<p>Functional impairment is increasingly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults, with 2 in 5 adults over the age of 65 having some form of disability, the majority being limitations on mobility. Many older adults are able to maintain functional capacity well into later life, but the factors that contribute to high levels of function and the mechanisms by which they operate are unclear, although prior work has demonstrated the importance of social relationships for health. Guided by principles from the life course perspective and perspectives on social connectedness, this dissertation examined the role of social connectedness across the life course as a predictor of functional capacity in adulthood. I used existing longitudinal data from the national Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to pursue three central aims.</p> <p><br></p> <p>First, Paper 1 compared theoretical and data-driven approaches to classifying life course relationships, including multiple dimensions of social connectedness at different time points across the life course. Results showed that the data-driven approach (i.e., latent profile analysis) was a stronger predictor of functional limitations than the theoretical approach and revealed relationship trajectories consistent with life course cumulative processes. Second, using the profiles obtained from Paper 1, Paper 2 probed the association between life-course social connectedness and functional limitations by examining the potential mediating role of candidate biological and behavioral mechanisms, and moderation by socioeconomic status (SES). Paper 2 findings suggested that observed differences in later-life functional limitations based on life-course social connectedness can be at least partially explained by physical activity, but do not vary by SES. Contrary to hypotheses, inflammation was not a significant mediator. Third, Paper 3 used monozygotic twin data and within-family analyses to sharpen the focus on potential causal associations between life-course social connectedness and adult functional status. Results suggested that the association is likely driven by genetic and/or shared environmental influences. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Taken together, these results add to our understanding of social connectedness and health and address important gaps in the literature. These findings are used to generate theory- and intervention-relevant insights into the successful maintenance of health, independence, and function across the lifespan.</p>

On étudie la conjecture des graphes jumeaux dénombrables, cas spécifique d’une conjecture de Thomassé, qui dit que le nombre de jumeaux d’un graphe dénombrable ( ses sous-graphes propres desquels il est aussi un sous-graphe propre) est soit nul, soit infini. On commence par étudier les graphes auto-abrités, que nous définissons, et en utilisant notre classification de ces graphes nous prouvons la conjecture dans certains cas, en précisant la cardinalité exacte du nombre de jumeaux. Nous donnons également des contre-exemples à l’article de l’arXiv «Self-contained graphs». / We make progress on the Graph Alternative Conjecture, a special case of a conjecture of Thomassé which says that the number of twins of a countable graph (i.e. its proper subgraphs of which that graph is also a proper subgraph) is either null or infinite. We begin by studying self-embedded graphs, which we define, and using our classification of these graphs, we prove the conjecture in some cases while specifying the exact number of twins. We also give counter-examples to a paper on arXiv called "Self-contained graphs".

Målet med detta arbete var att utveckla min kreativitet som gitarrist och inspireras att utforska bortom mina stilistiska gränser. Dessutom ville jag öka min förståelse för olika ljudbilder. En annan tanke jag hade var att undersöka om de dreampop-inspirerade gitarrsounden och spelteknikerna jag använder kan tillämpas på olika låtar och ändå behålla autenticiteten emot dreampop-genren. För att uppnå detta har jag analyserat och plankat gitarrpartierna och gitarrsounden i tio dreampop-låtar. Eftersom gitarrsoundet utgör en betydande del av genrens karaktäristiska element har arbetet fokuserat mycket på ljud och praktisk användning av effektpedaler. Det har innefattat utforskning av olika modulerande effekter och signalkedjor för att förstå i vilken ordning effekterna placeras. För att visualisera signalkedjorna för gitarrstämmorna har jag använt ett tabellsystem. Jag har identifierat fyra gitarrspelstekniker med sina unika ljudattribut som återkommer i de analyserade låtarna. Dessa tekniker och ljud har jag sedan tillämpat på egna arrangemang av befintliga poplåtar. Jag har spelat in ljudexempel av gitarrspelet i de analyserade låtarna och även spelat in mina egna arrangemang där både hela låtarna och separata gitarrspår finns tillgängliga för lyssning.  Arbetet har gett mig en ny förståelse för genrerna dreampop och shoegaze samt en förståelse för gitarrens roll inom dessa genrer. Dessutom har jag fått nya insikter i hur man kan arrangera med stora ljudbilder.

Events around conception such as maternal undernutrition and twinning may have effects on offspring physiology and disease risk in adulthood. Periconceptional undernutrition alters offspring physiology and adult pathology without affecting birth size, while twinning affects birth size and physiology but with inconsistent effects on adult pathology. We investigated the effects of these two periconceptional events and their interaction on maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy and fetal growth, physiology and endocrinology in late gestation in sheep. Pre and/or postconception undernutrition resulted in increased uterine blood flow in late gestation, but no change in maternal blood volume. Preconception undernutrition alone resulted in a relatively large placenta with a small, slow-growing fetus in late gestation. In contrast, postconception undernutrition alone resulted in a fetus with rapid late-gestation growth that was maintained through a maternal fast. Fetuses of ewes undernourished throughout both periods were similar in growth rate and size to controls. Maternal fasting also demonstrated that plasma levels of C-type natriuretic peptide are acutely and independently regulated by nutrient supply in mother and fetus. Fetuses of ewes undernourished both pre- and postconception had increased glucose disposal following a glucose challenge. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tests in these fetuses showed decreased pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation but increased adrenal response to decreased cortisol negative feedback. Twin fetuses grew more slowly in late gestation than singletons. Twins also had a smaller insulin response to arginine and a greater insulin response to glucose, but periconceptional undernutrition abolished this difference. Twins had suppressed baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and decreased adrenal sensitivity compared to singletons, but increased fetal pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation and decreased cortisol negative feedback. These studies suggest that firstly, fetal size is a poor reflection of fetal growth trajectory, physiology and endocrinology. Secondly, pre- and postconception undernutrition affect late-gestation fetal growth in different ways, while undernutrition in both periods alters fetal endocrine status in late gestation. Thirdly, the biology of twin fetal development is fundamentally different from that of singletons, which may explain the inconsistency of the relationship between birth weight and adult disease risk in twins. / Auckland Medical Research Foundation, Health Research Council of New Zealand

Events around conception such as maternal undernutrition and twinning may have effects on offspring physiology and disease risk in adulthood. Periconceptional undernutrition alters offspring physiology and adult pathology without affecting birth size, while twinning affects birth size and physiology but with inconsistent effects on adult pathology. We investigated the effects of these two periconceptional events and their interaction on maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy and fetal growth, physiology and endocrinology in late gestation in sheep. Pre and/or postconception undernutrition resulted in increased uterine blood flow in late gestation, but no change in maternal blood volume. Preconception undernutrition alone resulted in a relatively large placenta with a small, slow-growing fetus in late gestation. In contrast, postconception undernutrition alone resulted in a fetus with rapid late-gestation growth that was maintained through a maternal fast. Fetuses of ewes undernourished throughout both periods were similar in growth rate and size to controls. Maternal fasting also demonstrated that plasma levels of C-type natriuretic peptide are acutely and independently regulated by nutrient supply in mother and fetus. Fetuses of ewes undernourished both pre- and postconception had increased glucose disposal following a glucose challenge. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tests in these fetuses showed decreased pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation but increased adrenal response to decreased cortisol negative feedback. Twin fetuses grew more slowly in late gestation than singletons. Twins also had a smaller insulin response to arginine and a greater insulin response to glucose, but periconceptional undernutrition abolished this difference. Twins had suppressed baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and decreased adrenal sensitivity compared to singletons, but increased fetal pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation and decreased cortisol negative feedback. These studies suggest that firstly, fetal size is a poor reflection of fetal growth trajectory, physiology and endocrinology. Secondly, pre- and postconception undernutrition affect late-gestation fetal growth in different ways, while undernutrition in both periods alters fetal endocrine status in late gestation. Thirdly, the biology of twin fetal development is fundamentally different from that of singletons, which may explain the inconsistency of the relationship between birth weight and adult disease risk in twins. / Auckland Medical Research Foundation, Health Research Council of New Zealand

Events around conception such as maternal undernutrition and twinning may have effects on offspring physiology and disease risk in adulthood. Periconceptional undernutrition alters offspring physiology and adult pathology without affecting birth size, while twinning affects birth size and physiology but with inconsistent effects on adult pathology. We investigated the effects of these two periconceptional events and their interaction on maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy and fetal growth, physiology and endocrinology in late gestation in sheep. Pre and/or postconception undernutrition resulted in increased uterine blood flow in late gestation, but no change in maternal blood volume. Preconception undernutrition alone resulted in a relatively large placenta with a small, slow-growing fetus in late gestation. In contrast, postconception undernutrition alone resulted in a fetus with rapid late-gestation growth that was maintained through a maternal fast. Fetuses of ewes undernourished throughout both periods were similar in growth rate and size to controls. Maternal fasting also demonstrated that plasma levels of C-type natriuretic peptide are acutely and independently regulated by nutrient supply in mother and fetus. Fetuses of ewes undernourished both pre- and postconception had increased glucose disposal following a glucose challenge. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tests in these fetuses showed decreased pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation but increased adrenal response to decreased cortisol negative feedback. Twin fetuses grew more slowly in late gestation than singletons. Twins also had a smaller insulin response to arginine and a greater insulin response to glucose, but periconceptional undernutrition abolished this difference. Twins had suppressed baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and decreased adrenal sensitivity compared to singletons, but increased fetal pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation and decreased cortisol negative feedback. These studies suggest that firstly, fetal size is a poor reflection of fetal growth trajectory, physiology and endocrinology. Secondly, pre- and postconception undernutrition affect late-gestation fetal growth in different ways, while undernutrition in both periods alters fetal endocrine status in late gestation. Thirdly, the biology of twin fetal development is fundamentally different from that of singletons, which may explain the inconsistency of the relationship between birth weight and adult disease risk in twins. / Auckland Medical Research Foundation, Health Research Council of New Zealand

Events around conception such as maternal undernutrition and twinning may have effects on offspring physiology and disease risk in adulthood. Periconceptional undernutrition alters offspring physiology and adult pathology without affecting birth size, while twinning affects birth size and physiology but with inconsistent effects on adult pathology. We investigated the effects of these two periconceptional events and their interaction on maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy and fetal growth, physiology and endocrinology in late gestation in sheep. Pre and/or postconception undernutrition resulted in increased uterine blood flow in late gestation, but no change in maternal blood volume. Preconception undernutrition alone resulted in a relatively large placenta with a small, slow-growing fetus in late gestation. In contrast, postconception undernutrition alone resulted in a fetus with rapid late-gestation growth that was maintained through a maternal fast. Fetuses of ewes undernourished throughout both periods were similar in growth rate and size to controls. Maternal fasting also demonstrated that plasma levels of C-type natriuretic peptide are acutely and independently regulated by nutrient supply in mother and fetus. Fetuses of ewes undernourished both pre- and postconception had increased glucose disposal following a glucose challenge. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tests in these fetuses showed decreased pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation but increased adrenal response to decreased cortisol negative feedback. Twin fetuses grew more slowly in late gestation than singletons. Twins also had a smaller insulin response to arginine and a greater insulin response to glucose, but periconceptional undernutrition abolished this difference. Twins had suppressed baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and decreased adrenal sensitivity compared to singletons, but increased fetal pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone response to direct stimulation and decreased cortisol negative feedback. These studies suggest that firstly, fetal size is a poor reflection of fetal growth trajectory, physiology and endocrinology. Secondly, pre- and postconception undernutrition affect late-gestation fetal growth in different ways, while undernutrition in both periods alters fetal endocrine status in late gestation. Thirdly, the biology of twin fetal development is fundamentally different from that of singletons, which may explain the inconsistency of the relationship between birth weight and adult disease risk in twins. / Auckland Medical Research Foundation, Health Research Council of New Zealand

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal hoe volwasse enkel-tweelinge hul lewens ervaar na die verlies van hul mede-tweeling. ‘n Kwalitatiewe empiriese ondersoek is gedoen met die doel om die behoeftes van enkel- tweelinge tydens die hantering van tweelingverlies en die rouproses te bepaal. Literatuur toon aan dat die oneffektiewe hanteringsvaardighede wat gebruik word tydens tweelingverlies kan lei tot emosionele, kognitiewe, identiteits-, verhoudings- en gedragskwessies. Die literatuur dui verder aan dat daar agt temas is wat bepaal of hierdie kwessies tydens die lewe van die enkel-tweeling gaan voorkom. Die agt temas is naamlik die effek van ouerlike gesindheid, negatiewe aspekte om ‘n tweeling te wees, skuldgevoelens, polarisasie, die tweelingband, versagtende omstandighede en die effek van die verlies op die verhouding met ander. ‘n Meervoudige gevallestudie met ‘n narratiewe analitiese proses is in die studie gevolg. Agt deelnemers het ‘n self-opgestelde vraelys voltooi. Daarna is semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude gevoer om die temas wat verband hou met die vraelys verder te ondersoek. ‘n Opvolg in-diepte onderhoud is ‘n maand later met elke deelnemer gevoer waartydens hulle hul ervaring as enkel-tweeling bespreek het. Die eerste verwagte uitkoms was om die behoeftes van die enkel-tweeling wat tweelingverlies hanteer, te verstaan. Die tweede verwagte uitkoms was om by te dra tot kennis oor tweelingverlies en rou by die enkel-tweeling. Die bevindinge toon aan dat vier onverwagse temas vanuit die studie na vore gekom het, naamlik geheimhouding rakende die bestaan van ‘n mede- tweeling, voel soos ‘n aangenome kind, die kwessie van geloof as prominente faktor in die genesingsproses en die tweeling identiteit wat behou wil word. Riglyne is aan opvoedkundige sielkundiges gegee om hul toe te rus om die enkel-tweeling se verlies en rou te verstaan. ‘n Bydrae ten opsigte van kennis oor tweelingverlies en rou by enkel-tweelinge is gemaak. / The purpose of this study was to determine how adult twinless twins experience life following the loss of their co-twin. A qualitative empirical investigation was conducted in order to establish the needs of twinless twins in dealing with twin loss and the bereavement process. Literature indicates that ineffective coping mechanisms used in the loss of a twin, could result in emotional, cognitive, identity, relationship and behavioural issues. The literature further indicates that there are eight themes which determine whether these problems will culminate during the life of the twinless twin. These eight themes are: the effect of parental attitude, negative aspects of being part of a twin, feelings of guilt, polarisation, the twin connection, mitigating circumstances and the effect of loss on the relationship with others. The study followed a multiple case study research design with a narrative analytical approach. Eight participants completed a self-structured questionnaire. Thereafter semi-structured interviews were conducted to further explore themes related to the questionnaire. A follow-up in-depth interview was conducted with each participant one month later during which they described their experiences of being a twinless twin. The first anticipated outcome was an understanding of the needs of a twinless twin in dealing with loss of his or her twin. The second expected outcome was to add to the body of knowledge about twin loss and bereavement in twinless twins. The findings show that four unexpected themes emerged from the study, namely: secrecy regarding the existence of a co-twin; feeling like an adopted child; the issue of faith as a prominent factor in the healing process, and maintaining a twin identity. Guidelines are given to equip educational psychologists to understand twin loss and bereavement in twinless twins. The study contributed towards knowledge of twin loss and bereavement in twinless twins. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

Abstract Advances over the past few decades in ante- and neonatal care have led to the survival of a growing number of premature infants of extremely low gestational age. However, the occurrence of serious diseases, particularly those affecting the most immature infants, remains high. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of premature infants, is one such disease. Our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BPD is incomplete; consequently, there are few preventive and therapeutic options for BPD. Moreover, it is challenging to predict the risk of BPD. Previous studies of BPD in twins revealed that the heritability of BPD is quite high. However, the individual genes that predispose premature infants to BPD are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify and study genes associated with BPD in order to investigate its pathogenesis. An additional aim was to add to knowledge of the risk of BPD in newborn premature infants, with an emphasis on twins. A candidate gene study found no consistent association between common polymorphisms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and BPD. A second candidate gene study noted an association between the gene encoding Kit ligand and BPD. A genome-wide association study found a suggestive association between a locus close to the gene encoding C-reactive protein (CRP) and BPD, and in subsequent analyses, plasma levels of CRP during the first week of life predicted BPD. Finally, a nationwide register study found that the risk of BPD was lower in twins than in singletons. The results of this study add to what is known of the genetics and pathogenesis of BPD. They also provide new data on the risk of BPD, which may be used to improve early identification of infants for whom the risk of developing BPD is high. / Tiivistelmä Ennenaikaisen syntymän ja keskoslasten hoidon kehittymisen myötä yhä useammat huomattavan epäkypsinä syntyneet lapset jäävät henkiin. Samalla erityisesti juuri näitä lapsia uhkaavien sairauksien esiintyvyys on pysynyt korkeana. Bronkopulmonaalinen dysplasia (BPD, keskosen krooninen keuhkosairaus) on yksi näistä sairauksista. BPD:n molekyylitasoinen tautimekanismi on vielä osin tuntematon, eikä BPD:tä tehokkaasti estävää tai siitä parantavaa hoitoa ole. Myös BPD riskin arvioiminen vastasyntyneen keskoslapsen kohdalla on vaikeaa. BPD on huomattavan perinnöllinen tauti. BPD:lle altistavista geeneistä on kuitenkin vasta vähän tietoa. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli lisätä tietoa BPD:n tautimekanismista tutkimalla BPD:lle altistavia geenejä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin BPD:n esiintyvyyttä ja syntymää edeltäviä riskitekijöitä erityisesti kaksosten osalta. Ehdokasgeenitutkimuksessa verisuonten endoteelikasvutekijää koodaava geeni ei assosioitunut toistuvasti BPD:hen. Kit ligandia koodaava geeni sen sijaan assosioitui. Koko genomin assosiaatiotutkimuksessa C-reaktiivista proteiinia (CRP) koodaavan geenin lähistöltä löydettiin BPD:hen mahdollisesti assosioituva alue. Lisäksi ensimmäisen viikon CRP-arvojen osoitettiin ennakoivan myöhemmin kehittyvää BPD:tä. BPD-riskin todettiin olevan matalampi kaksi- kuin yksisikiöisistä raskauksista syntyneillä lapsilla. Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäävät tietoa BPD:n perinnöllisyydestä ja sitä kautta BPD:n tautimekanismista. Tutkimus toi myös uutta tietoa BPD:n riskitekijöistä parantaen vastasyntyneen keskoslapsen BPD-riskin arviota.

[ES] El ruido de rodadura es un fenómeno producido debido a la interacción entre la rueda y el carril e inducido por las pequeñas irregularidades existentes en la superficie de ambos. Dichas irregularidades, conocidas como "rugosidad", provocan que se genere una vibración tanto en la rueda como el carril cuando el tren circula a una cierta velocidad, lo que consecuentemente lleva a la aparición de radiación acústica. Esto conforma una de las fuentes de molestias más relevantes y principal origen de la contaminación acústica producida por los trenes al circular por regiones urbanas densamente pobladas. Así, el objetivo de esta Tesis es el desarrollo de una metodología integral para la obtención de diseños de rueda viables mediante el uso de Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) con la finalidad de minimizar el ruido de rodadura asociado. Al desarrollar los mencionados algoritmos de optimización, el Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) se combina con la parametrización geométrica de las diferentes tipologías de diseño de rueda analizadas, descritas en función de aquellos parámetros más relevantes para la presente investigación. Se hace uso de modelos linealizados en el dominio de la frecuencia, capaces de resolver la dinámica completa del sistema a partir de las correspondientes mallas de la sección transversal. La obtención de la potencia acústica radiada se lleva a cabo mediante el empleo de una formulación semi-analítica para el cálculo de la eficiencia acústica de la rueda y al uso de un Modelo de Fuentes Equivalentes (MFE) en el carril. El desarrollo teórico, además, es validado con el software comercial de referencia en el campo de investigación, TWINS, en el cual se basa. A lo largo de los procedimientos de optimización, se realiza un análisis de fatiga en cada diseño de rueda considerado con el fin de asegurar su viabilidad estructural, lo que actúa como una restricción de "pena de muerte" en el algoritmo. Además, se desarrolla un procedimiento de identificación modal que permite caracterizar los modos de vibración y clasificarlos según su número de diámetros y circunferencias nodales. Seguidamente, se exploran dos formulaciones diferentes de la función objetivo: una centrada en reducir directamente el ruido radiado, llamada LA;W -min; i otra centrada en disminuir el ruido de rodadura maximizando la media de las frecuencias naturales de los modos de vibración, conocida como NF-max. En la metodología LA;W -min, se minimiza la suma en energía del nivel de potencia acústica expresado en dB(A). Para el caso de NF-max, se desplazan las frecuencias naturales a regiones de frecuencia donde la amplitud de rugosidad es menor. Se consideran diversas aproximaciones: la inclusión de esquemas de perforación y la modificación de la forma de su sección transversal. Además, también se ha estudiado la influencia en el ruido de la variación de las propiedades geométricas del carril y viscoelásticas de la vía. Como resultado de esta Tesis se han conseguido diversos modelos más silenciosos de rueda ferroviaria, con reducciones en el ruido de rodadura de hasta 5 dB(A). Cuando se considera el sistema ferroviario completo,se siguen consiguiendo mejoras en la potencia acústica radiada con los diseños de rueda resultantes. Además, se analizan las correlaciones entre la maximización de las frecuencias naturales y la atenuación del nivel de potencia acústica, estableciendo NF-max como una metodología adecuada para los casos en que se priorice la eficiencia computacional. La sensibilidad del problema a los espacios de diseño seleccionados y la adecuación del uso de AG se estudian también con la obtención de Superficies de Respuesta. Adicionalmente, se han establecido relaciones entre la variación de los parámetros geométricos y la disminución en la radiación acústica asociada, así como se ha propuesto la reubicación de los modos de vibración a lo largo del espectro en frecuencia com / [CA] El soroll de rodament és un fenomen causat per la interacció entre la roda i el carril i induït per les xicotetes irregularitats presents a les seues superfícies. Aquestes irregularitats, conegudes amb el nom de "rugositat", provoquen que es genere una vibració tant a la roda com al carril en circular el tren a una certa velocitat, el que conseqüentment du a l'aparició de radiació acústica. Açò conforma una de les fonts de molèsties més rellevants i el principal origen de la contaminació acústica generada pels trens al seu pas per regions urbanes densament poblades. Així, l'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi és el desenvolupament d'una metodologia integral per a l'obtenció de dissenys de roda viables mitjançant l'ús d'Algoritmes Genètics (AG) amb la inalitat de minimitzar el soroll de rodament associat. Al desenvolupar els esmentats algoritmes d'optimització, el Mètode d'Elements Finits (MEF) es combina amb la parametrització geomètrica de les diferents tipologies de disseny de roda analitzades, descrites en funció d'aquells paràmetres més rellevants per a aquesta investigació. Es fa ús de models linealitzats en el domini de la freqüència, capaços de resoldre la dinàmica completa del sistema a partir les corresponents malles de secció transversal. La obtenció de la potència acústica radiada es du a terme mitjançant la utilització d'una formulació semi-analítica per al càlcul de l'eficiència acústica de la roda i l'ús d'un Model de Fonts Equivalents (MFE) amb el carril. El desenvolupament teòric s'ha validat amb el software comercial de referència al camp d'investigació, TWINS, en el qual es basa. Al llarg dels procediments d'optimització, es realitza una anàlisi de fatiga a cada disseny de roda considerat amb la finalitat d'assegurar la seua viabilitat estructural. S'ha desenvolupat un procediment d'identificació modal que permet caracteritzar els modes de vibració i classificar-los d'acord al seu número de diàmetres i circumferències nodals. També, s'exploren dos formulacions diferents de la funció objectiu: una centrada en reduir directament el soroll radiat, anomenada LA;W -min; i altra centrada en disminuir el soroll de rodament maximitzant la mitja de les freqüències naturals dels modes de vibració, coneguda com NF-max. D'aquesta manera, en la metodologia LA;W -min, es minimitza la suma en energia del nivell de potència acústica expressat en dB(A). Per al cas de NF-max, es desplacen les freqüències naturals a regions de freqüència on l'amplitud de rugositat és menor. Es consideren diverses aproximacions: la inclusió d'esquemes de perforació i la modificació de la forma de la seua secció transversal, establint el radi com un valor fixe en un cas i utilitzant-lo com un paràmetre d'optimització més en l'altre. A més a més, s'ha estudiat la influència en el soroll de la variació de les propietats geomètriques del carril i viscoelàstiques de la via. Com a resultat d'aquesta Tesi s'han aconseguit diversos models de roda ferroviària més silenciosos, amb reduccions en el soroll de rodament de fins a 5 dB(A). Quan es considera el sistema ferroviari complet amb tots els seus components, es segueixen aconseguint millores en la potencia acústica radiada amb els dissenys de roda resultants. A més a més, 'analitzen les correlacions entre la maximització de les freqüències naturals i l'atenuació del nivell de potencia acústica, establint NF-max com una metodologia adequada pels casos en que es prioritza l'eficiència computacional. La sensibilitat del problema als espais de disseny escollits i l'adequació de l'ús de AG s'estudia també mitjançant l'obtenció de Superfícies de Resposta (SRs) per als paràmetres geomètrics utilitzats. Addicionalment, s'han establert relacions entre la variació dels paràmetres geomètrics i la disminució en la radiació acústica associada, així com s'ha proposat la reubicació dels modes de vibració al voltant de / [EN] Rolling noise phenomenon is produced due to the wheel/track interaction and induced by the small unevenness present in their surfaces. Such unevenness, known as "roughness", causes that vibrations arise in both the wheel and track when the train passes by with a certain speed, that consequently leads to the appearance of acoustic radiation. This kind of noise is one of the most relevant sources of annoyance and the principal focus of the railway acoustic pollution produced by trains operating through highly populated urban regions. Thus, the main goal of the present Thesis is the development of a comprehensive methodology to achieve suitable railway wheel designs through the use of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) with the aim of minimizing the associated rolling noise. When developing the aforementioned optimization algorithms, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is combined with the geometric parametrization of the different wheel design typologies analysed, described as a function of those parameters most relevant for the current research. In order to describe the dynamic behaviour of each component involved in the wheel/track interaction, use is made of linearised models in the frequency domain capable of solving the whole coupled dynamic response from the corresponding cross-section meshes. Subsequent derivation of the radiated sound power from the dynamic information is carried out by applying a semi-analytical formulation that allows for the wheel acoustic efficiency computation, on one hand, and by making use of an Equivalent Sources Model (ESM) in the track, on the other hand. Besides, such theoretical development is validated with the reference commercial software in the field, TWINS, on which it is based. Throughout the optimization procedures, a fatigue analysis is performed on every wheel design considered to assure structural feasibility, that acts as a "death penalty" constraint in the algorithm. Furthermore, a modal identification procedure is developed, which allows to characterize modeshapes and to classify them according to their number of nodal diameters and circumferences. Then, two different formulations of the objective function are explored: one focused on directly reducing radiated noise, named LA;W-min; and another centred on decreasing rolling noise by maximizing the average natural frequency of the modeshapes, called NF-max. Hence, in the LA;W -min methodology, the sum in energy of the wheel Sound poWer Level (SWL) expressed in dB(A) is minimized. For the NF-max case, natural frequencies are shifted to frequency regions where the roughness amplitude content is lower. Different approaches are considered: the inclusion of perforation schemes in the wheel and the variation of its cross-sectional shape, setting the radius as a constant value in one case and using it as an optimization parameter in another. Moreover, the influence on the noise of changing the rail geometric and track viscoelastic properties is also studied. As a result of the present Thesis, several quieter models of railway wheels have been achieved, with rolling noise reductions of up to 5 dB(A). When the whole railway system with all the components is considered, improvements in the radiated sound power remain achieved with the resulting wheel designs. Besides, correlations between maximization of natural frequencies and SWL mitigation are analysed, establishing the NF-max as a suitable methodology for cases when computational efficiency is prioritized. The sensitivity of the problem to selected design domains and the suitability of the use of GAs are also studied with the obtention of Response Surfaces (RSs) for the geometric parameters used. Additionally, correlations are established between the variation of the geometric parameters and the decrease in the associated acoustic radiation, while the shifting of the modeshapes along the frequency domain is proposed as a physical mechanism responsible of the observed sound power decrease. / This thesis has been supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación and the European Regional Development Fund (projects TRA2013-45596-C2-1-R and TRA2017-84701-R). / Garcia Andrés, X. (2021). Development of innovative methodologies to reduce railway rolling noise through Genetic Algorithm-based shape optimization techniques [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164194 / TESIS