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1	The end of the multifibre agreement : a case study of South Africa and China / Melissa Chantel Kruger Kruger, Melissa Chantel January 2011 (has links) The Multifibre Agreement ("MFA") regulated textile trade until 1 January 2005. It was predominantly focused on curtailing textile exports from developing countries, like South Africa and China. With the end of the MFA, a textile crisis occurred in South Africa due to the domination of the domestic market by more affordable Chinese textile products. This case study is applied to illustrate the inadequacy of domestic legislation to provide for the resolution of an international trade dispute that affects an industry. No legislation refers to the resolution of the trade dispute by entering into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"), or recourse to the neutral dispute settlement body of the World Trade Organisation ("WTO"). Due to the absence of legislation that directly addresses either forum, all the power is vested• in the government to determine the appropriate course of action. Applications brought by textile industry representative bodies like TEXFED, CLOTRADE and SACTWU were inadequately investigated due to the limited powers of the independent investigative body, ITAC, and were ultimately abandoned. The government entered into a MOU with the Chinese government and in doing so violated international agreements, rights and obligations. An analysis of the inadequacy of the MOU that was entered into and the suitability of the WTO as dispute settlement body is conducted. It is concluded that the current legislation is inadequate in that it doesn't provide for recourse to the WTO and in that it doesn't clearly set out the obligations on government and the independent powers of an independent body. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012 Apparel China Clothing International agreement International trade International trade dispute Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) "Most Favoured Nation" Status Quotas South Africa Textile World Trade Organisation (WTO)
2	The end of the multifibre agreement : a case study of South Africa and China / Melissa Chantel Kruger Kruger, Melissa Chantel January 2011 (has links) The Multifibre Agreement ("MFA") regulated textile trade until 1 January 2005. It was predominantly focused on curtailing textile exports from developing countries, like South Africa and China. With the end of the MFA, a textile crisis occurred in South Africa due to the domination of the domestic market by more affordable Chinese textile products. This case study is applied to illustrate the inadequacy of domestic legislation to provide for the resolution of an international trade dispute that affects an industry. No legislation refers to the resolution of the trade dispute by entering into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"), or recourse to the neutral dispute settlement body of the World Trade Organisation ("WTO"). Due to the absence of legislation that directly addresses either forum, all the power is vested• in the government to determine the appropriate course of action. Applications brought by textile industry representative bodies like TEXFED, CLOTRADE and SACTWU were inadequately investigated due to the limited powers of the independent investigative body, ITAC, and were ultimately abandoned. The government entered into a MOU with the Chinese government and in doing so violated international agreements, rights and obligations. An analysis of the inadequacy of the MOU that was entered into and the suitability of the WTO as dispute settlement body is conducted. It is concluded that the current legislation is inadequate in that it doesn't provide for recourse to the WTO and in that it doesn't clearly set out the obligations on government and the independent powers of an independent body. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012 Apparel China Clothing International agreement International trade International trade dispute Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) "Most Favoured Nation" Status Quotas South Africa Textile World Trade Organisation (WTO)
3	La légitimité de l'État du port de contrôler la navigabilité des navires Le Borgne, François 04 1900 (has links) "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit Option droit des affaires" / La légitimité de l'État du port de contrôler la navigabilité des navires s'appuie, en outre, sur les difficultés que rencontrent les propriétaires de navire, les États du pavillon ainsi que les sociétés de classification de faire respecter les normes de sécurité internationales. Par ailleurs, l'État du port s'est imposé comme intervenant grâce à des assises légales notamment par son statut recoupant celui de l'État côtier, par sa reconnaissance dans les conventions internationales ainsi que par la mise en place de mémorandums d'entente régionaux. Enfm, l'impact du contrôle par l'État du port peut constituer la justification de son avènement. Cet impact peut être analysé par une étude quantitative, par une appréciation de l'opinion des professionnels du milieu, el: enfin, par une analyse des implications légales de ce contrôle en droit privé notamment sur les contrats de transport, d'affrètement et de vente de navire. / The legitimicy of Port State control is based on difficulties which ship owners, Flag States and classification societies meet in their control of security standards of ships. Further, the port State has imposed itself as a new maritime player based on different legal basis such as its Coastal States status, its recognition through international conventions and by the mechanisms put in place by regional Memorandums of Understanding. In the end, the impact of the Port State control can justify its advent. The measure of this impact is based on quantitative studies, on assessment of professionnal opinions and also on the analysis of the legal implications of this control in contracts of carriage by sea, charter- party, and contracts for the sale and purchase of vessels. Droit Maritime Mer International Port État du port Contrôle Inspection Navigabilité Sécurité Normes Mondialisation Société de classification État du pavillon État côtier Armateur Mémorandum Entente Navire Environnement Économie Law Sea Port State Control Seaworthiness Security Standards Globalisation Classification society Flag State Coastal State Shipowner Memorandum Understanding- MOU Ship Vessel Environment Economy
4	La légitimité de l'État du port de contrôler la navigabilité des navires Le Borgne, François 04 1900 (has links) La légitimité de l'État du port de contrôler la navigabilité des navires s'appuie, en outre, sur les difficultés que rencontrent les propriétaires de navire, les États du pavillon ainsi que les sociétés de classification de faire respecter les normes de sécurité internationales. Par ailleurs, l'État du port s'est imposé comme intervenant grâce à des assises légales notamment par son statut recoupant celui de l'État côtier, par sa reconnaissance dans les conventions internationales ainsi que par la mise en place de mémorandums d'entente régionaux. Enfm, l'impact du contrôle par l'État du port peut constituer la justification de son avènement. Cet impact peut être analysé par une étude quantitative, par une appréciation de l'opinion des professionnels du milieu, el: enfin, par une analyse des implications légales de ce contrôle en droit privé notamment sur les contrats de transport, d'affrètement et de vente de navire. / The legitimicy of Port State control is based on difficulties which ship owners, Flag States and classification societies meet in their control of security standards of ships. Further, the port State has imposed itself as a new maritime player based on different legal basis such as its Coastal States status, its recognition through international conventions and by the mechanisms put in place by regional Memorandums of Understanding. In the end, the impact of the Port State control can justify its advent. The measure of this impact is based on quantitative studies, on assessment of professionnal opinions and also on the analysis of the legal implications of this control in contracts of carriage by sea, charter- party, and contracts for the sale and purchase of vessels. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit Option droit des affaires" Droit Maritime Mer International Port État du port Contrôle Inspection Navigabilité Sécurité Normes Mondialisation Société de classification État du pavillon État côtier Armateur Mémorandum Entente Navire Environnement Économie Law Sea Port State Control Seaworthiness Security Standards Globalisation Classification society Flag State Coastal State Shipowner Memorandum Understanding- MOU Ship Vessel Environment Economy

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