce qui ne favorise pas l'acquisition des valeurs CARTAS. Les enjeux et perspectives de ces résultats sont discutés.

<p>There is an ongoing process where the free market within the European Union is expanding, partly through the incorporation of new member states, partly through the signing of association agreements with nearby countries and regions. When trade barriers are removed in different ways more companies consider an internationalization of the company. However, the procedure of the internationalization of companies is a rather new and unexplored area in the context of research. The focus of this study is therefore to examine how a few companies situated in Sweden, has proceeded while searching for knowledge during the internationalization process. Data has been collected through interviews that have been balanced with information from Internet and other sources. The tools that has been used to analyze is first and foremost the Uppsala model of the internationalization process, but common principles, emerged from studies at Södertörns Högskola, Stockholm, and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, has also been used. During the study the importance of personal contacts has come to light as well as the lack of research of the strategies of immigrant enterprises.</p>

There is an ongoing process where the free market within the European Union is expanding, partly through the incorporation of new member states, partly through the signing of association agreements with nearby countries and regions. When trade barriers are removed in different ways more companies consider an internationalization of the company. However, the procedure of the internationalization of companies is a rather new and unexplored area in the context of research. The focus of this study is therefore to examine how a few companies situated in Sweden, has proceeded while searching for knowledge during the internationalization process. Data has been collected through interviews that have been balanced with information from Internet and other sources. The tools that has been used to analyze is first and foremost the Uppsala model of the internationalization process, but common principles, emerged from studies at Södertörns Högskola, Stockholm, and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, has also been used. During the study the importance of personal contacts has come to light as well as the lack of research of the strategies of immigrant enterprises.