The 2000 UN anti-trafficking Protocol was the first internationally legally binding document to provide a cohesive definition of trafficking and is therefore considered one of the most important documents within international anti-trafficking discourse. Therefore, it is relevant to examine the ways in which the normative aspects and discursive themes of the Protocol are reproduced transnationally, into a national context. This thesis analyzes the ways in which depictions of women and foreigners in Swedish anti-trafficking discourse are shaped by the UN anti-trafficking protocol. Using a materialist feminist framework, it was found that the stereotypes constructed by the UN protocol are highly visible in the chosen Swedish governmental documents, which is indicative of the normative and discursive power that the UN protocol holds within anti-trafficking discourse. It was also found that the extent to which these stereotypes were reproduced varied depending on the Swedish document, which suggests that such discourse serves different functions depending on the aim and target audience of whichever document.

The UN Food Systems Summit (UNFSS), held in September 2021, brought great expectations of a sustainable food systems transition in accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It was, however, almost instantly criticised for failing to be transparent, implementing a Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) and agroecological principles, and for not including the UN Committee of Food Security (CFS). The CFS has reached high credibility over the last decade due to its inclusive and transparent structure. The UNs partnership with the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the appointment of Agnes Kalibata as Secretary General Guterres’ Special Envoy to the UNFSS has further been the basis for arguing that corporate actors has gained power and influence over the UNFSS. Following Friedmann and McMichael’s Food Regime Theory (FRT), the aim of this thesis is to use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to explore the UNFSSs contributions to the food security discourse of the contemporary food regime within the frameworks of human rights and agroecology. The conceptualisation of food security bears political and economic implications and the UNFSSs contributions to its discourse could potentially influence global food governance and the future role of the CFS.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine how the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is incorporated in theplans for equal treatment in Swedish preschools. The four main principles in the convention, including articles2, 3, 6 and 12 make the lens through which the analysis is conducted. Article 2 is about each child’s right toenjoy the rights of the convention without discrimination of any kind, whilst article 3 states that the best interestof the child shall always be the primary consideration. Article 6 ensures every child the right to life, survival anddevelopment whilst article 12 is about every child's right to be heard and the views of the child being given dueweight in accordance with the age and maturity.43 different plans for equal treatment make up the studies' empirical data and they are analysed through ahermeneutic approach. The result shows a clear overrepresentation of articles 2 and 12 in the data, which isconsistent with the contents of the regulatory documents for Swedish preschool. Article 3 is nearly absent fromthe plans, while article 6 is featured only in regard to the right to development.

Whether United Nations peacekeeping operations are effective or not has been extensively studied over the past decades. Similarly, the differences between peacekeeping missions deployed by the UN and third party interventions by other actors are well documented. However, the interaction between blue helmets and parallel non-UN forces deployed alongside each other remains understudied. I aim to shed light on this phenomenon by answering the research question: Do Parallel Peace Operations moderate the effectiveness of UN Peacekeeping Operations? I argue that parallel non-UN operations reinforce UN peacekeeping missions in active conflicts by exercising active, kinetic measures of coercion. This increases the efficiency of the mechanisms of power applied by UN peacekeepers and makes it more likely that they fulfill the security related and socio-economic objectives of their mandate. A large-n analysis of all active conflicts between 1993 and 2014 suggests that as the UN commits more personnel to a peace operation, the security related objectives of its mandate are more likely to be fulfilled as long as the mission is supported by a parallel peace operation. I found more spurious and less convincing evidence for the moderating effect of parallel forces on the effective fulfillment of the socio-economic objectives of UN operation’s mandates.

Diploma thesis deals with the connection between the nature of implemented peacekeeping operation and possible positive output of this activity and thus with successful peacebuilding in the specific context of etnopolitical conflicts. Etnopolitical disputes constitute a vivid challenge aimed towards United Nations organisation. Mainly, because this organisation is one of the main actors of international system in finding solutions of etnopolitical conflicts and because United Nations also proposes concrete tools for their resolving - peacekeeping missions. We work with assumption that the nature of etnopolitical conflict and the nature of conflicting parties involved influence, to an important extent, involvement and impact of peacekeeping operations in resolving these conflicts. Diploma thesis, through the use of theories of origin and solvability of ethnic conflicts, creates the framework within which their more complicated solvability can be explained as well as inhibitors of theoretically successful models. Likewise, the typology of peacekeeping operations is defined and also narrower understanding of peacebuilding, as a set of political and security aspects, is described. Datas from four case studies then offer an opportunity to formulate partial endings and findings of examined causal relation. C lick...

Reform of the UN Security Council and a stumbling block associated with it - abstract This thesis deals with matter of the Security Council reform, the most crucial body of the United Nations. It examines approaches of eleven specific countries which are divided into two groups. The first group is comprised by permanent members of the Security Council, the second one by states which, in case of their creation, could claim new permanent seats in this body. This thesis examines not only their real policies, but also their policies from theoretical - specifically neorealistic - point of view. Two different hypotheses were deduced from neorealism which were tested and subsequently evaluated as (in)valid. Hypothesis emerging from a standard neorealism put emphasis on policy whose goal is to maintain, alternatively to increase a state's autonomy (autonomy-seeking policy). International organizations are viewed as entity which limits, to some extent, this autonomy. On the other hand, hypothesis emerging from a modified neorealism put emphasis on policy whose goal is to gain, alternatively to increase influence on other actors (influence-seeking policy). On the contrary, within this policy international organizations are an useful entity because it is possible to achieve such an influence by means of them. In the...

Peacekeeping operations have since their inception become a widely-used tool used to address the acute crises emerging in international relations. For a long time, their success or failure were not object of scientific scrutiny. This has changed in recent years. This thesis describes evaluation frameworks developed by three authors and then applies them to three cases of peacekeeping operations (Sierra Leone, Mozambique and Rwanda) and it tries to assess the extent to which the assumption about the too optimistic evaluation criteria proposed by Virginia Page Fortna and too pessimistic evaluation criteria suggested by Diehl and Druckman are substantiated by empirical reality of peacekeeping operations. These approaches are supplemented by the evaluation criteria proposed by Daryia Pushkina which serve as an evaluation mainstream.

This research will analyze the radio station ONUCI FM, UN’s peace radio in Côte d’Ivoire. The central focus is on journalists’ perception of their role as professional advocacy for peace and democracy. Personal interviews with five ONUCI FM-journalists provide the primary source of qualitative source. In light of the Security Council’s decision to end UN’s peacekeeping mission in Côte d’Ivoire in 2017 followed an uncertainty of ONUCI FM’s future before it was decided that the station would continue to broadcast under the Felix Houphouët-Boigny foundation. This research attempts to elucidate the consequences in similar previous cases. This research shows that the UN often lacks a long-term plan of how to handle their stations when their mission ends, thereby creating an indisputable journalistic vacuum where they previously operated. This research shows that few UN radios are capable of surviving without donations but that leaving abruptly may cause harm to the achieved peace. With the intention to provide a solution to the vacuum created after the UN this research explores the possibilities of citizen journalists filling the void after the organization’s withdrawal. This research argues that Citizen Journalism is a suitable substitute to Peace Journalism when UN radio stations stop broadcasting. Applied theories are Peace Journalism, Journalism ethics and Citizen Journalism. All theories are applicable in the analysis of journalists as nation builders, government partners, and agents of empowerment and also as watchdogs. In conclusion, the purpose of this research is to understand the journalist's own experience of working at ONUCI FM and to analyze if a radio station such as ONUCI FM, when no longer supported by the UN, can benefit of Citizen Journalism.

Il s’avère difficile d’expliquer pourquoi certains individus décident de devenir entrepreneurs malgré le risque encouru. Dans cette thèse, j’analyse les effets de plusieurs mécanismes comportementaux sur la décision d’entrée en entrepreneuriat. Le premier essai propose de séparer les effets sur la décision d’entrer sur un marché de deux mécanismes comportementaux qui ont parfois pu être confondus : la confiance en soi et l’attitude envers l’ambiguïté. Cet essai met en avant le rôle fondamental de l’attitude envers l’ambiguïté dans la décision d’entrer sur un marché, en particulier quand les résultats de l’entrée dépendent directement des compétences du décideur, comme dans le cas de l’entrepreneuriat. La nature même de l’entrepreneuriat est d’investir du capital et du temps dans le but d’obtenir des bénéfices financiers dans le futur. Comprendre les préférences temporelles pour le temps et l’argent des entrepreneurs peut permettre d’améliorer notre compréhension des facteurs déterminants de l’entrée en entrepreneuriat. Alors que de nombreuses études analysent le choix inter-temporel pour l’argent, très peu d’études se sont intéressées à comment les individus escomptent leur futur temps, malgré le fait que le temps soit une ressource limitée et de valeur. Le deuxième essai examine cette question dans une expérience en laboratoire avec incitations réelles. A l’aide d’une expérience en ligne, le troisième essai analyse les préférences temporelles pour le temps et l’argent d’un échantillon de futurs entrepreneurs et de futurs managers. / Explaining why individuals enter into entrepreneurship has been challenging. In this thesis, I take a behavioral perspective and analyze the effects on entrepreneurial entry of behavioral mechanisms that have been understudied in the entrepreneurship literature. The first essay proposes to disentangle the effects on market entry of two mechanisms that may have been confounded: overconfidence and attitude toward ambiguity. This essay highlights the critical role of ambiguity attitude on the decision to enter a market, particularly when the result depends on one’s skills, such as entry into entrepreneurship. The very nature of entrepreneurship is to invest capital and time with the hope of receiving future financial benefits. I therefore argue that understanding entrepreneurs’ temporal preferences for time and money can provide new insights on the determinants of entry into entrepreneurship. While intertemporal choice involving money has been studied extensively in the behavioral literature, very few studies have analyzed the way people discount time, despite the fact that it is a scarce and valuable resource. The second essay investigates this issue in a laboratory experiment. Finally, using a lab-in-the-field experiment, the third essay analyzes temporal preferences for money and time of a comparable sample of future entrepreneurs and future managers.