As the Congolese conflict marks the 20th year, and the peace process 17 years, the apparent question is why is the search for peace in the DRC proving elusive? Spoilers and other impediments to the peace process in the DRC have been studied and UN peacekeepers have been operational in the country for nearly seventeen years, but the conflict continues. This study therefore seeks to understand the potential of UN peacekeeping to hinder the peace process in the DRC, and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) constitutes a study case. MONUSCO has been in operation for six years today succeeding the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC), and is still operating. Inasmuch as it looks early to gauge whether MONUSCO is contributing to progress or hindering the peace process in the DRC, this study focuses on the practices of UN peacekeepers under MONUSCO and their potential to delay peace initiatives. Using secondary data as the main source of information, i.e., books, articles, journals, news, UN reports and resolutions, triangulation and Game Theory, especially the Prisoners’ Dilemma Analytical Framework derived from the Prisoners’ Dilemma Game Matrix, this study finds that the Stabilization Mission is inconsistent, i.e., UN peacekeepers are performing controversial tasks: use of force to protect civilians, engaging in battles to neutralize armed militias and investigation of war crimes and human rights, tasks that have generated resentment from the FARDC/Kinshasa government and the armed militias, making the search for peace a one actors responsibility [MONUSCO’s task]. A clear indication that MONUSCO is hindering the peace process in the DRC. The thematic analysis details five (5) themes and indicates that; cooperation is problematic, use of force to protect civilians is controversial, there is a mismatch between doctrine and practice, i.e., deviation of UN peacekeeping from the basic principles, the justice dilemma, and an understanding of peace as absence of war and fighters. The thesis concludes that practices of MONUSCO need revisiting, dialogue should be encouraged, revision of peacekeeping principles and accurate timing of interventions, so as to enhance progress in the search for peace in DRC. / <p>This thesis is a true representation of my artistic academic work, written passiantely and informed with logical interpretation of other authors' perepectives, i.e., it is a deskstudy. It took me 10 weeks to produce this piece of work which adds to the ongoing debate on the Congolese process and UN peacekeeping in the DRC and other parts of the world. Written in Linnaeus University, Småland Sweden. </p> / Masters Thesis

Latin American literature can be characterized by its narrative styles and literary techniques to expose political instability, subversive movements and human rights violations. In South America, specifically in Peru, contemporary narrative and film depicts the guerra interna between the subversive movement, Sendero Luminoso, and the Peruvian government and its impact on the developing country. This study focuses on three texts --Mario Vargas Llosa\'s Lituma en los Andes (1993), Iván Thays\' Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro (2008), and Santiago Roncagliolo\'s Abril rojo (2006)-- and two contemporary films --Claudia Llosa\'s Madeinusa (2006) and La teta asustada (2009). These works stay within the broader trajectory of Peruvian narrative and film\'s portrayal of the guerra interna. However, these works deviate from the norm by focusing on the indigenous populations\' involvement and subsequent consequences. This study examines how language, spirituality and violence dehumanizes the Peruvian indigenous during Peru\'s efforts at modernization. / Master of Arts

Wider relationships The plot is located south of the historic center of Brno in the city of Brno- Thorny. It is called the "New South Center" along with the land in the northern part behind Opuštěná Street and the eastern lands on which the Central Bus Station is located today The bell ringer. Significant buildings near the solved area is the area of the shopping gallery Vaňkovka s FAIT Gallery and Trinity Palace, then the Šlapanice Municipal Office and the aforementioned bus station. The land has not been built up for a long time due to the existence of floodplains, so it is not contaminated in any way. It is also related to the very long discussion about the relocation of the main train station, the location of which already was decided in 2018. The station should therefore be built by the river. Related to this is the development of the South centers, construction of mixed urban development with functions of housing, services, trade, office and rentable space. This action should expand the center by a busy "boulevard" connecting the visual axis of the railway station with the historical center of Brno. It would then be at the end of the boulevard main train station and integrated main bus station. The existence of the river is very important and the park, which enter this area and give it the unmistakable character of a city-wide importance. Definition and purpose of construction The aim of the work is to the given block urban structure (territorial study of the so - called South Quarter - Trnitá KAM Brno 2019) to design a multifunctional house. Students then choose the location of the object in the area or objects, establish and justify the construction program and process the work to the extent specified below. Proposal will be developed freely according to the regulations set out in the above-mentioned territorial study. Designed by me the building combines the functions of housing with spaces for services in the street parterre of the building. Urban concept The uniqueness of the whole area is direct contact with the historic center, the new main train station and the very close presence of the Svratka River, which is of direct contact in this area borders of my parcel. These facts bring important ideas to this situation and that urban traffic and recreation by the river. It is evident that the river does not have the potential in this area and only so it will have no analogues in Brno, precisely because of the expected high concentration of people traveling on the train, so thanks to the new inhabitants, which should be up to 10,000. The new waterfront would be used by both residents district, as well as people from the area, or visitors commuting by train. That's why I design the whole street parterre buildings as public. I am creating small spaces for a café with a possible use of the anteroom in front of the building itself to sit. The upper floors then serve purely as living areas. The embankment of the Svratka River separates the greenery and the adjoining cycle path to the already very popular track along whole river. Transport solutions The building is transported for cars from the west side of the river to the service two-way calmed communication. At the ends of the building is the entrance to the elevator for passengers cars leading to underground parking garages. Supply of commercial space on.

The study's ambition is to illustrate the conditions of dialogue and interaction in an art pedago- gical practice, it’s significance for both the students’ learning and the art educators' attitudes to- wards the students. It includes interviews with two art educators about their experience of inte- raction and dialogue in their daily work. The method is hermeneutic-phenomenological and the material is limited to the respondents' statements. The study shows that the conditions for inte- raction, pluralism and dialogue are good. The dialogical teaching depends on the teachers' view of pedagogy the same, but also on the design of the learning environment in terms of sensitivity and respect. The respondents believe that a dialogical approach is a prerequisite for students' understanding and their possibilities to create meaning. They turn out to have a pragmatic and unproblematic attitude to the balance between traditional monological and dialogical pedagogy. This is also reflected in their relationship with the students, who, based on the circumstances, are alternately dominant and equal.

This thesis addresses speech acts on the subject of disinformation as a threat at the United Nations Human Rights Council in its 47th, 49th and 50th sessions where the matter was discussed. By combining securitization theory and qualitative content analysis with a method of examining speech acts through specific variables, it is possible to examine if this was a case of securitization or politicization and if the process was a success or a failure. The findings suggest that there were two instances that could be regarded as securitizing acts. A part of the audience accepted disinformation as a threat. However, the lack of supranational power of the Council, failure to unilaterally depict disinformation as an existential security threat, lack of exceptional measures and disagreements between representatives caused obstacles for the process. Thus I argue that disinformation was not securitized but quasi-successfully politicized in the Human Rights Council and that the discussion revealed geopolitical tensions within the organization which can make decision-making difficult also in the future.

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Costa Rica is in many aspects a well-developed country, but as many other countries there is still a lot of inequality between the genders. Which can take its form in violence towards minorities such as women and children. The region is also influenced heavily by very conservative gender norms. The aim of this study is to conduct an in-depth investigation of the occurrence of gender-based violence (GBV). As well as to understand the societal and cultural factors that serve as institutional mechanisms and how they impact the country's development. The study will focus on institutions as structural features of public policy, and the norms set by these institutions that affect laws and civil society. By identifying these institutional mechanisms through the help of our respondents and relevant theories, the study will analyze the legislation, policies and cultural norms that exist within Costa Rican society and compare them with the insights provided by the respondents. This will be achieved through first-hand experiences and observations obtained from in-depth interviews with women and professionals who work and live in Costa Rica. The responses from the interviews will serve as the primary source of data for analysis. The result will be analyzed using Hirdman gender theories: Bandura A. social learning theory, and new institutional theory. The analysis will be presented in different themes, focusing on the legislation and the implementation of laws. The second theme will discuss in more detail the institutional mechanisms and how they impact the development of the country. The study findings indicate that Costa Rica has an underrepresentation of women in the political sphere and society overall, and there is no priority on women's issues. The patriarchal structure perpetuates a damaging worldview for women, machismo, and cultural traditions are some of the examples of informal mechanisms of influence present in the society. In conclusion, GBV is a significant problem in Costa Rica that leads to a high number of women being hurt or killed each year and makes it harder to move forward when it comes to sustainable development. The study finds that institutionalized norms influence the country's politics and contribute to the rise in cases of GBV. Costa Rica is in a unique position concerning sustainable development, and it is essential to study this issue, especially given the country`s previously positive development trajectory. There is also a lack of studies and work by Sweden and Sida in Central and Latin America.

Since 1991, NATO has played a prominent role in peacekeeping and peace enforcement in the Balkans and Afghanistan. Despite NATO’s role in peacekeeping, there is little literature that compares the efficacy of NATO and UN peace enforcement operations. However, some existing literature suggests that NATO peacekeepers should be able to use coercion more effectively than UN peacekeepers, whereas UN peacekeepers should be to use inducement and persuasion more effectively than NATO peacekeepers. This paper uses a small-N most similar case design and the process tracing method to investigate how effective NATO peace enforcement is at reducing war intensity compared to UN peace enforcement. This paper also studies how NATO and UN peacekeepers use coercion, inducement and persuasion to reduce war intensity during peace enforcement operations. Based on a case study comparing the NATO IFOR operation in Bosnia to the UN UNOSOM II operation Somalia, this paper finds that NATO peace enforcement operations reduce war intensity to a greater degree than UN peace enforcement operations. Furthermore, this paper also finds that NATO peacekeepers use coercion, inducement and persuasion more effectively than UN peacekeepers.

This thesis highlights the issue of organ trafficking in Bangladesh and focuses on the role of the international organizations in combatting organ trafficking. The objective of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of the UN and international organizations.  This thesis draws information for sources such as the United Nations (UN) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to examen organ trafficking. Organ trafficking leads to human rights abuses and health consequences faced by victims. The consequences of organ trafficking impact the healthcare systems, ethics in transplantation and community trust. (WHO, 2019). It requires strengthening of legal frameworks, enhancing law enforcement, promotion of international collaboration to address organ trafficking. (UNODC 2020) This study contributes to the existing literature by combining information from reputable sources, and highlight the need efforts by local authorities, international organizations, and the civil society to combat organ trafficking and protect vulnerable people from this trade.

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