The focus of this work lies in an examination of the effect of technological sophistication upon, and the reactions to technological sophistication by, the United States in its active participation in the international arena. Specifically, this work is to be an examination of one aspect of twentieth century technology, that of the transfer of technology, within the foreign policy considerations of the United States. This work will be further limited to an examination of American foreign policy of technology transfer to the underdeveloped countries of the world.

In this research, a heat localizing solar thermal membrane distillation system has been developed for producing potable water from untreated surface water, wastewater, and seawater, using solely solar thermal energy. Unlike most other membrane technologies, this system requires no electrical power or equipment for its operation. The high production rate was achieved through the effective evaporation of water molecules within the pores of the membrane without dissipating much heat to the bulk feed water. It can remove suspending particles, microorganisms, inorganic salts, as well as organic contaminants from the feed water. The system can produce potable water for 32, 18, and 10 days on average under simulated sunlight when distilling seawater, canal water, and municipal wastewater, respectively, without cleaning the membrane. Low cost, high energy efficiency (i.e., 55%), and good water quality make the new system feasible for undeveloped areas where basic water treatment is lacking. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

<p>Pakistan is a home of approximately 160 million people and most of the population is earning lessthan US$ 1 per day. Pakistan just like any other beautiful European country is a big market fortourism because it offers not only beauty of nature but also variety and diversity in cultures.Infacttourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in the mountain areas as it creates new job opportunities and reduces the unemployment level for them. But unfortunately, tourists’ visit to Pakistan is decreasing tremendously with ups and downs each year.</p><p> </p><p>Therefore, the purpose of my thesis is to search for the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry to some potential neighbouring countries to see where Pakistan stands and lacks in terms of competitiveness, to find the role of government towards the improvment of this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for the improvement of this industry.</p><p> </p><p>The primary data was collected by conducting interviews and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country from domestic and international tourists in 2007 and 2008. My son and close relatives in Belgium, Sweden and UK helped me in getting the questionnaire filled by foreigners to study their views about Pakistan as tourist place. The secondary data was collected through my personal visit to PTDC and Ministry of Tourism.</p><p> </p><p>The estimated results revile that the poor accessibility, under development, fragility, marginality and the continuous social / political problems of the country are the factors that have redcued the tourist visit ratio to Pakistan. Secondly, the Governmnet of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have proved a stimulator for the tourism industry.</p><p> </p><p>The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that the tourism industry of Pakistan has a lot of ups and downs in alternate years i.e. from 1995 till 2008 showing the worst year of tourism in 2008.The reasons for this fall lie in the political and social problems of the country and lack of active participation of tourism authorities. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around pakistan but unfortunately the insurgency and lack of facilities have resulted in the falling rate of their travel.</p><p> </p><p>My suggestions for the progress of this industry are that the Governments should show seriousness towards the tourism industry and take necessary steps like improving the tourism infrastructure, controll the insergency in the country as soon as possible, build strong relationships with outside world, portray the positive image of Pakistan via media etc so that the rank and standard of Pakistans tourism industry can improve globally.</p><p> </p><p>Research limitations that I faced during data collection includes the limited information sharing by the PTDC and Ministry of Tourism as their data is not up dated properly. Secondly there is a lot of difficulty in finding local and international potential tourists due to the political and social disturbance in the country and also the shy and introvert behaviour of the people especially women. Therefore, I also made use of the idea of conducting survey outside the country.</p><p> </p><p>The important aspect or value of this research is that it has brought in to consideration almost all the important factors that are effecting the tourism industry according to the view of potential tourists and at the end provide some suggestions that can improve the current deterioating condition of this industry.</p>

Pakistan is a home of approximately 160 million people and most of the population is earning lessthan US$ 1 per day. Pakistan just like any other beautiful European country is a big market fortourism because it offers not only beauty of nature but also variety and diversity in cultures.Infacttourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in the mountain areas as it creates new job opportunities and reduces the unemployment level for them. But unfortunately, tourists’ visit to Pakistan is decreasing tremendously with ups and downs each year.   Therefore, the purpose of my thesis is to search for the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry to some potential neighbouring countries to see where Pakistan stands and lacks in terms of competitiveness, to find the role of government towards the improvment of this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for the improvement of this industry.   The primary data was collected by conducting interviews and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country from domestic and international tourists in 2007 and 2008. My son and close relatives in Belgium, Sweden and UK helped me in getting the questionnaire filled by foreigners to study their views about Pakistan as tourist place. The secondary data was collected through my personal visit to PTDC and Ministry of Tourism.   The estimated results revile that the poor accessibility, under development, fragility, marginality and the continuous social / political problems of the country are the factors that have redcued the tourist visit ratio to Pakistan. Secondly, the Governmnet of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have proved a stimulator for the tourism industry.   The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that the tourism industry of Pakistan has a lot of ups and downs in alternate years i.e. from 1995 till 2008 showing the worst year of tourism in 2008.The reasons for this fall lie in the political and social problems of the country and lack of active participation of tourism authorities. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around pakistan but unfortunately the insurgency and lack of facilities have resulted in the falling rate of their travel.   My suggestions for the progress of this industry are that the Governments should show seriousness towards the tourism industry and take necessary steps like improving the tourism infrastructure, controll the insergency in the country as soon as possible, build strong relationships with outside world, portray the positive image of Pakistan via media etc so that the rank and standard of Pakistans tourism industry can improve globally.   Research limitations that I faced during data collection includes the limited information sharing by the PTDC and Ministry of Tourism as their data is not up dated properly. Secondly there is a lot of difficulty in finding local and international potential tourists due to the political and social disturbance in the country and also the shy and introvert behaviour of the people especially women. Therefore, I also made use of the idea of conducting survey outside the country.   The important aspect or value of this research is that it has brought in to consideration almost all the important factors that are effecting the tourism industry according to the view of potential tourists and at the end provide some suggestions that can improve the current deterioating condition of this industry.

This article applies the total investment model and 12-year (2008-2019) panel data of 11 countries in Central and Eastern Europe to examine the crowding-in or crowding- out effect of FDI on domestic investment. Moreover, in the empirical research, this article also tests the specific impact of the formation of FDI domestic capital in different economies and different periods in Central and Eastern Europe. Our research results show that FDI has no obvious crowding-in or crowding-out effect on the domestic investment of the total sample in the long term. In addition, FDI has a long-term crowding-out impact on domestic investment in underdeveloped economies and advanced economies in 11 countries. However, in the short term (2008-2012), FDI has a substantial and apparent crowding-in effect on domestic investment in underdeveloped economies. Furthermore, in the latter stage of the research period (2013-2019), FDI has no obvious crowding-in or crowding-out effect on domestic investment in the two different economies. This article also deeply analyzes the causes of the crowding-in or crowding-out effect of FDI and puts forward reasonable policy recommendations. Keywords: FDI, Crowding in, Domestic investment, underdeveloped economies.

This thesis deals with the ethical aspects of the development. This thesis deals with te concrete ethical principles of the development such as solidarity, subsidiarity and their interconnection in field of the economic, politics and sociology. It adverts to each man?s righta to development accordinf to human dignity and the liberty of man. It considers the perspectives of social clerical doctrines, as well as the Pope Benedikt XVI., the Pope Pavel VI., and the economic, politics and ethical too. The thesis seeks possibilities to effective development all of the nations and man?s like individual.

Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto / Tese doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:47:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SantosJunior_RaimundoBatistados_D.pdf: 1938466 bytes, checksum: 1be6afe2148952f80e822847ddcc03dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa os princípios teórico-estratégicos que orientam as políticas de financiamento e ação do Banco Mundial, em particular, aqueles voltados para o setor social. Para empreender tal análise, foi premente examinar o fomento das políticas sociais e de alívio da pobreza que fazem parte da agenda do Banco, desde início da década de 1960. O objetivo principal dessa pesquisa é dar a conhecer que as políticas sociais são parte integrante do projeto de desenvolvimento econômico desenhado pelo BIRD para os países em desenvolvimento, o que significa dizer que elas não são residuais ou dependentes da política econômica, mas integrantes de uma conjunção de medidas voltadas ao desenvolvimento econômico dos países "atrasados". Desse modo, é possível concluir que esse tipo de política legitimava os programas de desenvolvimento dos governos nacionais. Ao longo das últimas seis décadas, o Banco Mundial se transformou em um dos principais organismos de financiamento do desenvolvimento e no principal provedor de recursos para o combate à pobreza. Assim, importantes decisões tomadas pelos governos nacionais foram custeadas ou monitoradas por essa instituição de fomento, o que torna urgente o estudo de sua atuação diante do desenvolvimento dos países pobres. / Abstract: This study analyzes the underlying theoretical and strategic principles applied by the World Bank to determine policies for financing and implementing interventions, especially in the social sector. In order to carry out the analysis, it was necessary to examine the Bank's fomentation of social policies and poverty alleviation that has been part of its agenda since the beginning of the 1960's. As such, the main objective of this research is to provide evidence that social policies are an integral component of the economic development program designed by this institution for developing countries. This means that such policies are neither residuals nor dependent upon economic policymaking practices; they constitute an integrated part of the steps adopted by this Bank for the economic development of "underdeveloped countries". Accordingly, it is understandable to conclude that it is this practice in designing policies that has given legitimacy to development programs drawn up by national governments. During the last six decades, the World Bank has transformed itself into one of the principal agencies for financing development. It has, at the same time, become the main source for the resources in the fight against poverty. In this way, important decisions taken by national governments have been paid for or monitored by this institution set up for fomenting economic development. This is what makes it relevant to study the World Bank's performance with regards to the development of poor countries / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência Política

Orientador: Marcos Antonio Macedo Cintra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_JeanToledode_M.pdf: 1461969 bytes, checksum: 03b77f234297768c063f5c04cab4b1b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho e avaliar os impactos potenciais sobre os paises em desenvolvimento derivados da implementação do Acordo de Basiléia 2 nos membros do G-10. Para tanto, apresenta a seguinte estrutura. O primeiro capitulo discute os elementos que conduzem a emergência de períodos de instabilidade financeira e como os bancos participam neste processo, partindo de um referencial heterodoxo. O segundo capitulo avalia os principais instrumentos que compõem a estrutura de Basiléia 2. O terceiro capitulo analisa os principais condicionantes impostos pelo Acordo aos paises em desenvolvimento, tendo em vista suas especificidades. Apesar de Basiléia 2 possibilitar uma disseminação dos instrumentos de gerenciamento de riscos pelos bancos do ponto de vista individual; pode intensificar o potencial de geração de crises financeiras como resultado da tendência prociclica dos fluxos de credito, exacerbando a alternância entre períodos de euforia e pânico. Dada a maior volatilidade macroeconômica dos paises em desenvolvimento, estes efeitos tendem a ser intensificados nestas regiões. Basiléia 2 penaliza os tomadores de credito por perfis de riscos mais elevados. E esperado que maiores exigências de capital regulatorio se revertam em aumento dos spreads sobre empréstimos ou redução de sua oferta por parte dos bancos. Para os paises em desenvolvimento, que concentram maior proporção de devedores com piores avaliações de credito ou com insuficiência de informações quantitativas, estes impactos podem ser potencializados. Adicionalmente, ha desafios para os órgãos supervisores destes paises com relação a sua habilidade em suportar pressões dos bancos internacionais em adotar os critérios estabelecidos por suas matrizes, em sua capacidade de assimilação dos modelos de riscos mais avançados ou em impedir que as exigências de capital não se revertam em diferenciais competitivos para os bancos estrangeiros. Com isto, e vislumbrada a necessidade de medidas complementares ou mitigadoras a Basiléia 2 e de reforma dos órgãos internacionais de regulação financeira, em especial o BCBS, que apresenta uma estrutura de representação concentrada e excludente. / Abstract: This document aims to investigate the potential impacts on the financial stability of the developing countries related to the implementation of the Basel II Capital Accord in G10 members. For this purpose, the following discussions are introduced. The first chapter comments the elements which lead to the emergency of financial instability and how banks participate in this process, based on a heterodox approach. The second chapter evaluates the main instruments in the Basel II structure. The third chapter discusses the main conditioners imposed by the Accord to the development countries, having their specificities as a reference. In spite of the contribution of Basel II to the dissemination of the risk management instruments for the banks in the individual point of view; it may intensify the financial instability processes, as a consequence of the its procyclical trend, and exacerbate the alternation between periods of euphoria and panic. Given the largest macroeconomic volatility of the developing countries, this effect tends to be intensified in these regions. Basel II penalizes the less creditworthy borrowers. It is expected that larger requirements of regulatory capital result in an increase of bank loans spreads or in a reduction of credit offer on the part of the banks. For the developing countries, which concentrate a bigger proportion of debtors with worst credit evaluations or insufficiency of quantitative information, these impacts can be amplified. Additionally, Basel II presents challenges for the supervisors from these countries, concerning their ability to support pressures from foreign banks concerning the local implementation of the Accord, their capacity in assimilating the most advanced bank risk models, or in preventing that the different capital requirements patterns among banks revert in competitive advantages for the foreign banks. In this way, it is recognized the necessity of complementary or mitigation procedures to Basel II and of reform of the international organisms of financial regulation, especially BCBS, that presents a concentrated and exclusionary representation structure. / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

The dissertation aims to expand access through a low-cost technological innovation system S-MLS to learners in underdeveloped areas with difficulties in accessing education. Technology is advancing rapidly. However, many parts of the world need access to educational advances, which are hindered due to war, political situations, and low literacy and income. A qualitative phenomenological approach explores the lived experience using the solar-powered computing and learning management system (LMS) to support the development of educational access in underrepresented societies, developing countries, and rural areas where access to proper classroom education is non-existent. Proof of concept is used with a group of students in a rural area, a developing country, and within an underrepresented population to check the feasibility of using the equipment in a real-world setting. A technology acceptance model would be used to identify the user's perceived interest and user acceptance. The community of inquiry theory would find the first-hand experience and point of view of the learner. The student group interviews would be through semi-structured interviews. Observations, surveys, video/audio recordings, and artifacts would be gathered for further analysis. The data collected would be analyzed using interpretative phenomenology analysis (IPA), close examination, and management of development themes through thoughts, observations, and reflections on the technological experience and future research and implementations provided. The projected finding would be to check that a solar-powered Raspberry Pi system with MoodleBox operating system that runs Moodle (Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) LMS would be feasible to provide learning underdeveloped areas to enhance education.

Os ambientes terrestres têm sido gradativamente alterados pelo ser humano, mas a partir da Revolução Industrial, o homem começou a atuar de maneira mais intensa sobre o meio, fazendo com que as modificações ambientais tomassem proporções alarmantes, tanto em velocidade quanto em dimensão. As mudanças, como as climáticas, hídricas e biológicas, entre outras, ocorridas durante o século XX foram as maiores já registradas. As alterações ambientais associadas ao quadro demográfico do mundo contemporâneo, às condições socioeconômicas e à revolução técnico-científico-informacional que interligou o mundo, acabaram resultando em um cenário nunca vivenciado pela humanidade e ao mesmo tempo preocupante, tanto para saúde ambiental da Terra como para a humana. Se por um lado essa situação, baseada principalmente no avanço tecnológico, resultou numa verdadeira revolução nas taxas de mortalidade e na esperança de vida, por outro lado criou um ambiente que vem facilitando a emergência e reemergência de doenças, que pode comprometer o próprio futuro. Esse estudo tem por objetivo principal dar subsídios para o acesso a um conhecimento integrado, em escala global, tanto das alterações ambientais das áreas tropicais úmidas e do quadro socioeconômico dos países localizados nessa faixa tropical, quanto do surgimento e/ou expansão de quatro doenças infecciosas de caráter hemorrágico - dengue hemorrágica, febre amarela, marburg e ebola - no período de 1981 a 2005. No campo teórico-metodológico, a Geografia, mediante as suas características científicas de transitar pelos campos das ciências naturais e humanas, devido ao seu objeto de estudo, ofereceu a sustentação científica necessária para a realização, enquanto o avanço tecnológico das comunicações e da informática, associado ao processo de globalização pelo qual o mundo passa, proporcionou uma realidade de trabalho totalmente nova, permitindo a execução operacional do estudo. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e estudos sobre aquecimento global, mundo tropical, devastação das florestas tropicais úmidas, condições socioeconômicas dos países localizados nesta porção do globo e expansão das doenças citadas nos últimos 25 anos. O conjunto dos dados foi transformado em uma tabela síntese e em material cartográfico que retrata a situação atual desses países, destacando o nível das condições sócio ambientais e o risco saúde em que se encontram. / The terrestrial environments have been gradually altered by human being but from the Industrial Revolution on, this process has been even more intensive, resulting in environmental modifications of fast, huge and alarming proportions. The changes, such as the climatic, hydric and biological ones, among others, that took place in the 20th century, were the largest registered. The environmental alterations, associated to the current demographic panorama, to the socioeconomic conditions and to the technical-scientific-informational revolution - that have linked the whole world - resulted in a scenario never before experienced by humanity and, at the same time, very preoccupying for the Earth environmental health as well as for the humans. If on one hand that situation, based mainly on the technological progress, has resulted in lower mortality rates and higher life expectancy at birth, on the other hand it has also created an environment that made the emergence and re-emergence of diseases much easier to occur, so that future may be at risk. This study intend to bring up subsidies that allow for access to global integrated knowledge, not only about the environmental changes in the countries located in humid tropical areas and their socioeconomic conditions, but also about the influence of these alterations on the appearance and/or expansion of four infectious hemorrhagic diseases - hemorrhagic dengue, yellow fever, marburg and ebola - in the period from 1981 to 2005. In the theoreticalmethodological field, Geography - in face of its scientific characteristics of acting on the fields of both natural and human sciences, due to its object of studying - offered the necessary scientific support for the study accomplishment, while the technological progress in Communications and Computer Sciences, associated to the current world process of globalization, provided a new view of working, which allowed the operational execution of this study. The study was also based on bibliographical researches in world warming, tropical world, deforestation of tropical rain forests, socioeconomic conditions of the countries where the forests are placed and in the expansion of the mentioned diseases over the past 25 years. The set of data were synthesized in a table and in cartographic material that show the socio environmental conditions and the health risk of these countries.