Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2002.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Heidelberg, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-284).

Text in Afrikaans / Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording van die noodsaaklikheid van effektiewe beskerming vir minderhede. Die rede vir hierdie toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte aan minderheidsbeskerming is waarskynlik toe te skryf aan die beset dat dit nie alleen die minderheidsaandeelhouers is wat skade ly in geval van benadelende optrede nie, maar ook die ekonomie. Maatskappye word ingevolge die beginsel van meerderheidsbewind bestuur, met die gevolg dat die minderheid onderworpe is aan die wil van die meerderheid. Die minderheid kan hulself hierdeur in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie bevind, veral indien die meerderheid hul mag aanwend om hul eie belange te bevorder. Gemeenregtelik is die reel in Foss v Harbottle 'n struikelblok vir minderheidsaandeelhouers wat gedingvoering beoog. In 'n poging om die gebrekkige gemeenregtelike beskerming van minderhede te ondervang, is bepaalde statutere maatreels ingevoer. Die evaluasie van hierdie maatreels geskied aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek na verskeie buitelandse stelsels, waarvan die van Nieu-Seeland en Kanada uit staan vanwee die innoverende aard van hul statutere beskermingsmaatreels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beskerming wat die Suid-Afrikaanse statutere maatreels aan minderhede bied, onbevredigend is om verskeie redes. Eerstens is hierdie maatreels dikwels te eng bewoord wat daartoe lei dat die aanwendingsveld van die maatreels beperk is. Tweedens hou die maatreels nie tred met ontwikkelings elders in die wereld en veranderende omstandighede en behoeftes in die praktyk nie. Derdens ontbreek goed geformuleerde remedies wat aanvullend tot artikel 252 van die Wet sal wees. Daar is verder bevind dat ad hocwysigings van bestaande maatreels nie die gewenste resultaat gaan bereik nie en 'n algehele hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg word aanbeveel. Ten slotte word konkrete voorstelle in die vorm van konsepwetgewing gemaak en word vergesel van verduidelikende notas. Hierdie wetgewing is hoofsaaklik aan die hand van die Nieu-Seelandse en Kanadese modelle geformuleer. / There is a growing awareness of the need for effective protection of minority shareholders. This can probably be ascribed to the acknowledgement of the fact that prejudicial conduct harms not only minority shareholders, but also the economy at large. Companies are governed by the principle of majority rule; consequently the minority is subjected to the will of the majority. This often places the minority in an invidious position, especially when the majority use their power to further their own interests. The rule in Foss v Harbottle presents a stumbling block to minority shareholder action. Certain statutory measures have been introduced in an effort to counter defective minority protection. These statutory measures are evaluated in the light of a comparative study of several foreign jurisdictions, the most prominent of which are New Zealand and Canada, because of the innovative nature of the measures which they employ. The conclusion arrived at is that, for various reasons, the protection afforded minorities by the South African statutory measures is unsatisfactory. Firstly, the wording of these measures is narrowly construed; this in turn results in a narrow field of application. Secondly, these measures are not in step with developments elsewhere in the world and with the changing circumstances and needs in practice. Thirdly, well-formulated remedies needed in order to supplement section 252 of the Act are non-existent. It has also been found that ad hoc amendments of existing measures will not achieve the required result, and consequently a complete reform of South African company law is recommended. Finally, specific recommendations in the form of draft legislation are made; these are accompanied by explanatory notes. This draft legislation was formulated primarily along the lines of the New Zealand and Canadian models. / Private Law / LL.D.

This thesis deals with chosen problems of consumer protection, particularly with the problem of the presentation events. The main goal is to understand a principle of presentation events and why it is so successful among senior citizens and also to ascertain the approach of state authorities and public opinion. The aim of this thesis is the overall analysis of the issues of the presentation events on basis of applicable methods especially to ascertain the knowledge of the Czech public of their consumer?s rights and the public opinion on presentation events and also to examine thoroughly process of the direct promotion including practices which are used to manipulate customers and consequently to suggest ideas leading to the possible enhancement of the current situation.

A importância da proteção à propriedade industrial foi deflagrada com o advento da Revolução Industrial e, posteriormente, com a Revolução Francesa. A proteção internacional à propriedade industrial teve origem na França, em 1883, com a Convenção da União de Paris para a Proteção da Propriedade Industrial (CUP), na qual foi estabelecido o tratamento jurídico para as patentes, marcas, bem como a obrigatoriedade aos países da União de assegurar proteção efetiva contra a concorrência desleal, nos termos de seu artigo 10 bis, parágrafo 1º. Todavia, somente no bojo do Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - TRIPS, o segredo industrial encontrou proteção internacional efetiva, por meio das normas de repressão à concorrência desleal, conforme dispõe o artigo 39 do referido Acordo. Assim, cumpre analisar, a partir do respectivo regime de proteção internacional, qual o conceito, a natureza jurídica, o regime jurídico e a finalidade de proteção do segredo industrial. Para tanto, é preciso ter em mente a natureza imaterial do segredo industrial, os requisitos exigidos para que seja protegido, o regime jurídico e estrutura do TRIPS e o fundamento constitucional de proteção à propriedade industrial, ao qual vincula-se o interesse social e o desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico do Brasil. / The relevance of industrial property protection was carried out by the Industrial Revolution and, lately, by the French Revolution. The international protection to the industrial property had been originated in France, in 1883, with the adoption of the Union of Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, in which the legal treatment to patents and trademarks was set forth, as well as the obligation to the countries of the Union to make the protection against the unfair competition effective, pursuant to the article 10 bis, paragraph 1st of such Convention. However, only in the Agreement ontTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - TRIPS, the trade secret has found effective international legal protection through the rules agaisnt unfair competition, in accordance with the article 39 of the referred Agreement. Thus, it is necessary to analize the definition, the legal nature, the legal regime and the aim of protection of trade secret from the respective regime of international protection. In this connection, it is important to emphasize the innmaterial nature of the trade secret and the requirements for its legal protection, the legal regime and the structure of the TRIPS and the industrial property constitutional fundament for its protection, which is connected to the social interest and the Brazilian technological and economic developement.

Sacha Guitry fit de sa vie le sujet principal de son œuvre brillante mais assez élégiaque et relativement mélancolique où les personnages suicidaires joués par lui sont assez fréquents. Dans son œuvre, l’osmose est quasiment complète entre le théâtre et la vie. Ses épouses actrices furent les premières à souffrir de cette osmose et de cette instrumentalisation de leur personne et elles se lassèrent presque toutes (sauf Marconi) d’être éternellement considérées comme des êtres élégants mais souvent muets, en dépit du train de vie brillant qu’il leur offrit. Il perdit ainsi périodiquement des partenaires de qualité (il ne remplacera jamais la très brillante Yvonne Printemps) car, l’une après l’autre, elles refusèrent de sacrifier leur vie personnelle au profit du programme théâtral et cinématographique d’un seul homme. Nous tenterons de voir pourquoi Guitry eut avec les acteurs-hommes de meilleures relations qu’avec les femmes érotisées comme ses cinq épouses. C’est pourquoi nous analyserons les rapports idylliques qu’il eut avec trois autres actrices (Carton, Pierry et Fusier–Gir) que le temps avait déjà marquées physiquement. Nous tenterons surtout de redonner vie à ses cinq actrices-épouses en tenant compte des études récentes relatives au "gender" au cinéma ainsi que des star-studies, même si aucune d’entre elles n’est vraiment une star. Nous nous efforcerons d’analyser les conséquences de son comportement souvent machiste et narcissique sur la vie et la carrière de ces femmes pendant 50 ans. Nous analyserons enfin ce qu’il leur apporta et ce qu’elles offrirent à son brillant cinéma par leur présence. / Sacha Guitry made his own life the main topic of his apparently cheerful and brilliant plays and films which are often also sometimes elegiac and melancholy. Surprisingly in his works, quite a few characters played by him seem to be fascinated by suicide. There is no real boundary in his works between life and theatre and the actresses who were also his wives suffered from this absence of a frontier-line between those two worlds. They also disliked the way he took unfair advantage of their personality in his plays and almost all of them (except Marconi) eventually got tired of being considered as very smart but speechless creatures, although he offered them a very luxurious way of life. He thus lost quite a number of excellent partners (actually he could never really replace Yvonne Printemps, the exceptional player and singer) because, one after the other, they refused to sacrifice their personal life for the benefit of someone with exacting prospects concerning the theatre and the cinema. We shall therefore try to understand why Guitry usually kept up a better relationship with men-actors than with actresses with obvious sex appeal, like his five wives. We shall then examine the perfect friendship he formed with three elderly actresses whose growing age was becoming quite noticeable. We shall try to "bring back to life" the real personalities of the five actresses who also became his wives by resorting to the recent discoveries about "gender" and star-studies. We shall also try to analyze the influence of his narcissistic and chauvinistic attitude upon the lives and careers of these actresses. We shall eventually try to find out what he brought them by his presence and what they added by theirs to his brilliant cinema.

The Department of Education, as part of the public sector, employs educators in terms of the Employment of Educators Act (EEA),1 whereas the rest of the public servants are employed in terms of the Public Service Act (PSA). If an educator is absent for more than 14 consecutive days without the permission of the employer, the educator is deemed to be discharged according to section 14(1)(a). With regard to the rest of the public sector, a similar provision is put in place, where section 17(5)(a) provides for the discharge of a public officer who is absent from his / her duties without the permission of the Head of Department for a calendar month (31 days). Sometimes long absent periods are caused by personal circumstances of the employee which are unforeseen. If the employee reports for duty after the dismissal, section 14(2) of the EEA provides that, the employee may be reinstated by the employer on good cause shown, after a post-dismissal hearing. If an employee in the public sector is discharged based on these deeming provisions, the employment is terminated by the operation of the law and there is no dismissal. This means that the employer is not responsible for the termination, meaning than there exists no option to review the dismissal. The supreme law of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) is the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (the Constitution).5 The question at hand is whether the deeming provision of section 14 of the EEA6 is constitutional. The Labour Relations Act (LRA) goes further by stipulating that every person has the right not to be unfairly dismissed, and not to be subjected to unfair labour practice.7 Section 23 of the Constitution provides that everyone has the right to fair labour practices. Furthermore, section 33 of the Constitution provides for fair administrative action. The question is whether these provisions, dealing with the dismissal of educators, limit the employee’s constitutional right to a fair labour practice.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the highly topical subject of regulation surrounding commercial practices. This examination is divided into four chapters. The first chapter looks at the notion of commercial practices by considering both the linguistic and legal definition of the term, and the importance of the regulation is proved. The second chapter deals with the question of division of law into its public and private counterparts. The discussion of the consequences of this division are crucial for a better analysis of the actual implementation of the EU Directive 2005/29/CE on unfair commercial practices. In the third chapter, the scope of application of this Directive is analysed and the main principles of regulation are described. The final section focuses on the Czech law on unfair commercial practices. In this segment, the text of the provisions of the Czech Code of Consumer Protection is compared to the Directive, and the system of legal redress and sanctions in the Code of Consumer Protection is critically analysed. The legal regulation of "promotional events", during which the ban of unfair commercial practices is often breached, is placed under scrutiny. The Directive was also implemented into the Code of Regulation of Advertisement. One subchapter of the fourth chapter is therefore...

Magister Legum - LLM / The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor. / South Africa