Background and Purpose: Children diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes face significant challenges in the day to day management of their disease. Parents play an important role in supporting children at every stage of their lives and helping them transition to independence in the management of T1D. The purpose of this study was to learn from parents who have raised their children with T1D to adulthood and identify strategies for parents who are currently raising a child with T1D. Methods: Using a biographical method, a qualitative design, two in-depth interviews with open-ended prompts were completed with purposively selected parents of children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) who have grown into adulthood (18 parents, 36 interviews). The first interview invited participants to share their experience raising a child with T1D. The second interview asked specific questions about challenges, things that went well, things that didn't go well and advice for parents currently raising a child with T1D. Qualitative content analysis was used. Results: Analysis of the data identified recommendations for parents currently raising children with T1D. Advice for the parents included, 1) Parental attitude toward diabetes will be reflected in the child – Keep it positive, 2) Learn as much as you can about diabetes, 3) Find a good diabetes provider – Make your endocrinologist your best friend, 4) Don't make diabetes the definition of the child – treat them as normal, 5) Empower self-management – Teach them along the way then step back and let them take over, 6) Be your child's advocate, 7) Find support – Formal or informal, 8) Listen to your child – Don't judge. Conclusions and Implications: Nurses and nurse practitioners can share strategies identified by parents that were helpful in raising their child with Type 1 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Many youth do not use the hybrid closed-loop system for type 1 diabetes effectively. This study evaluated the impact of financial incentives for diabetes-related tasks on use of the 670G hybrid closed-loop system and on glycemia. METHODS: At auto mode initiation and for 16 weeks thereafter, participants received a flat rate for wearing and calibrating the sensor ($1/day), administering at least 3 mealtime insulin boluses per day ($1/day), and uploading ($5/week). Weekly bonuses were given for maintaining at least 70% of the time in auto mode, which were increased for persistent auto mode use from $3/week to a maximum of $13/week. If a participant failed to maintain auto mode for a week, the rewards were reset to baseline. Data from 17 participants aged 15.9 years ± 2.5 years (baseline hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 8.6% ± 1.1%) were collected at 6, 12, and 16 weeks. The reinforcers were withdrawn at 16 weeks, with a follow-up assessment at 24 weeks. RESULTS: With reinforcers, the participants administered an average of at least 3 mealtime insulin boluses per day and wore the sensor over 70% of the time. However, auto mode use waned. HbA1c levels decreased by 0.5% after 6 weeks, and this improvement was maintained at 12 and 16 weeks (P < .05). Upon withdrawal of reinforcers, HbA1c levels increased back to baseline at 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: Compensation for diabetes-related tasks was associated with lower HbA1c levels, consistent administration of mealtime insulin boluses, and sustained sensor use. These results support the potential of financial rewards for improving outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Bakgrund: Typ 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) bland ungdomar ökar i Europa och också i Sverige. Sjukdomen är kronisk och kräver livsstilsförändringar samt egenvård. Ungdomsåren kännetecknas av frigörelse från föräldrar och att hitta sin sociala tillhörighet. Att drabbas av kronisk sjukdom under denna del av livet kan antas vara särskilt omvälvande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva ungdomars upplevelser av att leva med T1DM. Metod: Studien var baserad på en litteraturöversikt med tio vetenskapliga artiklar som systematiskt söktes fram från databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Analysen genomfördes enligt fem steg där sista steget bestod av kategorisering och tematisering av artiklarnas resultat. Resultat: Genom analysen identifierades tre teman; Ett liv som ungdom med T1DM i isolering och utanförskap, mötet med sjukvårdspersonal, upplevelser av diagnostiseringen. Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten visar att ungdomarna hade svårigheter att hantera den förändrade livssituationen efter diagnosen. De beskriver känslor av utanförskap och isolering. Ungdomarnas kontakter med vården är överlag negativ då de inte blir respekterade som individer. Resultatet diskuteras med utgångspunkt från Dorotea Orems egenvårdsteori. / Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among young people is increasing in Europe and also in Sweden. The disease is chronic and requires lifestyle changes and selfcare. Adolescence is characterized by liberation from parents and finding one’s social affiliation. Suffering from a chronic illness during this part of life can assumed to be particularly transformative. Aim: The aim was to describe young people’s experiences of living with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Method: The study was based on a literature review with ten scientific articles systematically retrieved from the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed. The analysis was carried out according to five steps, the last step consisted of categorizing and thematizationthe results from the included articles. Results: The analysis resulted in three themes: A life as a youth in isolation and exclusiondue to T1DM, encounters with healthcare professionals and Experiences of getting thediagnosis. Conclusion: This literature review highlights that young people had difficulty coping with the changed life situation after the diagnosis. They described feelings of exclusion and isolation. Their contacts with healthcare are generally perceived as negative as they experienced not being respected as individuals. The results are discussed in relation to Dorotea Orem’s self-care theory.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第12944号 / 論医博第2096号 / 新制||医||1010(附属図書館) / 32203 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 川口 義弥, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 稲垣 暢也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24965号 / 医博第5019号 / 新制||医||1069(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川口 義弥, 教授 波多野 悦朗, 教授 中本 裕士 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease caused by beta cell destruction of Langerhans pancreatic islets. From the genetic aspect the main predisposition lays on HLA class II genes (40 - 50%), molecules of which present exogenous peptides to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Enviromental factors play a crucial role in the etiopathogenesis of T1DM. Through epigenetic regulation (e.g. DNA methylation) the genetic and enviromental factors communicate. The level of methylation in the regulatory regions can significantly affect expression of these genes. Aims: The aim of the diploma thesis was to define methylation profile of HLA DQB1 alleles in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients and determine their expression. Methods: The genotyping of HLA class II genes (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1) was performed using sequence specific primers. DNA was treated with sodium bisulfite, regulatory region of HLA DQB1 was amplified and cloned into E.coli, strain DH5α/XL1-Blue. Positive clones were sent for sequencing and results analyzed. RNA was transcribed to cDNA by reverse transcription and the level of expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in total methylation of DQB1*0201 and *0302 alleles in the B section of DQB1 gene. Difference in...

INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade física faz parte do tratamento do portador de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), devendo ser encorajada pelas mesmas razões que é em não portadores. Os portadores de DM1, como evidenciam os estudos, apresentam póstreino: redução dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, melhora do condicionamento físico, da sensibilidade à ação da insulina e do bem-estar. Mas é fundamental realizar a monitorização glicêmica, adequar alimentação e dose de insulina para a prática de exercícios, a fim de evitar hipo ou hiperglicemias antes, durante ou após as sessões, e consequentemente, obter melhora ou manutenção do controle glicêmico. Além disso, o nível de atividade física relaciona-se inversamente ao aparecimento de complicações do diabetes e risco de mortalidade em portadores de DM1. Porém, poucos estudos demonstram o comportamento da glicemia destes pacientes em diferentes tipos de exercícios. O conhecimento da variação glicêmica durante o exercício é fundamental para a conduta terapêutica do médico, para a prescrição e orientação segura de exercícios pelos professores de educação física. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a variação da glicose de DM1, submetidos às sessões de exercício aeróbio, exercícios resistidos e teste ergoespirométrico, utilizando o Sistema de Monitorização Contínua da Glicose (CGMS) e o glicosímetro portátil para monitorização da glicemia capilar. E como objetivo secundário, analisar a acurácia do CGMS e as respostas agudas e crônicas às sessões de exercícios aeróbio, resistidos e teste ergoespirométrico por portadores de DM 1. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Dez portadores de DM1, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 16 e 45 anos, sem complicações da doença. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste ergoespirométrico máximo (TE) e a 40 sessões de exercícios aeróbios (A) ou resistidos (R). As sessões foram realizadas no período pós-prandial do almoço e nestes dias, os pacientes foram orientados pela equipe médica a reduzir: 1U (se dose <20U) ou 2U (se dose >20U) da insulina basal (NPH) da manhã e 50 a 75% da insulina pré-prandial ultra-rápida (UR) do almoço; não houve redução para o TE. Os pacientes mediam a glicemia capilar antes, durante (se, necessário) e após as sessões. RESULTADOS: Os exercícios aeróbios promoveram uma queda maior na GC (67 mg/dL), quando comparada a queda causada pelos exercícios resistidos (37mg/dL) (p=0,047). A correlação entre os dados obtidos pelo CGMS e pelo glicosímetro durante o exercício é significativa (p<0,001), positiva e direta (r=+0,925). A freqüência cardíaca e a pressão arterial sistólica apresentaram aumento durante A (p<0,001), não apresentando diferença para R. A pressão arterial diastólica não mostrou diferença em nenhum dos dois grupos. A freqüência média de consumo [(A=19,8) e (R=16,7)] e a quantidade de gel [(A=28,2) e (R=21,3)] utilizada durante o período de treinamento foram similares em ambos os grupos. A freqüência de hipoglicemias foi igual em ambos os grupos [(A=1,5) e (R=1,5)] durante o treinamento, não apresentando diferenças em relação às reduções de dose de insulina UR ou período de treinamento. As respostas crônicas foram obtidas ao final do período de treinamento (40 sessões): o controle glicêmico (HbA1c), o perfil lipídico (colesterol total, triglicérides, HDL, LDL, VLDL) e os parâmetros antropométricos não foram influenciados pelo treinamento. Os níveis médios de microalbuminúria em repouso não modificaram, mas os níveis médios de microalbuminúria induzida pelo exercício praticamente dobraram. CONCLUSÕES: O grupo A apresentou maior declínio da glicose quando comparado ao grupo R. O CGMS pode ser considerado um método acurado para a sua utilização durante o exercício. O comportamento da freqüência cardíaca e pressão arterial foram similares aos não portadores de diabetes. O protocolo de redução de insulina se mostrou efetivo durante o período de treinamento. Houve mudanças na composição corporal detectadas pelo DEXA / Background and Aims: For type 1 diabetes patients is essential self monitoring of blood glucose and adjustment of carbohydrate intake and insulin dose for exercise practice. The aim of this study was to assess glucose variability during: spiroergometric test (ST) and aerobic (A) and resistance exercises(R). Materials and Methods: 10 DM1 patients performed ST, and 40 A and R bouts and they reduced their insulin dose in A and R exercise days. Results: Glycemia variation groups were: A=67mg/dL and R=37mg/dL. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased during A. Diastolic blood pressure was not modified. Glycemic control, lipids and body measurements were not influenced by training. Conclusions: Aerobic and resistance exercise produced glycemia reduction but glycemia fall was higher during aerobic exercise bouts when compared with resistance exercise bouts

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar possíveis relações entre o diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e controle glicêmico, e o ciclo vigília/sono. Participaram 18 voluntários com DM1 (idade: 26,3±5,1), sem complicações, não obesos, sem alterações no sono; e 9 no grupo controle (idade: 28,8±5,3). Os dados foram coletados através de: diário de sono e de glicemia, actímetria (Tempatilumi), polissonografia, 6-sulfatoximelatonina, questionário de Epworth, e sensor de glicose durante a polissonografia nos DM1. A associação entre controle glicêmico e o ciclo vigília/sono foi evidenciada. A duração inadequada, a baixa qualidade, a fragmentação do sono e a secreção reduzida de melatonina, possivelmente, favoreceram um pior controle glicêmico em DM1. Por outro lado, indivíduos DM1, com melhor controle glicêmico, podem se beneficiar de maior secreção de melatonina noturna e menor fragmentação e latência do sono. O controle mais adequado, potencialmente, regulariza o ciclo vigília/sono e previne ou retarda o desenvolvimento de complicações crônicas. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and glycemic control with the sleep/wake cycle. Eighteen T1DM volunteers and 9 control subjects, non-obese, without chronic complications, and no sleep disorders participated. Data were collected with sleep and glycemia log, actigraphy (Tempatilumi), polysomnography, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, Epworth questionnaire, and glucose sensor during the polysomnography night for T1DM. The association between glycemic control and sleep/wake cycle was observed. The inadequate duration, poor quality, and fragmented sleep besides the reduced melatonin secretion possibly favored a worse glycemic control in T1DM. On the other hand, we understand that T1DM individuals with better glycemic control may benefit from increased melatonin secretion and less sleep fragmentation and latency. Therefore, a better glycemic control potentially regulates the sleep/wake cycle and prevents or delays the development of chronic complications.

O diabetes mellitus tipo 1 é uma doença crônica que afeta principalmente a população infantojuvenil, e a sua incidência tem aumentado em todo o mundo. Diversos são os desafios enfrentados por essas crianças para o alcance do adequado manejo da doença. A não adesão ao tratamento e a escassez de intervenções estruturadas para essa clientela configuram a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas estratégias educativas que sejam criativas, interativas e pautadas na valorização das suas necessidades e preferências. Nesse âmbito, os videogames têm surgido como estratégias educativas capazes de incorporar essas necessidades e promover a mudança positiva de comportamentos inadequados. Embora a literatura aponte o potencial uso dos videogames no suporte do manejo de doenças crônicas, registra-se a preocupação crescente sobre qual a melhor forma de desenvolver essas estratégias. A integração de princípios teóricos e metodológicos é recomendada, porém pouco descrita e explorada nos estudos. Este estudo objetiva desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual para fundamentar o desenvolvimento de videogames para crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico que descreve os passos para o desenvolvimento dessa estrutura conceitual, considerando as Teorias de Mudança de Comportamentos em Saúde e a abordagem centrada no usuário como referenciais teóricos e metodológicos, respectivamente. Realizou-se estudo descritivo e transversal, de natureza quantitativa, para o levantamento do perfil das crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, usuários de um hospital público do interior paulista, para conhecer com mais propriedade os futuros usuários do videogame. Em seguida, foram realizados dois ciclos de grupos focais, totalizando 11 grupos, com a participação de 21 crianças entre 7 e 12 anos. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo dedutiva e indutiva desses dados e elaborou-se a categoria central \"Um jogo feito pra mim\". Identificamos preferências quanto aos jogos de videogames e também as necessidades de aprendizagem relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre a doença e aquelas relativas às tarefas de autocuidado e, com isso, comportamentos inadequados dessas crianças. As crianças elencaram suas preferências quanto ao desenho de um videogame voltado para elas, com foco nos resultados identificados previamente. A seguir, relacionamos os resultados obtidos com os determinantes de mudanças de comportamentos em saúde e descrevemos, para cada um, suas influências no comportamento das crianças. Finalmente, a estrutura conceitual foi desenvolvida, mediante os passos cumpridos anteriormente, com base nas Teorias de Mudança de Comportamentos em Saúde e seus determinantes. A estrutura conceitual propõe um videogame que contempla seis fases, cada qual abordando um estágio de mudança de comportamento e determinantes específicos, alinhados às necessidades e preferências identificadas junto às crianças participantes. Apresentamos a aplicabilidade dessa estrutura, considerando cada fase proposta. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o avanço nas discussões de como as teorias de mudança de comportamento e seus determinantes devem estar relacionados ao desenho de tecnologias interativas. Ainda, este estudo auxilia pesquisas futuras cujos objetos de estudo sejam o desenvolvimento de videogames, para crianças com diabetes, que sejam agentes de mudanças e ao mesmo tempo criativos e divertidos / Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that mainly affects the child-juvenile population, and its incidence has increased all over the world. These children face different challenges to achieve the appropriate management of the disease. Non-compliance with the treatment and the lack of structured interventions for these clients entail the need to develop new educational strategies that are creative, interactive and based on the valuation of their needs and preferences. In that context, videogames have emerged as educational strategies capable of incorporating these needs and promoting positive change in inappropriate behaviors. Although the literature appoints the potential use of videogames to support the management of chronic illnesses, there is growing concern with the best way to develop these strategies. The integration of theoretical and methodological principles is recommended, but hardly described and explored in research. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework to support the development of videogames for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. A methodological study was undertaken that describes the steps for the development of this conceptual framework, in view of the Health Behavior Change Theories and the User- Centered Design approach as theoretical and methodological frameworks, respectively. A descriptive and cross-sectional quantitative study was developed to survey the profile of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, who attend a public hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo, so as to get to know the future videogame users more properly. Next, two cycles of focus groups were held, totaling 11 groups, in which 21 children between 7 and 12 years participated. These data were subject to deductive and inductive content analysis and a central category was elaborated named \"A game made for me\". We identified preferences regarding the use of videogames, as well as the learning needs related to the knowledge on the disease and to the self-care tasks and, thus, these children\'s inappropriate behaviors. The children listed their preferences for the design of a videogame aimed at them, focused on the previously identified results. Next, we relate the results obtained with the determinants of health behavior changes theories and we describe, for each of them, their influences on the children\'s behavior. Finally, the conceptual framework was developed through the steps developed earlier, based on the Health Behavior Changes Theories and their determinants. The conceptual framework proposed a videogame that consists of six phases, each of which addresses one stage of behavior change and specific determinants, aligned with the needs and preferences identified among the participating children. We present the applicability of this framework in view of each phase proposed. The results of this study contribute to advance in the discussions on how the behavioral theories and their determinants should be related to the design of interactive technologies. In addition, this study supports future studies aimed at developing videogames for children with diabetes, to serve as agents of change and, at the same time, be creative and funny

Diabetes can affect the structure and function of the foot, resulting in severe limitation of mobility and reduction of life expectancy. Early warning signs include limited joint mobility (LJM), soft tissue changes, high plantar pressure (HPP), high pressure time integrals (P/TI) and plantar callus. These abnormalities were examined in 216 young people with diabetes and 57 controls. The fingers, toes, ankle subtalar and first metatarsophalangeal joints shows reduced motion and the plantar aponeurosis was thicker in diabetic subjects. Skin thickness was the same for diabetic and control subjects. LJM in the feet was more common in males and older subjects. Subtalar and finger LJM was associated with early sensory nerve changes and finger LJM was associated with retinopathy and higher HbAtc. Thicker plantar aponeurosis was associated with male gander and larger feet. High peak pressure, high P/TI and callus were no more common in diabetic subjects than controls. However, high P/TI and callus were associated with early sensory nerve changes in young people with diabetes. Diabetic subjects with callus were significantly older than those without callus. Those with HPP had higher body mass index and less motion at the first MTP joints than those without HPP. Although plantar callus, HPP and high P/TI were no more common in young people with diabetes these abnormailities may be complicated by diabetes. Cushioning, custom orthoses or both in combination significantly reduced peak pressure and P/TI in diabetic subjects. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)