A contribuição desta pesquisa é dada através do dimensionamento dos impactos efetivos das rodovias, através da ampliação das áreas de influência para além das faixas lineares, acrescentando a avaliação da sensibilidade ambiental das bacias hidrográficas para a otimização do traçado de empreendimentos rodoviários. Foi produzida uma abordagem ordenada e sistemática das relações de causa e conseqüência nas bacias, integrando os impactos da rodovia TO-247, interligando as sedes municipais Lagoa do Tocantins e Mateiros. As sub-bacias da região da área do estudo foram classificadas mediante metodologia para estimativa de produção e transporte de sedimentos, em ambiente ArcGis ArcInfo, onde foi aplicado modelo derivado da Equação Universal da Perda de Solos (Universal Soil Loss Equation – USLE) adaptado de Wischmeier e Smith (1978) e da Relação de Distribuição de Sedimentos (Sediment Delivery Ratio – SDR) proposto por Ferro e Minacapilli (1995). Os resultados possibilitaram a classificação das sub-bacias conforme a porcentagem estimativa de carga de sedimentos que potencialmente viria a assorear os cursos d’água mediante a modificação do seu uso pela ocupação do solo induzida pela rodovia. Os critérios relevantes à definição do traçado da rodovia foram divididos em três: (1) aspectos ambientais, (2) aspectos construtivos e (3) aspectos socioeconômicos, tendo sido parametrizados através do uso de Sistema de Informação Geográfica com algoritmos em ambiente raster, na definição de caminhos de mínimo custo. A otimização da rota proposta sugere a adição de ganhos na orientação dos tomadores de decisão, como a inserção da rodovia TO-247 em bacias com menor nível de restrição de relação de aporte de sedimentos, redução das travessias sobre áreas protegidas, diminuição das obras de arte (bueiros e pontes) e da execução de cortes e aterros, incluindo a possibilidade de melhoria dos acessos aos pontos turísticos de interesse para o desenvolvimento regional. A incorporação de condicionantes hidrológicas através da classificação das bacias quanto a produção e transferência dos sedimentos destacou a principal novidade que foi a definição da área de influência delimitada pelos impactos ambientais de projetos rodoviários para os limites das bacias, podendo contribuir com o planejamento de estradas indutoras de desenvolvimento. / The contribution of this research is given by the design of effective impacts of highways, through the expansion of the influence areas beyond the linear tracks, adding the assessment of the environmental sensitivity of watersheds in order to optimize the layout of road projects. It was produced an orderly and systematic approach of the cause and consequence relations in the watersheds incorporating in it the TO-247 highway impacts, linking the cities of Mateiros and Lagoa do Tocantins. The watersheds in the region of the study area were classified using methodology for estimating production and transport of sediment in ArcGIS ArcInfo environment. It was applied the equation model derived from the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE adapted from Wischmeier and Smith (1978) and the Sediment Delivery Ratio - SDR according to what is proposed by Ferro and Minacapilli (1995). Those results allowed the classification of watersheds according to the percentage estimate of sediment load that would potentially silting up the waterways through modification of their usage by land use induced by the highway. The relevant criteria to define the highway route were divided into three: (1) environmental, (2) construction and (3) socioeconomic aspects, which have been parameterized by using Geographic Information System with algorithms in raster environment into the definition of low cost paths. The optimization of the route proposal in TO-247 suggests adding profit in orientation of decision makers, such as entering the highway in watersheds with lower levels of restriction regarding the amount of sediment, reduction of crossings on protected areas, reduction of culverts and bridges and the implementation of sections and embankments, including the possibility of improved access to interest tourist points for regional development. The incorporation of hydrological conditions through the classification of river watersheds as the production and transfer of sediments, which highlighted the main novelty, was the expansion circumscription of the influence area bounded by the environmental impacts of road projects for the limits of the watersheds, which may contribute to the planning of roads inducing development.

A contribuição desta pesquisa é dada através do dimensionamento dos impactos efetivos das rodovias, através da ampliação das áreas de influência para além das faixas lineares, acrescentando a avaliação da sensibilidade ambiental das bacias hidrográficas para a otimização do traçado de empreendimentos rodoviários. Foi produzida uma abordagem ordenada e sistemática das relações de causa e conseqüência nas bacias, integrando os impactos da rodovia TO-247, interligando as sedes municipais Lagoa do Tocantins e Mateiros. As sub-bacias da região da área do estudo foram classificadas mediante metodologia para estimativa de produção e transporte de sedimentos, em ambiente ArcGis ArcInfo, onde foi aplicado modelo derivado da Equação Universal da Perda de Solos (Universal Soil Loss Equation – USLE) adaptado de Wischmeier e Smith (1978) e da Relação de Distribuição de Sedimentos (Sediment Delivery Ratio – SDR) proposto por Ferro e Minacapilli (1995). Os resultados possibilitaram a classificação das sub-bacias conforme a porcentagem estimativa de carga de sedimentos que potencialmente viria a assorear os cursos d’água mediante a modificação do seu uso pela ocupação do solo induzida pela rodovia. Os critérios relevantes à definição do traçado da rodovia foram divididos em três: (1) aspectos ambientais, (2) aspectos construtivos e (3) aspectos socioeconômicos, tendo sido parametrizados através do uso de Sistema de Informação Geográfica com algoritmos em ambiente raster, na definição de caminhos de mínimo custo. A otimização da rota proposta sugere a adição de ganhos na orientação dos tomadores de decisão, como a inserção da rodovia TO-247 em bacias com menor nível de restrição de relação de aporte de sedimentos, redução das travessias sobre áreas protegidas, diminuição das obras de arte (bueiros e pontes) e da execução de cortes e aterros, incluindo a possibilidade de melhoria dos acessos aos pontos turísticos de interesse para o desenvolvimento regional. A incorporação de condicionantes hidrológicas através da classificação das bacias quanto a produção e transferência dos sedimentos destacou a principal novidade que foi a definição da área de influência delimitada pelos impactos ambientais de projetos rodoviários para os limites das bacias, podendo contribuir com o planejamento de estradas indutoras de desenvolvimento. / The contribution of this research is given by the design of effective impacts of highways, through the expansion of the influence areas beyond the linear tracks, adding the assessment of the environmental sensitivity of watersheds in order to optimize the layout of road projects. It was produced an orderly and systematic approach of the cause and consequence relations in the watersheds incorporating in it the TO-247 highway impacts, linking the cities of Mateiros and Lagoa do Tocantins. The watersheds in the region of the study area were classified using methodology for estimating production and transport of sediment in ArcGIS ArcInfo environment. It was applied the equation model derived from the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE adapted from Wischmeier and Smith (1978) and the Sediment Delivery Ratio - SDR according to what is proposed by Ferro and Minacapilli (1995). Those results allowed the classification of watersheds according to the percentage estimate of sediment load that would potentially silting up the waterways through modification of their usage by land use induced by the highway. The relevant criteria to define the highway route were divided into three: (1) environmental, (2) construction and (3) socioeconomic aspects, which have been parameterized by using Geographic Information System with algorithms in raster environment into the definition of low cost paths. The optimization of the route proposal in TO-247 suggests adding profit in orientation of decision makers, such as entering the highway in watersheds with lower levels of restriction regarding the amount of sediment, reduction of crossings on protected areas, reduction of culverts and bridges and the implementation of sections and embankments, including the possibility of improved access to interest tourist points for regional development. The incorporation of hydrological conditions through the classification of river watersheds as the production and transfer of sediments, which highlighted the main novelty, was the expansion circumscription of the influence area bounded by the environmental impacts of road projects for the limits of the watersheds, which may contribute to the planning of roads inducing development.

Climate change and changes in the use and coverage of land, caused by human activities, have been changing the soil loss in the Brazilians watershed. Therefore, this paper estimated soil loss by extensive erosion in the watershed of the Piauitinga-SE river and assessed the possible effects of climate change and land use and land cover over the loss of soils in the basin. For this, we used the Universal Soil Loss Equation of (USLE) associated with GIS and remote sensing techniques. Historical series were used (between 15 and 68 years) daily rainfall and data on climate projections coming from the Global Climate Model (GCM), generated by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC). In the physiographic characteristics of the watershed, were used soil map, hydrographic network, slope information and images of high spatial resolution of the RapidEye sensor to year 2013. With this data, two estimates of soil loss were realized. The first estimate was considered two scenarios for the watershed: Scenario 1 (C1) with physiographic and usage conditions and current land cover; Scenario 2 (C2) with changes in land use and land cover, considering the preserved the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs), as Law No. 12,651/2012. In the second estimate it was considered four climate scenarios of rainfall: Current Scenario, Scenario optimistic (Low B1), Scenario Medium (Medium A1B) and scenario Pessimistic (High A2), and, for them, was only considered natural factors of erosion in the basin. In the first estimate, the two scenarios (C1 and C2) of use and assessed land cover presented most of the basin area with erosion between classes Very Low (0-5 ton-1.ha-1.year), Low ( 5-10 ton-1.ha-1.year) and moderate (10-50 ton-1.ha-1.year). Considering the scenario 2, there was a reduction in soil loss values, especially in the PPAs, proving the importance of maintaining these areas preserved for conservation of soil and water in the basin. As for the second estimate, it was observed that, when compared to the Current Scenario, the climate projections scenarios (Optimistic B1, Medium A1B and Pessimistic A2) caused reduction of rainfall erosivity and soil loss in the basin river Piauitinga - SE / As mudanças climáticas e as modificações no uso e cobertura da terra, provocadas pela ação antrópica, vêm causando alterações nas perdas de solos das bacias hidrográficas brasileiras. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estimar as perdas de solo por erosão laminar na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piauitinga-SE e avaliar os possíveis impactos das mudanças climáticas e do uso e cobertura da terra sobre as perdas dos solos na bacia. Para tal, utilizou-se a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE) associada à técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto. Foram utilizadas séries históricas (entre 15 e 68 anos) de precipitações diárias e dados de projeções climáticas oriundos do Global Climate Model (GCM), gerados pelo Community Climate System Model (CCSM) para o quarto relatório de avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental das Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC). Na caracterização fisiográfica da bacia, foram utilizados mapas de tipo de solos, rede hidrográfica, informações de relevo e imagens de alta resolução espacial do sensor RapidEye do ano de 2013. De posse dos dados, foram realizadas duas estimativas de perdas de solo. Na primeira estimativa foram considerados dois cenários para a bacia: Cenário 1 (C1), com as condições fisiográficas e de uso e cobertura da terra atuais; Cenário 2 (C2) com alterações no uso e cobertura da terra, considerando as Áreas de Preservação Permanentes Preservadas, conforme Lei nº 12.651/2012. Na segunda estimativa foram avaliados quatro cenários climáticos de precipitação pluviométrica: Cenário Atual, Otimista B1, Médio A1B e Pessimista A2, sendo que, para estes, foram considerados apenas os fatores naturais de erosão da bacia. Na primeira estimativa, os dois cenários (C1 e C2) de uso e cobertura da terra avaliados apresentaram maior parte da área da bacia com erosão entre as classes Muito Baixa (0-5 ton-1.ha-1.ano), Baixa (5-10 ton-1.ha-1.ano) e Moderada (10-50 ton-1.ha-1.ano). Considerando o Cenário 2, houve uma redução nos valores de perda de solos, principalmente nas APPs, comprovando a importância de manter estas áreas preservadas para a conservação do solo e da água na bacia. Já para a segunda estimativa, foi observado que, quando comparado ao Cenário Atual, os cenários de projeções climáticas (Otimista B1, Médio A1B e Pessimista A2) provocaram redução da erosividade das chuvas e perdas de solo na bacia do rio Piauitinga - SE.

This thesis evaluates the elements of the Territorial system of stability, which were designed within the plan of the common facilities of comprehensive landscaping, with regards to the elements of the erosion and flood protection. Within the scope of this work there was proceeded the hydrological analysis on the parts of the watersheds of the specific cadastral territories of Lichnov and Šardice. esign of the ÚSES´s elements within the KPÚ at specific cadastral territories was further evaluated in terms of area of the individual elements anEcological stability the change after the design of these elements.

This diploma thesis is about water erosion. There are types of water erosion, consequences and ways how to reduce erosion. The second part describes and claculates soil loss in an area of Zasova and Zubri. For calculation is used programme ArcGis. Based on the resoults are suggested two ways of erosion kontrol measures. Their efficiency is proved in programme ArcGis and the resoults are compared.

Aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of landscape structure on soil erosion and runoff conditions of given area with help of digital elevation model and relevant GIS data. Analyses of soil erosion by water and runoff were processed for current conditions and several other variations. Based on this analyses and results was performed an evaluation of all model variations.

Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major threats to agricultural production in Ethiopia and the Harerge region is not exceptional. It is estimated that about 1.5 billion tones of soil is being eroded every year in Ethiopia. In the extreme cases, especially for the highlands, the rate of soil loss is estimated to reach up to 300 t ha-1yr-1 with an average of about 70 t ha -1yr-1 which is beyond any tolerable level. The government have made different attempts to avert the situation since 1975 through initiation of a massive program of soil conservation and rehabilitation of severely degraded lands. Despite considerable efforts, the achievements were far bellow expectations. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of some soil properties, rainfall intensity and slope gradients on surface sealing, soil erodibility, runoff and soil loss from selected sites in the Harerge region, eastern Ethiopia, using simulated rainfall. Soil loss was also estimated for the sites using Soil Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa (SLEMSA) and the Universal soil Loss Equation (USLE). Moreover, the effectiveness of various rates and patterns of wheat residue mulching in controlling soil loss was also evaluated for one of the study sites, (i.e. Regosol of Alemaya University), under both rainfall simulation and field natural rainfall conditions. For most of the erosion parameters, the interaction among soil texture, slope gradient and rainfall intensity was significant. In general however, high rainfall intensity induced high runoff, sediment yield and splash. The effect of slope gradients on most of the erosion parameters was not significant as the slope length was too small to bring about a concentrated flow. The effect of soils dominated by any one of the three soil separates on the erosion parameters was largely dependent on rainfall intensity and slope gradient. The soils form the 15 different sites in Harerge showed different degrees of vulnerability to surface sealing, runoff and sediment yield. These differences were associated with various soil properties. Correlation of soil properties to the erosion parameters revealed that aggregate stability was the main factor that determined the susceptibility of soils to sealing, runoff and soil loss. This was in turn affected by organic carbon content, percent clay and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Soils with relatively high ESP such as those at Babile (13.85) and Gelemso (7.18) were among the lowest in their aggregate stability (percent water stable aggregates of 0.25 –2.0mm diameter); and have highest runoff and sediment yield as compared to other soils in the study. Similarly, most of those soils with relatively low ESP, high organic carbon content (OC%) and high water stable aggregates such as Hamaressa, AU (Alemaya University) vertisol and AU regosol were among the least susceptible to sealing and interrill erosion. Nevertheless, some exceptions include soils like those of Hirna where high runoff was recorded whilst having relatively high OC%, low ESP and high water stable aggregates. Both the SLEMSA and USLE models were able to identify the erosion hazards for the study sites. Despite the differences in the procedures of the two models, significant correlation (r = 0.87) was observed between the values estimated by the two methods. Both models estimated higher soil loss for Gelemso, Babile, Karamara and Hamaressa. Soil loss was lower for Diredawa, AU-vertisol and AU-Alluvial all of which occur on a relatively low slope gradients. The high soil loss for Babile and Gelemso conforms with the relative soil erodibility values obtained under rainfall simulation suggesting that soil erodibility, among others, is the main factor contributing to high soil loss for these soils. The difference in the estimated soil losses for the different sites was a function of the interaction of the various factors involved. Though the laboratory soil erodibility values were low to medium for Hamaressa and Karamara, the estimated soil loss was higher owing to the field topographic situations such as high slope gradient. SLEMSA and USLE showed different degrees of sensitivities to their input variables for the conditions of the study sites. SLEMSA was highly sensitive to changes in rainfall kinetic energy (E) and soil erodibility (F) and less sensitive to the cover and slope length factors. The sensitivity of SLEMSA to changes in the cover factor was higher for areas having initially smaller percentage rainfall interception values. On the other hand, USLE was highly sensitive to slope gradient and less so to slope length as compared to the other input factors. The study on the various rates and application patterns of wheat residue on runoff and soil loss both in the laboratory rainfall simulation and under field natural rainfall conditions revealed that surface application of crop residue is more effective in reducing soil loss and runoff than incorporating the same amount of the residue into the soil. Likewise, for a particular residue application method, runoff and soil loss decreased with increasing application rate of the mulch. However, the difference was not significant between 4 Mg ha-1 and 8 Mg ha-1 wheat straw rates suggesting that the former can effectively control soil loss and can be used in areas where there is limitation of crop residues provided that other conditions are similar to that of the study site (AU Regosols). The effectiveness of lower rates of straw (i.e. less than 4 Mg ha-1 ) should also be studied. It should however be noted that the effectiveness of mulching in controlling soils loss and runoff could be different under various slope gradients, rainfall characteristics and cover types that were not covered in this study. Integrated soil and water conservation research is required to develop a comprehensive database for modelling various soil erosion parameters. Further research is therefore required on the effect of soil properties (with special emphasis to aggregate stability, clay mineralogy, exchangeable cations, soil texture and organic matter), types and rates of crop residues, cropping and tillage systems, mechanical and biological soil conservation measures on soil erosion and its conservation for a better estimation of the actual soil loss in the study sites. Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bobe, BW 2004, Evaluation of soil erosion in the Harerge region of Ethiopia using soil loss models, rainfall simulation and field trials, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08022004-141533 / > / Thesis (PhD (Soil Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

This thesis is focused to determine water erosion of soil and drain from basin of štefanov stream. The basin of štefanov stream is unobserved with area 15,1 km2. After evaluation of current status is processed integrated design against the adverse effects of surface runoff.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-04-23T20:17:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarciaGomesGeologia.pdf: 3212123 bytes, checksum: 2a235d35b0c87594b8e37e68a2ffd53b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-23T20:17:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarciaGomesGeologia.pdf: 3212123 bytes, checksum: 2a235d35b0c87594b8e37e68a2ffd53b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-15 / Nenhuma / A degradação dos solos é um dos principais problemas relacionados ao desenvolvimento sustentável, e um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados já neste século. A ação do homem no planejamento e desenvolvimento da ocupação do espaço na Terra requer cada vez mais uma visão ampla sobre as necessidades da população, os recursos terrestres e aquáticos disponíveis e o conhecimento sobre o comportamento dos processos naturais, para racionalmente compatibilizar necessidades crescentes com recursos limitados. A crescente degradação do solo sob exploração agrícola em todo o mundo despertou nos últimos anos uma preocupação com a qualidade do solo e a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola. A matéria orgânica do solo é um fator relevante na qualidade deste, sendo uma fonte de energia, de carbono e doadora de elétrons da grande maioria dos organismos, o que evidencia sua importância para a biota desempenhar suas funções no sentido de promover as propriedades do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a degradação do solo na microbacia do arroio Morungava, com uso da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS), através de análise da variação temporal da matéria orgânica nos horizontes superficiais, em solos Hidromórficos e Argissolos, sob práticas de cultivo em diferentes períodos de uso (18 meses de cultivo; 10 anos de cultivo; 15 anos de cultivo e mais de 30 anos de cultivo), utilizando áreas de mata nativa como referência. Em condições naturais os argissolos mostram um aumento de matéria orgânica (MO) com a profundidade. Nos horizontes superficiais dos solos cultivados analisados observa-se perda de MO por erosão e oxidação superficial, com pouca translocação vertical. Neste caso, a erosão superficial acelerada antropicamente, faz com que o Horizonte B dos argissolos fique próximo a superfície, eventualmente exposto, com o passar do tempo. Já os solos hidromórficos verificam-se grandes perdas iniciais com a retirada de matas nativas, o que pode ser em parte atribuído à oxidação acelerada da MO, devido às mudanças ambientais. Para os solos hidromórficos com mais de 15 anos de uso, verifica-se um comportamento inverso, ocorrendo um significativo aumento superficial da MO, o que pode ser devido ao aporte de MO originado dos argissolos adjacentes. Assim, as planícies aluvionares, para tempos de uso superiores há 15 anos, devem provavelmente atuar como zonas de acumulação de MO na bacia hidrográfica. Há um provável processo menos intenso de translocação vertical, o qual é observado nos primeiros 10 anos de uso dos hidromórficos. Quanto à avaliação espacial de perda de MO observa-se taxas com variação de 0 até 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ com o uso do solo atual. Assim, 54,12 % da área apresentam taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ 42,21 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹e os demais 3,67 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹. Em um cenário onde a legislação ambiental (Código Florestal Federal - Lei 4.771 de 1965 e Código Florestal Estadual - Lei 9.519 de 1992) é cumprida, com reflorestamento nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente ? APPs, referente às encostas com declividade acima de 45º e faixas de 30 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´água, observa-se 62,17 % da área com taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, 36,86 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹e os demais 0,97 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, chegando a atingir 37,28 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹em alguns pontos. Para um cenário onde a faixa de preservação é de apenas 5 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´águas, de acordo com a legislação ambiental do Estado de Santa Catarina (Art. 114 da Lei Estadual 14.675, de 13 abril de 2009), observa-se que as taxas de perda de MO aumentam. No cenário anterior as perdas acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, atingem apenas 0,97% do total da área. Aplicando a legislação do Estado de Santa Catarina, as taxas de perda acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, atingem 1,03 % do total da área. As taxas baixas de perda de MO (abaixo de 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹) para o cenário de 30 metros de preservação chegam a 62,17% da área. Já no cenário com faixa de preservação de apenas 5 metros, as taxas baixas de perda de MO chegam a 53,16% da área. Apesar de ser uma diferença pequena de taxas de perda de MO, estas taxas apresentadas comprovam que a diminuição das faixas de preservação de 30 metros para cinco metros, acarretará em prejuízos ao meio ambiente. Em um cenário onde toda a faixa de preservação de 30 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´água, é retirada, as taxas de perda de MO variam de 0 até 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹. Neste caso 53,16 % da área apresenta taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, 43,02 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ e 3,82 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, chegando a atingir 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ em alguns pontos. Essas taxas de perda são equivalentes ao uso do solo atual da área. Isto ocorre pelo fato da microbacia do arroio Morungava apresentar grandes extensões de faixa de preservação ao longo desses cursos d´água, totalmente desmatadas. O cenário criado para desmatamento de 30 metros é semelhante à situação real da área. A partir dos resultados obtidos das coletas de campo e dados gerados em laboratório, conclui-se que a micro bacia do arroio Morungava está sofrendo processo erosivo acelerado com o decorrer dos anos, principalmente em zonas de maior declividade, onde predominam os argissolos. Já os solos em posição fisiográficas com baixa erosão potencial superficial, como os hidromórficos, atuam como zonas de acumulação de sedimentos e matéria orgânica. Verifica-se uma variação ampla nas taxas de perda de MO com o uso do solo atual, com teores elevados nas áreas com maior declividade. Estes teores, de acordo com cenários gerados de reflorestamento, podem diminuir com o cumprimento da legislação ambiental. Assim pode-se afirmar que a EUPS foi fundamental para avaliar a perda de matéria orgânica na microbacia. / Soil degradation is one of the main concerns regarding sustainable development, and one of the challenges to be faced on this century. Mankind actions on planning and development of Earth occupation, needs more and more a broader view of population needs, available terrestrial and hydric resources and knowledge over natural processes behavior, to rationally conciliate growing needs with limited resources. The worldwide growing soil degradation due to agricultural exploitation, over the last years awoke a concern with soil quality and agricultural production sustainability. The soil organic matter is a relevant factor for its quality, being energy and Carbone source and an electron donator to most organisms, which only shows how it is important to biota?s functions and promote soil proprieties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the soil degradation at the micro basin of the Morungava stream, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), through temporal variation analysis of organic matter on superficial horizons, on hydromorphic and argillaceous soils, under cultivation on different usage periods (18 months of cultivation, 10 years of cultivation, 15 years of cultivation and more than 30 years of cultivation), utilizing areas of native forest as reference. In natural conditions argillaceous soils show an increase in organic matter (OM) as it deepens. On the analyzed cultivated soils superficial horizons, was observed a loss of OM due to erosion and superficial oxidation, with low vertical translocation. In this case, the superficial erosion hasten by anthropic influence, causes the B horizon of argillaceous soils to be near the surface, eventually exposed with time. On the hydromorphic soils, there are big initial losses with the removal of native forests, which can be in part caused by hasten oxidation of OM due to environmental changes. To hydromorphic soils with more than 15 years of usage, a inverse behavior is observed, occurring a significant increase of superficial OM, which can be due to the arrive of OM from the adjacent argillaceous soils. So, the alluvial plains, to usage periods greater than 15 years, probably act as OM accumulation zones on the basin. There is a probable process less intense of vertical translocation, which is observed during the first 10 years of hydromorphic soil usage. As for the spatial evaluation of OM loss, its observed with variation from 0 to 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ with current soil usage. This way, 54,12% of the area presents OM loss rate between 0 and 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 42,21% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, and the remaining 3,67% of the area show OM losses superior to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹. In a scenery where the environmental legislation (Federal Forest Code ? Law 4.771 of 1965 and State Forest Code ? Law 9.519 of 1992) is followed, with reforesting of Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), referring to acclivity superior to 45° and a 30 meters preservation band from the margins of any watercourse, is observed that 62,17% of the area have a OM loss rate between 0 and 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 36,86% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ and the remaining 0,97% have a OM loss rate superior to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, peaking 37,28 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ at some points. In a scenery where the preservation band is only 5 meters from the margin of watercourses, in accordance with the environmental legislation of Santa Catarina state (Art.114 State Law 14.675 from 2009, April 13), its observed an increase in the OM loss Rates. If in the previous scenery the OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹, were only 0,97% of total area, applying the Santa Catarina State Law, the OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹, are 1,03% of total area. The low OM loss rates (under 0,5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹,) on the 30 meters preservation scenery were 62,17% of the area, applying the Santa Catarina state 5 meters preservation scenery it drops to 53,16% of the area. Even if it is a small difference on OM loss rates, these rates testify that the reduction of the preservation bands will incur in harm to the environment. In a scenery where all the preservation band is removed along the watercourses, the OM loss rates varies from 0 to 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹. In which case 53,16% of the area presents OM loss rates from 0 to 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 43,02% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ and 3,82% of the area show OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, peaking 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ at some points. Those loss rates are equivalent to those of the current soil usage in this area. This is due to the fact that the micro basin of the Morungava stream presents great extensions of preservation bands along its watercourses totally depleted. The scenery created with no preservation band is similar to the current situation of the area. From the gotten results of the collections of field and data generated in laboratory, one concludes that the micro basin of the Morungava stream is suffering sped up erosive process with elapsing of the years, mainly in zones of bigger declivity, where the argissolos predominate. Already the ground in position fisiográficas with low superficial potential erosion, as the hidromórficos, act as zones of accumulation of sediments and organic matter. An ample variation in the taxes of loss ME with the use of the ground is verified current, with texts raised in the areas with bigger declivity. These texts, scenes in accordance with generated of reforestation, can diminish with the fulfilment of the ambient legislation. Thus it can be affirmed that the EUPS was basic to evaluate the loss of organic matter in the micron basin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVSS.pdf: 3744134 bytes, checksum: fd5add33d0b857c4019f5c5ac2bfc4a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-06 / This work has as objective to to apply and compare five different methodologies of environmental analysis and to produce maps thematic that: they characterize the environment, they evaluate the susceptibility and the potential to the laminate erosion, they to determine potential the environmental fragility and emergent, they evaluate the vulnerability to the erosion, esteem the average losses of soil and the production of sediments and thus they evaluate the environmental sustainable of the Water-Basin of the River Tenente Amaral in Jaciara, Mato- Grosso, Brazil. For the present study one uses of techniques of Geoprocessing and cartographic data soil, geology, the geomorphology, the climate, the vegetation and the use of the soil of the region of the Basin, converting them for the digital format. The results demonstrated that the studied area presents high percentage of human activities (84%) predominating the sugarcane cultivation. The soil predominance of type LATOSSOLOS and NEOSSOLOS QUARTZARÊNICOS in soft relief was distinguished in the region proceeding from the claysand layer unconsolidated sediments of the Cochoeirinha Formation that if presents with bigger area of occurrence in the place. With the application of the methodologies for the study of the area it was verified that approximately 55% of it present average the high potential' to the laminate erosion; natural conditions of strong instability `the very strong one'; balance in the occurrence of processes of morphogenese and pedogenese; average losses of high soil had been classified enter `and very high' e, in relation to the production of sediments, was verified that the esteem production more is accented in the places where the use of the soil is intensive, being able to reach up to 0,433 t.ha¹. / Este trabalho tem como objetivos aplicar e comparar cinco diferentes metodologias de análise ambiental e produzir cartas temáticas que: caracterizem o meio físico, avaliem a suscetibilidade e o potencial à erosão laminar, determinem a fragilidade ambiental potencial e emergente, avaliem a vulnerabilidade à erosão, estimem as perdas médias de solo e a produção de sedimentos e assim avaliar a sustentabilidade ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tenente Amaral em Jaciara, Mato-Grosso, Brasil. Para o presente estudo utilizou-se técnicas de geoprocessamento e dados cartográficos sobre os solos, a geologia, a geomormologia, o clima, a vegetação e o uso do solo da Bacia, convertidos para o formato digital. Os resultados demonstraram que a área estudada apresenta elevado percentual de atividades humanas (84%) predominando o cultivo de cana-deaçúcar. Destacou-se na região o predomínio de solos do tipo LATOSSOLOS e NEOSSOLOS QUARTZARÊNICOS em relevo suave provenientes dos sedimentos inconsolidados arenoargilosos da Formação Cochoeirinha que se apresenta com maior área de ocorrência no local. Com a aplicação das metodologias para o estudo da área verificou-se que aproximadamente 55 % delas apresentam médio a alto potencial à erosão laminar; condições naturais de instabilidade forte a muito forte ; equilíbrio na ocorrência de processos de morfogênese e de pedogênese; perdas médias de solos entre altas e muito altas e, em relação à produção de sedimentos, verificou-se que a produção estimada é mais acentuada nos locais onde o uso do solo é intensivo, podendo atingir até 0,433 t.ha1.