Much affected by viewing the Yugoslav Wars' ruins, I resolved to study archaeology in conflict. I wanted to explore archaeology's role in conflict and archaeologists' responsibilities in conflict zones; but unable to conduct such work in Kosova/Kosovo, I went to Cyprus. Drawing together professional documentation and public education, professional and community interactions and interviews, and cultural heritage site visits, I researched the destruction of community places, the looting of cultural heritage, and the coping strategies of archaeologists. The key questions of this thesis are: is it legal and ethical to conduct archaeological work in occupied and secessionist territories? How is public knowledge of cultural heritage looting and destruction constructed? What are cultural heritage professionals' responsibilities for knowledge production during conflict? How ought cultural heritage professionals to combat the looting and illicit trading of antiquities? I have addressed these questions by concentrating upon cultural heritage workers' narratives of looting and destruction from 1955 until the present in professional discussion and mass education. First, I argue that archaeologists have misinterpreted international law, and through boycotting and blacklisting of rescue archaeology in northern Cyprus, harmed both the profession and the cultural heritage. Second, I argue that cultural heritage workers have been unwillingly coopted, or actively complicit in the conflict, in the production of nationalist histories, and thus nationalist communities, therefore in the reproduction of nationalist conflict. Third, I argue that cultural heritage workers have knowingly contributed to the conflict and its destruction, through their nationalist policies on the paramilitary-dominated illicit antiquities trade. My conclusions are: that an ethical antiquities policy would cut funding to and thereby reduce conflict-fuelling extremist activity; and that, where they have the freedom to practice it, professional and ethical archaeologies of destruction would promote intracommunal and intercommunal peace.

This thesis investigates the modalities and conditions of Afghan women's reappearance in the public domain following the downfall of the Taliban regime. Based on a twelvemonth ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2007 among different groups of women (women MPs, women's rights activists, female University Students) mostly based in Kabul, I study women's responses to various social anxieties that have emerged as a consequence of this new visibility. I argue that while the current ‘reconstruction' project has opened new possibilities for women and created new imaginaries pertaining to their role in society, the ideological framework (i.e liberal notions of equality and human rights etc.) on which it is grounded together with the strong military presence of foreign troops, have fuelled tensions at different levels of the Afghan society. Pressurized by their community to remain faithful to their ‘culture', ‘religion' and ‘tradition' on one hand, and encouraged to access the public and become ‘visible' by global forces on the other hand, women have been left with little choice but to adapt and find alternative ways to preserve a sense of autonomy. I describe these tactics as ‘oppositional practices of everyday life' (De Certeau 1984), i.e complex practices of dissimulation which under the necessary appearance of compliance and conformity allow women to reconfigure social norms and create new spaces for themselves. More generally, this work engages with issues such as nationalism, Islam, gender, veiling, modernity, agency, rights and the public sphere.

This dissertation develops a historical and theoretical reconstruction of the category and praxis of extraterritoriality in the fields of International Relations and Public International Law. The analysis first addresses the dominant Neo-Liberal tradition and its focus on the concept of 'judicial globalisation', before engaging with critical and Marxist studies that rely on imperialism and capitalism as explanatory phenomena. In response, the thesis argues that extraterritoriality is a political process, covering a set of jurisdictional struggles determined by contested social property relations. As legal strategies of accumulation, these struggles can neither be explained by a chronologically and discursively progressive deterritorialising world order, through which they emerge as depoliticised events, nor by structural and functional theories of capitalist or Western imperialism that narrowly assume their logic and behaviour. This argument emerges from the analysis of three historical case studies: 16th to 17th century Spain, 17th to 18th century France, and 19th century Britain. Each case, set in its international context, evinces the role of specific intellectual debates, juridical institutions and legal strategies of accumulation in shaping contending extraterritorial regimes and legal world orders. Thereby, the thesis reformulates a Political Marxist approach as a historical sociology that places the actors and politics of international legal processes at the forefront of the history of Public International Law. This approach enables a non-determinist understanding of contemporary extraterritoriality. It dissociates its analysis from a naturalised history of judicial globalisation and from a monolithic history of capitalism, to resituate extraterritorial practices in a more open and contested field in between those of International Relations and Public International Law. In conclusion, examining the politics of extraterritoriality exposes Public International Law as a practical site of struggle between legal strategies of expansion, accumulation and resistance. This historical and theoretical reconstruction asserts the political legitimacy and agency of otherwise excluded legal actors and ideas, affected by and involved in the multiple transitions in the forms of sovereign jurisdiction and territorial control.

Shared residence was previously viewed with suspicion by the judiciary, but following D v D [2001] a line of cases has developed, where this order is said to benefit children, firstly, by helping them feel cherished, and, secondly, by improving parental cooperation and thus protect children from the harmful effects of exposure to their conflicts. This thesis reviews available research to conclude that shared residence is so unlikely to achieve either objective where it is ordered against a parent's wishes, that the order should be restricted to families where both parents agree. Autopoietic theory is combined with feminist critique to explain the selfreferential nature of law, its tendency to prioritise children's abstract need for fathers and its inability to fully understand parents' complex disputes. The thesis compares the preconditions for, and use of, shared residence in England and in Sweden, concluding that despite better preconditions, Swedish court-imposed shared residence arrangements are unlikely to last, and can harm children by increasing their exposure to conflict. There is also, in contested cases, a worrying focus on equal rights for parents, with children who have grown up in these arrangements complaining of feeling objectified. This, combined with a growing emphasis in English case law on sending symbolic messages about status, is a strong argument against a shared residence presumption. It seems naïve to assume that new, collaborative co-parenting patterns can develop after separation merely because law coerces the adults into a particular kind of formal arrangement. The suspicion is therefore raised that law's agenda is in fact something very different: to mask familial and societal change by making post-separation families conform to a binuclear pattern which resembles the nuclear ideal not only in membership but also in its hierarchical structure.

This thesis analyzes the enforcement measures for the protection of intellectual property rights in an international and regional framework. The challenges posed by the digital technology / the difficulties faced by right holders, judiciary, public agencies, international and regional organizations in the implementation stages will be discussed by referring to the legal texts such as the TRIPS Agreement, the EU Enforcement Directive and Regulations. All dimensions of counterfeiting and piracy will constitute an important focus of this thesis. The thesis will seek to clarify uncertainties arising from the jurisdictional conflicts for the determination of the applicable law and competent courts in intellectual property cases involving foreign elements.

Cette thèse propose une théorie générale des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. Cette entreprise, qui est une première dans la doctrine de droit international, présente, à titre principal, deux intérêts. Premièrement, elle démontre que le concept de normes internationales prescrivant l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne permet de décrire une partie fondamentale du droit international positif, habituellement présentée au moyen d'autres concepts très connus, en particulier le principe de primauté ou de supériorité du droit international et le conflit ou la contrariété entre droit international et droit interne. Deuxièmement, en s'appuyant sur 250 instruments et 750 jugements, extraits principalement du droit des affaires, du droit de l'environnement, du droit des droits de l'homme, du droit pénal, du droit du travail et du droit de l'Union européenne, cette thèse prouve qu'il existe un régime commun à l'ensemble des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. / This thesis establishes a general theory of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule. This research, the first of its sort to be undertaken in international legal doctrine, follows two principal lines of enquiry. Firstly, it demonstrates that the concept of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule provide a basis on which to describe a fundamental part of positive international law, usually presented by mean of well-know others concepts as the principle of primacy or superiority of the international law, and the conflict or contradiction between international law and internal law. Secondly, this thesis draws on more than 250 legal instruments and 750 judgments, relating principally to business law, environmental law, human-rights law, criminal law, labour law and European Union law, to illustrate the existence of a coherent regime governing all international norms prescribing the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-22T12:50:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Alonso Vieira.pdf: 1196140 bytes, checksum: c8f63bea4ff6deaab2084f080d753443 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Alonso Vieira.pdf: 1196140 bytes, checksum: c8f63bea4ff6deaab2084f080d753443 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / This paper aims to demonstrate why the uniform application principle provided in CISG is, at the same time, real, utopic and necessary. Since the invasion of Rome by the barbarians there has not been a universal or uniform law, such as jus gentium. Thenceforth, in a legal pluralism environment, the world has been through moments of seeking for nationalism or the uniformization of the law. With the emergence of lex mercatoria and, more recently, with the advent of globalization, the world has become extremely dynamic and without barriers between the States. In this context, various schools of thought have risen advocating for a “global uniform Law” and, afterwards, given its impossibility, a uniform law for specific matters of substantive law. Then, the most successful uniform law of all times: CISG was drafted. Intending to be a uniform legal diploma, it is necessary for its provisions to be understood in a uniform manner. As the provided in article 7 of CISG. However, the interpretation of the provisions of the convention drawn up in a vague concept and in several official languages, ratified by States in different social, economic, political and religious backgrounds is a utopia. Although, this utopia is necessary to maintain limits and borders when the application of the legal provisions by the CISG interpreters. Without the established frame work by the utopic uniform interpretation, CISG would never reach its objectives and, most likely, would be dead / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que o princípio da interpretação uniforme inserido na CISG é, ao mesmo tempo, real, utópico e necessário. Desde a invasão de Roma pelos bárbaros não se tem mais um direito universal ou uniforme como o jus gentium. A partir daí, num ambiente de pluralismo jurídico, o mundo passou por momentos de busca pelo nacionalismo ou pela uniformização do direito. Com o surgimento da lex mercatoria e, mais recentemente, com o advento da globalização, o mundo tornou-se extremamente dinâmico e sem barreiras entre os Estados. Nesse contexto, surgem diversas correntes doutrinárias defendendo a tese de um “direito uniforme mundial” e, posteriormente, dada a sua impossibilidade, um direito uniforme para determinadas matérias do direito substantivo. É elaborada, então, a mais bem-sucedida lei uniforme de todos os tempos: a CISG. Para tentar ser um diploma uniforme, torna-se necessário que os seus dispositivos sejam interpretados de maneira uniforme. É o que dispõe o artigo 7 da CISG. Contudo, interpretar artigos da convenção redigida com conceitos vagos e em diversos idiomas oficiais, ratificada por Estados em diferentes momentos sociais, econômicos, políticos e religiosos é uma utopia. No entanto, essa utopia é necessária para manter limites e fronteiras quando da aplicação dos dispositivos legais pelos intérpretes da CISG. Sem essa moldura estabelecida pela utópica interpretação uniforme, a CISG jamais chegaria perto dos fins para os quais ela foi criada e, muito provavelmente, já estaria morta

Private enforcement, which primarily represents individuals&rsquo / right to claim damage arisen from violations of competition law, supplements public enforcement and ensures indemnification of individual loss. However, private enforcement of competition law has fallen behind public law enforcement in laws presented in this study, other than those enforced in the USA. Realizing this fact, European Commission, has recently focused on the enhancement and facilitation of private enforcement in the Community competition law. The lagging behind of private enforcement mainly sources from the cultural and traditional differences in the understanding of liability law between Anglo Saxon Law and Continental Law. Anglo Saxon law tradition is inclined to leave the matter to individual action, whereas Continental Law is in more favor of strengthening regulatory mechanisms. More specific obstacles to the improvement of private enforcement are, yet not exhaustively, indefiniteness of legal basis of claims, involvement of complex economic analysis while stating the case, courts&rsquo / lack of technical knowledge, indefinite relationship between judiciary and competition authorities, problems in proving damage and causality, absence of facilitating procedural mechanisms such as class actions, treble damage and discovery rights. In the Community law context it is also highly probable to encounter peculiar problems arisen from co-existence of different national laws. Additionally, implementation of the Community competition law by national authorities may also lead to the weakening of the Single Market objective. Through this study, we will present probable solutions by depicting all these problems.

Que l’on appréhende le droit uniforme sous l’angle du droit international privé ou que l’on mesure les incidences de la vision communautaire du droit uniforme sur l’évolution du droit international privé des Etats membres, les interactions entre droit uniforme africain et droit international privé peuvent se résumer aux constats suivants. La simple uniformisation du droit entre des Etats se révèle insuffisante à éliminer ou à résorber les conflits de lois et au-delà l’ensemble des difficultés suscitées par l’élément d’extranéité à savoir les conflits de juridictions, la condition des étrangers … Les raisons en sont notamment que l’unification du droit (règles de fond et règles de procédure) n’a jamais pu être totale, des points irréductibles pouvant se révéler insurmontables au stade de la conception des règles uniformes mais aussi l’uniformisation pouvant s’altérer par la suite, lors de son application, du fait de divers facteurs. Les législateurs supranationaux ont donc dû accompagner, le plus souvent, les règles uniformes de fond de règles uniformes de droit international privé de sorte qu’on conclut, en droit uniforme africain, à l’émergence d’un droit international privé d’origine communautaire. Secrété par un droit, lui-même spécifique, se situant à l’intersection du droit international et du droit interne, du droit public et du droit privé, le droit international privé issu du droit uniforme africain sera lui aussi nécessairement spécifique dans sa conception, dans ses méthodes, outils ou instruments même s’il fait preuve à certains égards d’un certain classicisme. Son avènement a bouleversé les assises du droit international privé interne des Etats membres et au delà celles de la discipline du droit international privé elle-même. Toutefois, ce droit international privé, encore en gestation, reste lacunaire dans ses outils et instruments et doit prendre nécessairement appui sur celui des Etats membres comme une nécessité vitale. / Either uniform law is seen from the point of view of the private international law or either one assesses the impact of the communal vision of uniform law on the evolution of private international law of member states, the interactions between African uniform law and private international law can all be summed up as follows. A mere unification of laws between some states is not enough to eliminate or solve conflicts of laws and all the difficulties brought about by foreign origin element, such as jurisdiction disputes, foreigners legal status,… The reasons of this situation are that the unification of law (content and procedure rules) has never been total because some indomitable points may prove to be insurmountable at the level of the drafting of uniform rules, but also because the unification of laws can deteriorate further on during its implementation due to various factors. Therefore, the supranational lawmakers have often had to back up the uniform content rules with the uniform rules of private international laws. This leads, in the African uniform law to the emergence of a private international law with a communal origin. The private international law deriving from African uniform law will also be specific in its conception, its methods, its tools or instrument, even if to some extent, it shows some classicism. This is because the private international law deriving from the African uniform law has been fathered by a law which is specific in itself because it stands between international and home law, between public and private law. Its advent has upset the basics of the international home law of member states but also the basics of the private international law itself. However, this private international law which is still in its gestation period still has some weaknesses in its instruments and rules and must necessarily lean on that of member states as it is a vital necessity.

A première vue, les obligations de l’Etat déterminent les comportements de ce dernier, et l’on ne perçoit pas en quoi le droit interne pourrait leur porter atteinte. Pourtant, la production de certains actes juridiques, entendus par le droit international comme réalisant immédiatement des situations individuelles, pourra être considérée comme une violation de ces obligations. Avant même leur exécution, un fait internationalement illicite pourra être consacré. Certaines règles juridiques, en revanche, apparaîtront plus abstraites au regard du droit international, et ne pourront donner lieu, de leur simple fait, qu’à un risque de violation des obligations de l’Etat. Il faudra alors envisager une autre catégorie d’obligations qui, cette fois, se porteront sur l’état du droit interne général. L’existence de règles dont l’état n’est pas celui requis par ces obligations pourra alors donner lieu à un fait internationalement illicite. Se pose toutefois, dans un second temps, la question de la responsabilité qui peut naître de tels faits, dont les conséquences préjudiciables semblent bien limitées. Plus le droit interne à l’origine de l’illicéité sera abstrait, plus la responsabilité de l’Etat s’éloignera d’une quelconque dimension réparatoire, pour se tourner vers une garantie de la légalité future. Vient alors la problématique de la mise en oeuvre de cette responsabilité. Les conditions classiques de recevabilité des demandes devant les juridictions internationales peuvent en effet s’opposer à ce que puisse être prise en compte une violation du fait du droit interne in abstracto. Alors que ces obstacles pourront aisément être levés dans le cas des actes juridiques individuels, les règles internes en conflit avec les obligations de l’Etat seront, à des degrés divers, plus difficiles à mettre en cause dans un cadre contentieux. Toutefois, certaines juridictions ou quasi-juridictions internationales s’affranchissent aujourd’hui de ce cadre, incitant ainsi fortement les Etats à adapter leur droit interne, selon les nouvelles exigences du droit international. / At first sight, international obligations define real actions of States. Domestic law seems, from certain points of view, unable to affect them. However, the mere enactment of national legal acts, understood by international law as immediate realizations of individual situations, may be amount to a breach of these international obligations. Without any enforcement, an international wrongful act will be exposed. Nevertheless, some domestic norms will still be very abstract from an international point of view. Their creation and maintenance in force can’t be seen an international failure rather a risk. Thus, our task will be to find some other kind of State’s obligations, that relates specifically to a given state of general domestic law. An international wrongful act will be then constituted by the very existence of a national norm, if its state is not the one required by international law. Still, the question of State responsibility for such actions, which don’t cause any concrete injury, has to be answered. The more abstract domestic law is, the furthest responsibility will be from a restorative dimension. Responsibility will only be aimed at protecting the international rule of law for the future. Finally, this leads us to the question of the implementation of this responsibility, since classic international litigation law can prevent a claim against domestic law as a wrongful act. This challenge is easily overcome as long as an individual legal act is at stake. On the contrary, a claim against the fact of a general norm is, on different levels, far more difficult to present before international courts. Today however, some international tribunals go beyond this frame, urging States to adapt their domestic law, following the new exigencies of international law.