Este trabalho consiste em analisar documentação referente à educação clandestina de crianças em idade inferior a quinze anos, no gueto de Varsóvia, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando Hitler, ao invadir a Polônia em 1939, ordenou o confinamento dos judeus em guetos. A citada documentação se refere aos diferentes olhares daqueles que se debruçaram a escrever sobre a educação nesse gueto, tais como: o olhar institucional, o olhar dos educadores e o olhar das crianças. Por meio dessa análise, buscou-se compreender a forma de organização e o andamento das atividades desenvolvidas pelo ensino clandestino, além de conhecer a percepção institucional, dos educadores e crianças envolvidos nesse processo educacional. Entre os documentos analisados, há referências à organização da educação clandestina em todos os níveis e em diversos lugares dentro do gueto. Em se tratando das crianças, faz-se menção à Central de Associações de Proteção aos Órfãos e Crianças Judias Abandonadas (Centos) oferecendo à criança cuidados sistemáticos de sobrevivência e educação; e às diversas organizações educativas de antes da guerra patrocinando em cantinas [refeitórios] um ensino mais próximo do ensino escolar, como por exemplo, a Organização ou União Central das Escolas Judaicas (TsYShO). Evidenciou-se que a educação foi um dos mais importantes cenários para a resistência individual e coletiva. A organização do ensino e as atividades educacionais foram orientadas às necessidades da criança como da comunidade. O momento exigiu que uma atitude social fosse tomada em conjunto com medidas educativas, assim, a educação velou pela vida física, emocional e, na medida do possível, pela vida intelectual da criança. O seu desenvolvimento intelectual, embora importante, não era entendido como prioritário apesar de serem ministradas disciplinas tais como geografia, história, matemática e literatura. Para tornar as atividades educacionais mais atrativas e desviar a atenção da criança da obsessão pela comida, o desenho, os jogos e as canções ocuparam espaço prioritário no atendimento à criança. Currículos foram elaborados de acordo com as prioridades ditadas pela situação extrema. O educador teve como missão prioritária a sobrevivência da criança e sua dignidade humana, por meio de cuidados sistemáticos procurou regastar a infância da criança, dando ao seu dia a dia um senso de normalidade: a criança deveria voltar a brincar, aprender, interessar-se pelos jogos e pelo ensino, deixar a mendicância, os roubos e o contrabando. Patrocinadores do ensino clandestino no gueto elaboraram seus objetivos e métodos com base nas experiências e reflexões de vários educadores, considerando princípios de higiene, alimentação, companheirismo, autogestão, atividades ligadas à natureza. A educação agiu como fomentadora da cultura e da história judaica, fadada, segundo a perspectiva nazista, ao aniquilamento, oferecendo à criança uma vida cultural intensa, com espetáculos e danças, concertos, concursos, entre outras atividades culturais. A educação considerou o momento presente da criança permitindo que adultos e crianças reagissem à realidade de modo a transformá-la, recorreu ao passado histórico fortalecendo na criança sua memória histórica e cultural e visualizou um futuro com possibilidades, no qual a criança sobrevivente à guerra daria continuidade a sua vida como indivíduo e como povo com história e memória. / This work consists of analyzing documentation regarding the clandestine education of children bellow the age of fifteen, in the Warsaw ghetto, during World War II, when Hitler to invaded Poland in 1939, ordered the confinement of Jews in ghettos. The aforementioned documentation refers to the different perspectives of those who have with hard work wrote about education in this ghetto, such as the institutional view, the view of educators and children view. Through this analysis, we sought to understand how the organization and progress of activities undertaken by clandestine teaching, plus the institutional perception, of educators and children involved in the educational process. Among the documents reviewed, there are references to clandestine organization of education at all levels and in various locations within the ghetto. In the case of children, mention is made of the Central Association for the Protection of Orphans and Abandoned Jewish Children (Centos) providing systematic care for the child survival and education, and various educational organizations before the war in sponsoring canteens [dining] a teaching closest school education, such as the Organization or Union Central of Jewish Schools (TsYShO). It was evident that education was one of the most important scenarios for individual and collective resistance. The organization of teaching and educational activities were geared to the needs of the child and the community. The time required that a social attitude was taken in conjunction with educational measures thus ensured education for life physically, emotionally and, to the extent possible, the intellectual life of the child. Your intellectual development, while important, was not seen as a priority despite being taught subjects such as geography, history, math and literature. To make the educational activities more attractive and divert attention from the child\'s obsession with food, design, games and songs occupied space priority in child care. Resumes were prepared in accordance with the priorities dictated by extreme situation. The educator had as mission priority child survival and human dignity through systematic care sought regastar childhood of the child, giving your everyday life a sense of normalcy: the child should return to play, learn, interest in by games and teaching, let begging, theft and smuggling. Sponsors clandestine teaching in the ghetto set their goals and methods based on the experiences and reflections of various educators, considering principles of hygiene, food, companionship, self-management activities related to nature. Education acted as fomenting culture and Jewish history, doomed from the perspective Nazi annihilation, offering the child a rich cultural life with performances and dances, concerts, contests, and other cultural activities. Education considered the present moment the child allowing adults and children react to reality in order to transform it, historical past resorted to strengthening child in his historical and cultural memory and envisioned a future of possibilities, in which the child survivor of the war would continue their lives as individuals and as a people with history and memory.

We address questions related to the parameterization of two distinct types of seismic sources: earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions. For earthquakes, we focus on the improvement of location parameters, latitude and longitude, using relative measurements of spatial cluster of events. For underground nuclear explosions, we focus on the seismic source model, especially with regard to the generation of surface waves. We develop a procedure to improve relative earthquake location estimates by fitting predicted differential travel times to those measured by cross-correlating Rayleigh- and Love-wave arrivals for multiple earthquakes recorded at common stations. Our procedure can be applied to populations of earthquakes with arbitrary source mechanisms because we mitigate the phase delay that results from surface-wave radiation patterns by making source corrections calculated from the source mechanism solutions published in the Global CMT Catalog. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this relocation procedure by first applying it to two suites of synthetic earthquakes. We then relocate real earthquakes in three separate regions: two ridge-transform systems and one subduction zone. In each scenario, relocated epicenters show a reduction in location uncertainty compared to initial single-event location estimates. We apply the relocation procedure on a larger scale to the seismicity of the Eltanin Fault System which is comprised of three large transform faults: the Heezen transform, the Tharp transform, and the Hollister transform. We examine the localization of seismicity in each transform, the locations of earthquakes with atypical source mechanisms, and the spatial extent of seismic rupture and repeating earthquakes in each transform. We show that improved relative location estimates, aligned with bathymetry, greatly reduces the localization of seismicity on each of the three transforms. We also show how improved location estimates enhance the ability to use earthquake locations to address geophysical questions such as the presence of atypical earthquakes and the nature of seismic rupture along an oceanic transform fault. We investigate the physical basis for the mb-MS discriminant, which relies on differences between amplitudes of body waves and surface waves. We analyze observations for 71 well-recorded underground nuclear tests that were conducted between 1977-1989 at the Balapan test site near Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan in the former Soviet Union. We combine revised mb values and earlier long-period surface-wave results with a new source model, which allows the vertical and horizontal forces of the explosive source to be different. We introduce a scaling factor between vertical and horizontal forces in the explosion model, to reconcile differences between body wave and surface wave observations. We find that this parameter is well correlated with the scaled depth of burial for UNEs at this test site. We use the modified source model to estimate the scaled depth of burial for the 71 UNEs considered in this study.

Devido ao esgotamento de jazidas economicamente lavráveis a céu aberto, migrou-se para a lavra subterrânea. Porém, como isso é uma prática antiga, alguns métodos de lavra subterrânea deixaram de ser economicamente viáveis devido ao aprofundamento da lavra. Um exemplo disso é a lavra de carvão no sul do Brasil, onde jazidas exploradas a céu aberto ou mesmo pelo método de Câmaras e Pilares, começam a vislumbrar seu exaurimento técnico de lavra, por altos custos e baixa produtividade, o que norteia a busca por alternativas econômicas mais lucrativas. Uma destas alternativas é o método Longwall, praticamente desconhecido no Brasil, porém com crescente e não nova intenção de implementação no país. Isso já se refletiu em tentativas de operações e em novos estudos conceituais de viabilidade para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Estes fatores justificaram este estudo que teve por objetivo lançar luz sobre a lavra de carvão pelo método de Longwall, de modo a respaldar a sua implementação no Brasil. Sendo assim, o método foi descrito com enfoque em seus principais pontos, tais como, geomecânica e planejamento; além de apresentar estudos conceituais de lavra em dois cenários. O primeiro projeto conceitual apresenta um cenário tradicional objetivando implementação no Rio Grande do Sul; o segundo, tem por objetivo apresentar relativa flexibilidade do método, adaptando-o a um cenário não tradicional. Concluiu-se com este trabalho que fatores como geomecânica e correto planejamento de lavra são imprescindíveis para o sucesso da implementação do método. A partir dos resultados do estudo conceitual I e da versatilidade proposta no estudo II se justifica o aprofundamento nos estudos de operações por Longwall no país. / Due to the exhaustion of economically mining deposits, migrated to the underground mining. However, as this is an ancient practice, some underground mining methods are no longer economically viable due to the deepening of the mining. An example of this is the mining of coal in southern Brazil, where deposits exploited opencast or even by the Room and Pillars, begin to envision your fatigue, mining technical high costs and low productivity, which guides the search for more profitable economic alternatives. One of these alternatives is the Longwall method, virtually unknown in Brazil, but with growing and not new intention of implementation in the country. It already was reflected in attempts to operations and on new conceptual studies of feasibility for the state of Rio Grande do Sul. These factors justify this study that aimed to shed light on the mining of coal by Longwall method, in order to support its implementation in Brazil. Therefore, the method has been described with focus on its key points, such as, geomechanics and planning; In addition to presenting conceptual studies of raging in two scenarios. The first conceptual design features a traditional setting with the objective of implementation in the Rio Grande do Sul; the second aims to introduce on the flexibility method, adapting it to a non-traditional setting. This work concluded that factors like geomechanics and correct planning of mining are indispensable for the successful implementation of the method. From the results of the study and conceptual versatility proposal in study II justification the deepening in the studies of Longwall operations in the country.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Also available online.

In this thesis finite element analyses were performed to investigate the behavior of fill fences installed in underground mines to retain Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) pressure. For this purpose, two fill fences installed and tested in the Cayeli mine in Turkey were modeled using a 2-D nonlinear finite element analysis program, Augustus-2, and a 3-D nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor4, and the results were compared with measured field data. Different models were employed representing the material properties, boundary conditions, reinforcement ratio, and geometric properties, and it was found that boundary conditions (stiffness of surrounding rocks) has the highest influence on the pressure capacity of the fence among the other factors. The accuracy of the Augustus-2 program was investigated by modeling and comparing the analytical response with test results of 12 axially restrained beams tested by Su et al. (2009).

In this thesis finite element analyses were performed to investigate the behavior of fill fences installed in underground mines to retain Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) pressure. For this purpose, two fill fences installed and tested in the Cayeli mine in Turkey were modeled using a 2-D nonlinear finite element analysis program, Augustus-2, and a 3-D nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor4, and the results were compared with measured field data. Different models were employed representing the material properties, boundary conditions, reinforcement ratio, and geometric properties, and it was found that boundary conditions (stiffness of surrounding rocks) has the highest influence on the pressure capacity of the fence among the other factors. The accuracy of the Augustus-2 program was investigated by modeling and comparing the analytical response with test results of 12 axially restrained beams tested by Su et al. (2009).

The work I have created during my time as a graduate student is a reflection of the dialogues I have engaged in with other artists and acquaintances both in and outside of the academic arena. Stylistically this work is derivative of my involvement with graffiti, Tattooing, and underground comics. I have developed the icon of the rider to represent the agency and responsibility of myself as an artist in reflecting these various contexts.

In response to the globalizing queerness argument and the cultural specificity argument in queer cultural studies, this thesis examines the emerging modern queer identity and culture in the contemporary People’s Republic of China (PRC) in an intercultural context. Recognizing Chinese queer culture as an unstable, transforming and complex collection of congruent and/or contesting meanings, not only originated in China but also traveling across cultures, this thesis aims to exorcise the reified images of Chinese queers, or tongzhi, to contribute to the understanding of a dynamic construction of Chinese queerness at the turn of a new century, and to lend insight on the complicity of the elements at play in this construction by analyzing the underground films with queer content made in the PRC.

I många år har människor jorden runt varit fascinerade av skräck och någonting som gett dem en adrenalinkick eller känsla av sorg. Därför har många spännande sevärdheter uppkommit, som exempelvis London Dungeons och Auschwitz. Detta har blivit en ny trend i turismen och har utvecklats väldigt mycket utomlands; människor vill betala för att se och ta del av elände och misär. Det lockar många olika grupper av åskådare, främst skolgrupper men även enskilda personer som vill veta mer om historian bakom platsen. Detta är även ett stort intresse hos oss (Amera och Elin) och blev därmed ett självklart val när vi bestämde oss för att utföra denna studie. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att belysa förutsättningarna för att utveckla brun turism i Halmstad. Studien ska även ge en mer konkret överblick om den nya växlande trenden dark tourism som är väldigt populär utomlands. Detta vill vi sedan även införliva i Halmstads turismnäring och använda oss av de lokala myterna och legenderna för att lyfta fram stadens historia genom vandringar/guidade turer som vi kommer att framställa