Title: Urban Ventilation Dependence on Geometric Configuration Author: RNDr. Ing. Libor Kukačka Department: Department of Atmospheric Physics Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Zbyněk Jaňour, DrSc., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Thermomechanics, v. v. i. Abstract: The main goal of the thesis is to investigate the impact of urban geometry on the urban ventilation using wind-tunnel modelling. To measure the pollutant transport, both advective and turbulent, within complex urban geometries with a high temporal resolution a special measurement method was developed. At first, the pollution of a simplified urban area was simulated by a ground-level point source and the ventilation of the intersection with respect to four wind directions was studied. Later, the pollution of other simplified and complex urban areas was simulated by a ground-level line source and the ventilation of three different street canyons with respect to wind direction perpendicular and oblique to their along-canyon axis was investigated. The clear impact of urban complexity and wind direction on street canyon ventilation is demonstrated at lateral and top openings of all investigated canyons and the intersection. Whilst the dominance of the pollutant advection is demonstrated at the eaves of pitched roofs, at the roof ridges...

Abstracts in English and Zulu / Bibliography: leaves 138-141 / Multilingualism is the norm in most urban areas of South Africa. This study aims to discover the perceptions of young adults towards their mother tongue due to being exposed to multiple languages in their daily environment at a very young age. The study further investigates whether young adults acquire their mother tongue whilst growing up in an environment that has multiple languages. It also seeks to determine the role that parents play in the acquisition of mother tongue by their children. Literature was reviewed in order to explain and understand the standing of African languages in South Africa. This study is guided by the theories of first language development and acquisition and Cummins’ concepts of Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) theories. The study employed a mixed-method approach. Empirical data was collected by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews from young adults and parents. Data collected was analysed by a statistician using categorical data analysis. The researcher used graphs to present findings from analysed data. Findings from the empirical data show that young adults who grew up in a multilingual environment acquire more than one language. Parents also play a role in nurturing the acquisition of the mother tongue / Ubuliminingi yisimo esijwayelike kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni zalapha eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuthola izimvo zabantu abasebasha mayelana nolimi lwabo lwebele njengoba kulesi sikhathi samanje bedibana nesimo lapho behlangana khona nabantu abakhuluma izilimi ezahlukene. Lolu cwaningo luhlose futhi nokubheka iqhaza elibanjwe abazali ekufundiseni abantwana babo ulimi lwabo lebele. Kulolu cwaningo kusetshenziswe ongoti abahlukene ukuze kuchazwe futhi kuqondisiswe ukuthi zime kuphi izilimi zendabuko zaseNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise izindlela zokucwaninga eziningi. Ulwazi locwaningo luqoqwe ngokusebenzisa amapheshana emibuzo, kanye nezingxoxo ezingahleliwe ezenziwe kubazali nakubantu abasha. Ulwazi locwaningo luhlaziywe umhlaziyi wezinombolo esebenzisa uhlaziyo lwezigaba zocwaningo ezahlukene. Okutholakele ekuhlaziyweni kolwazi kuveze ukuthi abantu abasha abakhulele lapho okukhulunywa khona izilimi ezahlukene bazuza ulwazi lwalezo zilimi bagcine sebekwazi ukukhuluma nezinye izilimi okungezona ezabo. Kuvelile nokuthi nabazali bayaqinisekisa ukuthi abantwana babo bayalufunda ulimi lwabo lwebele. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design varied reconstruction solutions of Meluzínova, Františky Skaunicové and Komprdova streets. Given the current situation, emphasis was placed on appropriate solution of static transport and overall concept of the transport space that will meet today's requirements. All variants were then developped in form of a study, into situation drawings and model cross sections. By a multi-criteria evaluation the optimal variant was chosen and further elaborated in detail.

In a society where everything must be within the vicinity and accessible, people face challenges like climate, segregation and inequality. All people have the right to services such as education, care, work and housing without being prevented by unsustainable urban planning. Sustainable urban planning can define several things, but something all definitions have in common is that they use strategic plans. One such well spoken about is the "15 minute city" which was introduced in 2016 by the urbanist and professor Carlos Moreno. The concept is about an accessible city, in terms of services, education, care, work and more, for residents within a 15 minute walk or bike ride. Attempts to apply the 15 minute city can be seen in several cities around the world and partially in Stockholm, Sweden. An example is in Södertälje, a suburb in Stockholm county, which is characterized by the car centric city. The swedish policy “ Trafik för en attraktiv stad” (TRAST) helps sektion with urban planning and sustainability with focus on traffic. Because of these guidelines and Södertäljes oversight plan over their whole urban area it would be of interest to investigate how well the 15 minute city can be applied in Södertälje and its relation to the district of Ronna. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential Södertälje has in becoming a 15 minute city, in regards to the swedish policy document TRAST. In addition, studying whether the strategic plan can complement Södertälje's oversight plan of the entire city. The method that was applied consisted of literature study and case study where literature was gathered, for example, via search engines like Web of Science and Diva Portal. The case study consisted of two site visits, one earlier and one later in the day. The result and the analysis indicate that several aspects in Södertäljes oversight planning of their area and TRAST match that of the 15 minute city. Introducing this type of planning in the city requires, for example, that several barriers or the carsdomination in the urban area be remedied or reduced, which can provide opportunities for pedestrians and cyclists. The conclusions drawn from the results are that the introduction of the 15-minute city concept in the urban area, Södertälje, is possible. At last at recommendation to continuation of the study is a case study would consist of a city that has recently applied the 15 minute city and compare the effects of this more concretely. / I ett samhälle där allting ska vara nära och tillgängligt möts människor av utmaningar om klimatet, segregation och ojämlikhet. Alla människor har rätten till funktioner som utbildning, vård, arbete och boende utan att förhindras av en dålig samhällsplanering. Hållbar samhällsplanering kan innebära flera saker men något alla definitioner har gemensamt är att de tillämpar planstrategier. En sådan är “15 minutersstaden” som introducerades år 2016 av urbanisten och professorn Carlos Moreno. Idén handlar om en tillgänglig stad, vad gäller just funktionerna, utbildning, vård, arbete och mer, för invånarna inom en kvarts promenad eller cykeltur. Försök att tillämpa 15 minutersstaden finns i flera städer runtom i världen och i Sverige kan man hitta det delvis i Stockholm. Ett exempel är i Södertälje tätort, i Stockholms län, som präglas av bilsamhället. Policyn “Trafik för en attraktiv stad” (TRAST), hjälper sektorer inom samhällsplaneringen att samarbeta för ett hållbart planerande med fokus på trafiken. med hjälp av dess riktlinjer och översiktsplanen i Södertälje skulle vara av intresse att undersöka hur väl 15 minutersstaden går att applicera, och detta i förhållande till en av dess stadsdelar Ronna.  Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka potentialen Södertälje har i att bli en 15 minutersstad med hänsyn till policyn TRAST. Dessutom studerades likheter och skillnader mellan Södertäljes översiktsplan och 15 minutersstaden vad gäller planeringen. Metoden som tillämpades var kvalitativ och bestod av en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie. Fallstudien omfattade två platsbesök i stadsdelen Ronna, en tidigare och en senare på dygnet.  Resultatet och analysen tyder på att flera aspekter i översiktsplanen och TRAST:en stämmer överens med 15 minutersstaden. Det går dessutom att införa denna planeringstyp i Södertälje men kräver dock till exempel att flera barriärer åtgärdas, såväl bildominansen i tätorten. Detta för att ge möjlighet åt gående och cyklister att röra sig i staden. Slutsatserna som dras utifrån resultaten är att införandet av konceptet 15 minutersstaden i tätorten Södertälje är möjlig. Som en sista slutsats i arbetet finns framtid forskning vilket berör att studera en stad som nyligen applicerat 15 minutersstaden och jämföra effekterna av detta mer konkret.

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Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente une nouvelle approche non supervisée pour détecter et segmenter les régions urbaines dans les images hyperspectrales. La méthode proposée n ́ecessite trois étapes. Tout d’abord, afin de réduire le coût calculatoire de notre algorithme, une image couleur du contenu spectral est estimée. A cette fin, une étape de réduction de dimensionalité non-linéaire, basée sur deux critères complémentaires mais contradictoires de bonne visualisation; à savoir la précision et le contraste, est réalisée pour l’affichage couleur de chaque image hyperspectrale. Ensuite, pour discriminer les régions urbaines des régions non urbaines, la seconde étape consiste à extraire quelques caractéristiques discriminantes (et complémentaires) sur cette image hyperspectrale couleur. A cette fin, nous avons extrait une série de paramètres discriminants pour décrire les caractéristiques d’une zone urbaine, principalement composée d’objets manufacturés de formes simples g ́eométriques et régulières. Nous avons utilisé des caractéristiques texturales basées sur les niveaux de gris, la magnitude du gradient ou des paramètres issus de la matrice de co-occurrence combinés avec des caractéristiques structurelles basées sur l’orientation locale du gradient de l’image et la détection locale de segments de droites. Afin de réduire encore la complexité de calcul de notre approche et éviter le problème de la ”malédiction de la dimensionnalité” quand on décide de regrouper des données de dimensions élevées, nous avons décidé de classifier individuellement, dans la dernière étape, chaque caractéristique texturale ou structurelle avec une simple procédure de K-moyennes et ensuite de combiner ces segmentations grossières, obtenues à faible coût, avec un modèle efficace de fusion de cartes de segmentations. Les expérimentations données dans ce rapport montrent que cette stratégie est efficace visuellement et se compare favorablement aux autres méthodes de détection et segmentation de zones urbaines à partir d’images hyperspectrales. / This master’s thesis presents a new approach to urban area detection and segmentation in hyperspectral images. The proposed method relies on a three-step procedure. First, in order to decrease the computational complexity, an informative three-colour composite image, minimizing as much as possible the loss of information of the spectral content, is computed. To this end, a non-linear dimensionality reduction step, based on two complementary but contradictory criteria of good visualization, namely accuracy and contrast, is achieved for the colour display of each hyperspectral image. In order to discriminate between urban and non-urban areas, the second step consists of extracting some complementary and discriminant features on the resulting (three-band) colour hyperspectral image. To attain this goal, we have extracted a set of features relevant to the description of different aspects of urban areas, which are mainly composed of man-made objects with regular or simple geometrical shapes. We have used simple textural features based on grey-levels, gradient magnitude or grey-level co-occurence matrix statistical parameters combined with structural features based on gradient orientation, and straight segment detection. In order to also reduce the computational complexity and to avoid the so-called “curse of dimensionality” when clustering high-dimensional data, we decided, in the final third step, to classify each individual feature (by a simple K-means clustering procedure) and to combine these multiple low-cost and rough image segmentation results with an efficient fusion model of segmentation maps. The experiments reported in this report demonstrate that the proposed segmentation method is efficient in terms of visual evaluation and performs well compared to existing and automatic detection and segmentation methods of urban areas from hyperspectral images.

Ho Chi Minh-Ville (Saigon) est reconnue universellement en tant que ville historique végétale et hydraulique. Trente ans après le lancement de la politique de Renouveau (1986), elle s’est transformée en une métropole trépidante de plus de 10 millions d’habitants faisant face à une urbanisation accélérée, tant horizontale que verticale. Alors que son centre est métamorphosé par la construction de nombreuses grandes tours résidentielles, commerciales et de bureaux, ses territoires périurbains et ruraux s’urbanisent et se modernisent par le biais des Nouvelles Zones Urbaines (KDTM) construites depuis 1996. Dans cette fabrique spatiale concrète, les interventions des investisseurs et opérateurs privés jouent un rôle déterminant. Ils sont actuellement des acteurs clés des KDTM qu’ils orientent vers un cadre de vie mondialisé en direction des classes aisées. Cependant ces nouveaux quartiers ne correspondent pas toujours à leurs objectifs initiaux, ni même à leurs concepts et à leur communication publicitaire. Cet écart découle en premier lieu d’une gestion urbaine hiératique. Les textes officiels et les plans directeurs sont encore trop peu consolidés, les autorités municipales et locales ne contrôlant dans les faits que difficilement une expansion métropolitaine galopante. A partir de recherches documentaires, cartographiques, photographiques et d’analyses in situ et in vivo, la thèse traite la question centrale des modalités de privatisation des KDTM de 1996 à nos jours. Elle met en lumière les modes opératoires de la production urbaine des acteurs privés ainsi que les effets en retour des KDTM sur les mutations spatiales et sociétales de la grande métropole économique du Vietnam. / Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) has been universally and historically known as a planted and hydraulic city. Thirty years after the beginning of the Renewal policy (1986), it has become a hectic megalopolis inhabited by more than 10 million people. Moreover, it is facing an accelerated urbanization, which is both horizontal and vertical. While its center is transformed through the construction of many high residential, commercial and office towers, its peri-urban and rural areas are urbanized and modernized thanks to the construction of New Urban Areas (KDTM) whose construction starts from 1996. In this concrete urban fabric, interventions of private investors and operators play an important role. They are currently key developers of KDTMs, who contributes to the development of globalized living environments for the upper class. However these new neighborhoods do not always match their initial purposes, concepts and advertising. First, this gap results in a hieratic urban management. Official texts and master plans are still not accurate, and municipal and local authorities have difficulties to control a quick metropolitan expansion. Based on documentary, cartographic, and photographic research, as well as in situ and in vivo analysis, the thesis looks into the KDTM privatization’s modalities, from 1996 to the present day. It highlights the modes of private actors’ urban production, as well as the impact of KDTMs on the spatial and social changes of the great Vietnamese metropolis.

O trabalho tem por principal objetivo verificar, preliminarmente, a possibilidade de reduzir a quantidade de indivíduos na amostra de Pesquisa de Entrevistas Domiciliares, sem prejudicar a qualidade e representatividade da mesma. Analisar a influência das características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana constitui o objetivo intermediário. Para ambos os objetivos, a principal ferramenta utilizada foi o minerador de dados denominado Árvore de Decisão e Classificação contido no software S-Plus 6.1, que encontra as relações entre as características socioeconômicas dos indivíduos, as características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana e os padrões de viagens encadeadas. Os padrões de viagens foram codificados em termos de sequência cronológica de: motivos, modos, durações de viagem e períodos do dia em que as viagens ocorrem. As análises foram baseadas nos dados da Pesquisa de Entrevistas Domiciliares realizada pela Agência de Cooperação Internacional do Japão e Governo do Estado do Pará em 2000 na Região Metropolitana de Belém. Para se atingir o objetivo intermediário o método consistiu em analisar, através da Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, a influência da variável categórica Macrozona, que representa as características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana, nos padrões de viagens encadeadas realizados pelos indivíduos. Para o objetivo principal, o método consistiu em escolher, aleatoriamente, sub-amostras contendo 25% de pessoas da amostra final e verificar, através do Processamento de Árvores de Decisão e Classificação e do teste estatístico Kolmogorov - Smirnov, se os modelos obtidos a partir das amostras reduzidas conseguem ilustrar bem a freqüência de ocorrência dos padrões de viagens das pessoas da amostra final. Concluiu-se que as características espaciais e de uso de solo influenciam os padrões de encadeamento de viagens, e portanto foram incluídas como variáveis preditoras também nos modelos obtidos a partir das sub-amostras. A conclusão principal foi a não rejeição da hipótese de que é possível reduzir o tamanho da amostra de pesquisas domiciliares para fins de estudo do encadeamento de viagens. Entretanto ainda são necessárias muitas outras verificações antes de aceitar esta conclusão. / The main aim of this work is to verify, the possibility of reducing the sample size in home-interview surveys, without being detrimental to the quality and representation. The sub aim of this work is to analyze the influence of spatial characteristics and land use of an urban area. For both aims, the main analyses tool used was Data Miner called the Decision and Classification Tree which is in the software S-Plus 6.1. The Data Miner finds relations between trip chaining patterns and individual socioeconomic characteristics, spatial characteristics and land use patterns. The trip chaining patterns were coded in terms of chronological sequence of trip purpose, travel mode, travel time and the period of day in which travel occurs. The analyses were based on home-interview surveys carried out in the Belém Metropolitan Area in 2000, by Japan International Cooperation Agency and Pará State Government. In order to achieve the sub aim of this work, the method consisted of analyzing, using the Decision and Classification Tree, the influence of the categorical variable \"Macrozona\", which represents spatial characteristics and urban land use patterns, in trip chaining patterns carried by the individuals. Concerning the main aim, the method consisted of choosing sub-samples randomly containing 25% of the final sample of individuals and verifying (using Decision and Classification Tree and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test) whether the models obtained from the reduced samples can describe the frequency of the occurrence of the individuals trip chaining patterns in the final sample well. The first conclusion is that spatial characteristics and land use of the urban area have influenced the trip chaining patterns, and therefore they were also included as independent variables in the models obtained from the sub-samples. The main conclusion was the non-rejection of the hypothesis that it is possible to reduce the sample size in home-interview surveys used for trip-chaining research. Nevertheless, several other verifications are necessary before accepting this conclusion.

Em 2009, foi aprovada a Lei da Operação Urbana Consorciada (OUC) Porto Maravilha, tendo como objetivo promover a reestruturação urbana da zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro por meio da ampliação, articulação e requalificação dos seus espaços livres de uso público, com foco na melhoria da qualidade de vida de seus moradores e na sustentabilidade ambiental e socioeconômica da região. Esse objetivo está teoricamente em consonância com os conceitos trazidos pela bibliografia recente acerca do urbanismo sustentável e da qualidade ambiental urbana. Esta dissertação busca apontar os alcances e as limitações dos espaços públicos e da regulação urbanística de uso e ocupação do solo propostos pela OUC Porto Maravilha, sob o ponto de vista da qualidade ambiental urbana, como foco principal nas áreas livres e vegetadas. Além de uma investigação teórica desses aspectos, para efetivação do objetivo proposto, foram realizados o diagnóstico urbano da zona portuária do Rio e o estudo das propostas de projeto e legislação da OUC. Além disso, a pesquisa apresenta algumas experiências de regulamentações urbanísticas de uso e ocupação do solo, com foco na promoção de áreas livres e vegetadas em lotes, aplicadas em outras cidades do mundo. As análises e discussões desenvolvidas demonstram que, no âmbito nacional, a OUC Porto Maravilha apresenta diversas ações inovadoras com impacto positivo na qualidade ambiental urbana. Entretanto, a pesquisa também aponta os desafios e diretrizes que podem servir de referência para a formulação de futuras políticas públicas, tanto para a região objeto de estudo, como para outras localidades. / Porto Maravilha Urban Operation approved in 2009 has as its aim the promotion of the Rio de Janeiro harbor area renewal by expanding, articulating and requalifying its public open spaces, with special focus on the improvement of the resident\'s quality of life and on the sustainability. This objective is theoretically consonant with the concepts brought by recent bibliography on sustainable urbanism and on urban environmental quality. This thesis seeks to point out the scopes and limitations of public spaces and the use and occupancy ordinances proposed by the Porto Maravilha Urban Operation from the point of view of urban environmental quality, with a chief focus on the green and open areas. Besides a theoretical investigation of these aspects, in order to achieve the proposed objectives, this study also presents an urban diagnosis of the harbor area in Rio and an evaluation of the urban planning and legislation proposed for the project. Moreover, this research presents some experiences of urbanistic regulations on the use and occupancy of sites, focusing on promoting open and green spaces, applied in other cities of the world. The evaluations and discussions here developed show that, within the national scope, the Porto Maravilha has several innovative actions with a positive impact on urban environmental quality. However, the research also points to challenges and guidelines for the Project that can be a reference for the development of future public policies in the studied region as well as for other areas.

Em 2009, foi aprovada a Lei da Operação Urbana Consorciada (OUC) Porto Maravilha, tendo como objetivo promover a reestruturação urbana da zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro por meio da ampliação, articulação e requalificação dos seus espaços livres de uso público, com foco na melhoria da qualidade de vida de seus moradores e na sustentabilidade ambiental e socioeconômica da região. Esse objetivo está teoricamente em consonância com os conceitos trazidos pela bibliografia recente acerca do urbanismo sustentável e da qualidade ambiental urbana. Esta dissertação busca apontar os alcances e as limitações dos espaços públicos e da regulação urbanística de uso e ocupação do solo propostos pela OUC Porto Maravilha, sob o ponto de vista da qualidade ambiental urbana, como foco principal nas áreas livres e vegetadas. Além de uma investigação teórica desses aspectos, para efetivação do objetivo proposto, foram realizados o diagnóstico urbano da zona portuária do Rio e o estudo das propostas de projeto e legislação da OUC. Além disso, a pesquisa apresenta algumas experiências de regulamentações urbanísticas de uso e ocupação do solo, com foco na promoção de áreas livres e vegetadas em lotes, aplicadas em outras cidades do mundo. As análises e discussões desenvolvidas demonstram que, no âmbito nacional, a OUC Porto Maravilha apresenta diversas ações inovadoras com impacto positivo na qualidade ambiental urbana. Entretanto, a pesquisa também aponta os desafios e diretrizes que podem servir de referência para a formulação de futuras políticas públicas, tanto para a região objeto de estudo, como para outras localidades. / Porto Maravilha Urban Operation approved in 2009 has as its aim the promotion of the Rio de Janeiro harbor area renewal by expanding, articulating and requalifying its public open spaces, with special focus on the improvement of the resident\'s quality of life and on the sustainability. This objective is theoretically consonant with the concepts brought by recent bibliography on sustainable urbanism and on urban environmental quality. This thesis seeks to point out the scopes and limitations of public spaces and the use and occupancy ordinances proposed by the Porto Maravilha Urban Operation from the point of view of urban environmental quality, with a chief focus on the green and open areas. Besides a theoretical investigation of these aspects, in order to achieve the proposed objectives, this study also presents an urban diagnosis of the harbor area in Rio and an evaluation of the urban planning and legislation proposed for the project. Moreover, this research presents some experiences of urbanistic regulations on the use and occupancy of sites, focusing on promoting open and green spaces, applied in other cities of the world. The evaluations and discussions here developed show that, within the national scope, the Porto Maravilha has several innovative actions with a positive impact on urban environmental quality. However, the research also points to challenges and guidelines for the Project that can be a reference for the development of future public policies in the studied region as well as for other areas.