[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar como os alunos do Ensino Médio da rede pública estadual de ensino do Rio de Janeiro se comportam com a aplicação da Teoria dos Jogos como elemento motivador no ensino da Matemática, uma vez que apresentam, com grande frequência, dificuldades nesta disciplina. Para atingir o objetivo proposto elaboramos uma sequência didática que consistia na realização dos jogos Barganha com Ultimato e Dilema do Prisioneiro em sala de aula, sem qualquer explicação prévia sobre os conceitos básicos da Teoria dos Jogos. Nesta sequência didática, após a realização de cada jogo explicamos os resultados previstos pela teoria, introduzindo os conceitos de matriz de ganhos, estratégia dominante e equilíbrio de Nash, e explicamos o funcionamento do jogo Pôquer Simplificado com seus resultados teóricos. Ao término da aplicação da sequência didática, realizamos um teste de auto-avaliação simples, para que pudéssemos verificar o nível de aprendizado dos alunos envolvidos. Por fim, comparamos os resultados obtidos pelos pares de alunos que participaram do jogo Barganha com Ultimato (realizado quando ainda não possuíam qualquer experiência em Teoria dos Jogos) com aqueles obtidos por Bianchi, Carter e Irons e Castro e Ribeiro. / [en] The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of game theory as a motivator for mathematics education on those second year high school students in the state public schools of Rio de Janeiro who have already shown frequent difficulties with the discipline. In order to achieve the proposed goal, we develop a didactic sequence involving the application in the classroom of the games the Ultimatum Game and the Prisoner s Dilema without any prior introduction to the basic concepts of game theory. After the completion of each game, we explain the results predicted by the theory, introducing the concepts of the payoff matrix, the dominant strategy and the Nash Equilibrium. In addition, we explain the operation of the game of Simplified Poker along which its theoretical results. Upon completion of the application of this didactic sequence, we apply a simple self-evaluation test in order to verify the academic level of the students involved. Finally, we compare the results obtained by the pairs of students who participated in the game the Ultimatum Game (performed when the students still had no experience of Game Theory) with the results obtained by Bianchi, Carter e Irons and Castro e Ribeiro.

Des difficultés sociales sont liées au trouble de la personnalité limite (TPL). Pour les comprendre, le traitement de l’information lors de décisions sociales doit être étudié. Parmi ces informations sociales, les expressions faciales émotives sont moins bien identifiées chez les individus ayant un TPL (Daros et al., 2013) comparativement aux individus sains. Également, une étude rapporte que des participants ayant un TPL acceptent plus d’offres monétaires, indépendamment du degré d’équité, que les individus sains dans une tâche de prise de décision sociale simulant des interactions avec des individus (représentés par des visages joyeux ou colériques) divisant de l’argent avec les participants (Polgár et al., 2014). Cependant, ils rapportent aussi que pour les offres monétaires de 20 à 30 % du montant à diviser les participants sains acceptaient les offres des visages joyeux plus fréquemment, cet effet était absent pour les participants ayant un TPL. L’objectif de cette étude est donc de savoir si les différences de reconnaissance des émotions médient la relation de la sévérité des traits du TPL avec des décisions sociales d’acceptation d’offres monétaires accompagnées d’expressions faciales (joie, colère et neutre). Nos résultats corroborent l’association négative des traits du TPL avec la reconnaissance des émotions (Daros et al., 2013) et l’association positive entre l’acceptation des offres et les traits du TPL (Polgár et al., 2014). Cependant, aucun effet médiateur n’est observé. Ainsi, nous concluons que la reconnaissance des émotions et la prise de décision sociale représentent des aspects indépendants des profils sociocognitifs liés aux traits du TPL. / Social difficulties are linked to borderline personality disorder (BPD). To understand them, the processing of information during social decisions must be studied. A form of social information is emotional facial expressions which are less well identified in individuals with BPD (Daros et al., 2013) compared to participants without a diagnosed mental health issue. Also, one study reports that participants with BPD accept more monetary offers (regardless of the amount of money they were offered) participants without a diagnosed mental health issue in a social decision-making task simulating interaction with individuals (represented by happy or angry faces) dividing money with participants (Polgár et al., 2014). However, they also report that for monetary offers that represented 20-30% of the divided sum, participants without a diagnosed mental health issue participants accepted offers from happy faces more frequently. However, this effect was absent in participants with BPD. The aim of this study is to determine whether differences in emotion recognition abilities mediate the relationship of BPD trait severity with social decisions to accept monetary offers accompanied by facial expressions (joy, anger and neutral). Our results support the negative association of BPD traits with emotion recognition (Daros et al., 2013) and the positive association between offer acceptance and BPD traits (Polgár et al., 2014). However, no mediating effect is observed. Thus, we conclude that emotion recognition and social decision-making represent independent aspects of the sociocognitive profiles related to BPD traits.

Das Konzept der interpersonellen Fähigkeiten bezieht sich auf Leistungsaufgaben der sozialen Kognition. Diese Aufgaben messen die Fähigkeiten Gesichter zu erkennen und sich diese zu merken sowie Emotionen zu erkennen und diese auszudrücken. Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Untersuchung des Einflusses von interpersonellen Fähigkeiten auf soziale Entscheidungen. Ein besonderer Fokus lag auf der Quantifizierung von individuellen Unterschieden in zugrundeliegenden neuronalen Mechanismen. Studie 1 erweiterte bestehende Evidenz zu Beziehungen zwischen psychometrischen Konstrukten der Gesichterkognition und Ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen, welche mit den verschiedenen Stadien der Gesichterverarbeitung (Enkodierung, Wahrnehmung, Gedächtnis) während einer Bekanntheitsentscheidung assoziiert sind. Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen eine substantielle Beziehung zwischen der N170 Latenz und der Amplitude des frühen Wiederholungseffektes (ERE) mit drei Faktoren der Gesichterkognition. Je kürzer die N170 Latenz und je ausgeprägter die ERE Amplitude, umso genauer und schneller ist die Gesichterkognition. Studie 2 ergab, dass die Fähigkeit ängstliche Gesichter zu erkennen sowie die generelle spontane Expressivität während der sozialen Interaktion mit prosozialen Entscheidungen korreliert. Sensitivität für das Leid anderer sowie emotionale Expressivität scheinen reziproke Interaktionen mit Gleichgesinnten zu fördern. Studie 3 bestätigte das Modell der starken Reziprozität, da Prosozialität die negative Reziprozität im Ultimatum Spiel beeinflusste. Unter der Verwendung von Strukturgleichungsmodellen entdeckten wir, dass Menschen mit ausgeprägter Reziprozität eine größere Amplitude der relativen feedback-negativity auf das Gesicht von Spielpartnern zeigen. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse dafür, dass die etablierten individuellen Unterschiede in den Verhaltensmaßen der interpersonellen Fähigkeiten zum Teil auf individuelle Unterschiede in neuronalen Mechanismen zurückzuführen sind. / The concept of interpersonal abilities refers to performance measures of social cognition such as the abilities to perceive and remember faces and the abilities to recognize and express emotions. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the influence of interpersonal abilities on social decisions. A particular focus lay on the quantification of individual differences in brain-behavior relationships associated with processing interpersonally relevant stimuli. Study 1 added to existing evidence on brain-behavior relationships, specifically between psychometric constructs of face cognition and event-related potentials associated with different stages of face processing (encoding, perception, and memory) in a familiarity decision. Our findings confirm a substantial relationship between the N170 latency and the early-repetition effect (ERE) amplitude with three established face cognition ability factors. The shorter the N170 latency and the more pronounced the ERE amplitude, the better is the performance in face perception and memory and the faster is the speed of face cognition. Study 2 found that the ability to recognize fearful faces as well as the general spontaneous expressiveness during social interaction are linked to prosocial choices in several socio-economic games. Sensitivity to the distress of others and spontaneous expressiveness foster reciprocal interactions with prosocial others. Study 3 confirmed the model of strong reciprocity in that prosociality drives negative reciprocity in the ultimatum game. Using multilevel structural equation modeling in order to estimate brain-behavior relationships of fairness preferences, we found strong reciprocators to show more pronounced relative feedback-negativity amplitude in response to the faces of bargaining partners. Thus, the results of this dissertation suggest that established individual differences in behavioral measures of interpersonal ability are partly due to individual differences in brain mechanisms.

Robots and virtual agents grow rapidly in behavioural sophistication and complexity. They become better learners and teachers, cooperators and communicators, workers and companions. These artefacts – whose behaviours are not always readily understood by human intuition nor comprehensibly explained in terms of mechanism – will have to interact socially. Moving beyond artificial rational systems to artificial social systems means having to engage with fundamental questions about agenthood, sociality, intelligence, and the relationship between mind and body. It also means having to revise our theories about these things in the course of continuously assessing the social sufficiency of existing artificial social agents. The present thesis presents an empirical study investigating the social influence of physical versus virtual embodiment on people's decisions in the context of a bargaining task. The results indicate that agent embodiment did not affect the social influence of the agent or the extent to which it was perceived as a social actor. However, participants' perception of the agent as a social actor did influence their decisions. This suggests that experimental results from studies comparing different robot embodiments should not be over-generalised beyond the particular task domain in which the studied interactions took place.