A cidade de São Paulo é marcada pelo asfalto, pelo horizonte de prédios, por seus arranha-céus, torres espelhadas, pelos rios soterrados ou canalizados e poluídos, pelo excesso de carros, pelo trânsito. A urbanização da capital paulistana, induzida pela industrialização, ocorreu de forma acelerada e sem preocupação com a natureza. O movimento ambientalista, que ganhou força no mundo na década de 1960, desencadeou uma série de novas demandas, tanto do cidadão que deseja e reivindica áreas verdes e novas políticas de preservação em sua cidade, quanto do consumidor que passou a desejar produtos que gerem menos impactos ambientais, como sacolas biodegradáveis e meios de transporte menos poluentes. Atualmente, essas demandas transformam o urbano em São Paulo e o verde se tornou elemento de valorização do espaço. Essa pesquisa busca compreender como a demanda pelo verde transforma o espaço e a vida dos moradores na periferia da cidade, com base nas políticas públicas de preservação no bairro de Vargem Grande, localizado na zona sul, no distrito de Parelheiros. Vargem Grande, que é um loteamento considerado irregular pelo Estado, se estabeleceu em 1989 dentro da Cratera de Colônia. A Cratera foi tombada pelo órgão de proteção ao patrimônio cultural do Estado de São Paulo como patrimônio geológico em 2003, por se tratar de área formada pelo impacto de um corpo celeste na Terra. Além disso, o bairro fica dentro da área de proteção aos mananciais da represa Billings e da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Capivari Monos. Existem mais de 17 leis que estabelecem como essa área deve ser ocupada. Vivem no bairro em torno de 50 mil pessoas, é com base no relato dos moradores sobre o cotidiano em Vargem Grande que buscamos compreender como se dá a relação entre essas políticas e a luta por moradia na cidade e como o discurso de preservação da natureza influencia na produção e reprodução desse espaço e da vida dos moradores. / The city of São Paulo is known, among others, for its asphalt, for its sky-line of buildings, for its skyscrapers and mirrored towers, for its buried or canalized and polluted rivers, for the excess of cars and for its traffic. The urbanization of the capital of the state, which was induced by industrialization, occurred in an accelerated manner and without concern for nature. Environmental movements, which gained worldwide traction in the 1970s, unleashed a series of new demands, both by the citizen who desires and claims green areas and new policies of conservation in his or her city, and the consumer who came to desire products that causes less environmental impact, like biodegradable bags and less pollutant means of transportation. Nowadays, these demands have been transforming the urban aspects of São Paulo and the green feature has become an element of space valorization. This research aims to comprehend how demands for a green environment transform the space and life of the dwellers in a working-class suburban area of the city, based on the public policies of conservation at the Vargem Grande quarter, located in the south zone, in the district of Parelheiros. Vargem Grande, a division of land into lots considered illegal by public power, was established in 1989 inside the Colônia Crater. The crater was put under government trust by the cultural heritage protection agency of the State of São Paulo as geological patrimony in 2003, for being an area formed by the impact of a celestial body on Earth. Besides that, the quarter is located inside the wellspring conservation area of the Billings dam and the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Capivari Monos. There are more than 17 laws that determine how this area should be occupied. Around 50 thousand people live in the quarter. Based on the report of some of the dwellers about their everyday life we seek to comprehend how these policies and the struggle for housing in the city relate to each other, and how the discourse on nature conservation influences the production and reproduction of both the space and life of its inhabitants.

Orientador: Enéas Rente Ferreira / Banca: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza / Banca: Alexandre Carvalho Andrade / Resumo: O desenvolvimento das cidades médias nas últimas décadas, ocasionado, em parte, pelo processo de desconcentração industrial, gerou, além de benefícios, diversos problemas para a população desses municípios. O rápido crescimento sem planejamento eficaz dessas cidades, aliado com o modelo de produção capitalista colaborou para o aumento dos problemas socioeconômicos nessas localidades. A mobilidade urbana passou, assim, a ser um desses problemas, dificultando a vida dos citadinos, principalmente nas áreas centrais das cidades. Dessa forma, entende-se que a atuação do poder público torna-se indispensável para a buscar soluções para melhorar a mobilidade da população, contribuindo para a sua qualidade de vida e também para adequar a cidade às novas exigências do mercado. Além disso, é função do Estado possibilitar uma política de mobilidade urbana adequada às necessidades da sociedade, já que praticamente todas as atividades dos citadinos dependem do deslocamento. Neste trabalho, analisa-se a situação da mobilidade urbana das cidades médias brasileiras, bem como seu processo de crescimento, tomando como exemplo o estudo de caso da cidade de Rio Claro - SP. Busca-se entender os problemas gerados pelo crescimento das cidades médias nas últimas décadas e, ainda, analisar o desempenho dos projetos propostos pelo poder público / Abstract: The development of medium-sized cities in recent decade, caused, partly, by the industrial deconcentration process generated, beyond benefits, several problems for these cities population. The unplanned rapid growth of these cities, together with the capitalist model of production collaborated for the increase of socioeconomics questions in these locations. The urban mobility became one of these problems, embarrassing citizen's lives, especially in downtown area. Therefore, the State began looking for solutions to improve urban mobility of the population, contributing to their quality of life and also to adapt the city to new market demand. Moreover, it is a function of the government enable of urban mobility policy fits the needs of society, since practically all city dwellers depend on the activity of dislocation. In these work, we analyzed the situation of Brazilian medium-sized cities downtown area, as well as its growth process, tanking as an example the case of the city of Rio Claro - SP. Seeks to understand the problems created by the growth of medium-sized cities in recent decades, and also analyze the performance of proposed projects by government / Mestre

Essa dissertação tem por objetivo analisar as relações entre os processos de industrialização e de urbanização no município de São Carlos, localizado no Centro- Oeste paulista, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960. O recorte temporal enquadra-se na etapa de desenvolvimento industrial brasileiro marcado pela concentração da produção no estado de São Paulo. Nesse período, o nexo econômico da industrialização se impõe à dinâmica urbana. As relações entre industrialização e urbanização da área urbana em São Carlos, no período em tela, foram estudadas em três dimensões: em relação aos processos territoriais; em relação à atuação do poder público no controle e/ou incentivo à instalação de indústrias e em relação à participação dos industriais no processo de expansão urbana. Os objetivos acima expostos foram atingidos através de pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento de dados estatísticos, dados secundários, bases cartográficas, entrevistas com empresários, pesquisa em jornais e pesquisa documental nos arquivos da Prefeitura de São Carlos, em especial na Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos. / This dissertation aims to examine the relationships between the processes of industrialization and urbanization in São Carlos, located in the Central West of the state of São Paulo, between the 1930s and the 1960s.The period in focus refers to Brazilian stage of industrial development, which is characterized by the concentrate of production in the state of São Paulo. In this period, the nexus of industrialization is imposed on urban dynamics. The relations between industrialization and urbanization in São Carlos, were be studied in three dimensions: in relation to territorial processes, in relation to the performance of the government in controlling and / or encouraging the installation of industries and in relation to the participation of the industrial agents in the urban expansion process. The objectives above were achieved through a bibliographical review, statistical and secondary data survey, cartographic databases, interviews with entrepreneurs and research in papers and documental research in the archives of the city of São Carlos, in particular at Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos.

O presente estudo aborda a espacialidade das formas de publicidade no espaço urbano da cidade de São Paulo nos primeiros anos do século XXI. Nossa problemática compreende elencar questões que demonstram a maneira pela qual as formas de publicidade se metamorfoseiam mesmo quando existe ampla restrição legal, bem como suas respectivas consequências. Como combustível do sistema capitalista, a publicidade e mais especificamente seus arautos: as mídias se inserem de modo cada vez mais crescente no cotidiano das sociedades amparadas no advento das técnicas e no modo de vida urbano. Os investimentos em mídia são mensurados em função da audiência. Desta forma, as particularidades de cada tipo de mídia são consideradas e avaliadas para se obter o Retorno Sobre Investimento (ROI)1. O capital para investimentos em publicidade exterior não evaporou quando ocorreu em São Paulo a proibição das formas tradicionais de veiculação publicitária, a partir da implementação da Lei Cidade Limpa2 no ano de 2006. Ao contrário, observamos que esse capital migrou para outras formas de publicidade (outras mídias concorrentes tais como a TV, jornal e internet, por exemplo), ou destinou-se a subsidiar a livre iniciativa dos empresários deste meio a proporem formas alternativas de publicidade exterior. No bojo dessas mudanças observa-se a conivência do poder público para a formação de monopólios a partir das formas regulamentadas; a ampliação da mídia em espaços privados de grande circulação como, por exemplo, nos meios de transporte, shopping centers e pontos de venda; o avanço de iniciativas de alto valor agregado, em virtude da excepcional ausência de publicidade de forma discreta ou travestida; além das formas de privatização do espaço público através dos termos de cooperação que preveem a zeladoria e manutenção de equipamentos públicos em troca de publicidade in loco ou na ampla divulgação gratuita dessas iniciativas atrelando marcas dos mecenas. O contexto atual possibilita a capitalização de formas simbólicas de poder, por parte dos atores sociais envolvidos na limpeza ou melhoria da paisagem, em virtude das narrativas em prol do embelezamento da cidade, uma vez que a temática não encontra contraposição na sociedade. Este modelo ganha fama mundial, e a cidade como um todo se transforma em laboratório de iniciativas, onde as benesses preconizadas ocorrem sob o preço da transformação da publicidade em espaço parametrizado (mas não fiscalizado) para outras formas, discretas, mas não menos eficazes e dotadas de espacialidades variadas. / The present study approaches the spatiality of the forms of advertising in the urban space of the city of São Paulo in the first years of the 21st century. Our problematic includes questions that demonstrate the way in which forms of advertising metamorphose even when there is ample legal restriction, as well as its consequences. As a fuel for the capitalist system, advertising - and more specifically its heralds: the media - is increasingly inserted in the daily life of societies supported by the advent of techniques and urban life. Media investments are measured by the audience. In this way, the particularities of each type of media are considered and evaluated for Return on Investment (ROI). The capital for investments in outdoor advertising did not evaporate when the prohibition of traditional forms of advertising advertising took place in São Paulo, following the implementation of the Clean City Law in 2006. On the contrary, we observed that this capital migrated to other forms of advertising (other competing media such as TV, newspaper and internet, for example), or was intended to subsidize the free initiative of entrepreneurs of this medium to propose alternative forms of outdoor advertising. In the midst of these changes one observes the connivance of the public power for the formation of monopolies from the regulated forms; the expansion of the media in private spaces of great circulation as, for example, in the means of transport, malls and points of sale; the advance of initiatives of high added value, due to the exceptional absence of publicity in a discreet or travestida form; besides the forms of privatization of the public space through the terms of cooperation that provide for the janitorial and maintenance of public equipment in exchange for publicity in loco or in the wide free dissemination of these initiatives, attaching brands of the \"patrons\". The current context allows the capitalization of symbolic forms of power by the social actors involved in the \"cleaning\" or improvement of the landscape, due to the narratives in favor of the beautification of the city, since the theme does not find a contraposition in the society. This model gains worldwide fame, and the city as a whole is transformed into a laboratory of initiatives, where the favors demanded come under the price of transforming advertising into a parameterized (but not controlled) space for other discrete but not less effective forms of advertising. endowed with varied spatiality.

Thesis (M.B.Sc.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Primary health care (PHC) is a term used to refer to the parts of the health system that people interact with most of the time when health care is needed. It is considered the first point of contact for health services in Canada. Access to PHC services is an important issue regarding health care delivery in Canada today. There is a need to advance current understanding of access to PHC providers at local scales such as neighbourhoods. The primary objective of this study is to examine the variation in geographic (spatial) accessibility to permanently located primary care services in the Canadian urban environment. Furthermore, the analysis of spatial patterns of accessibility, both visually and statistically using GIS, is to provide a better understanding of among and between neighbourhood variations. This research took place in the 14 urban areas across Canada: Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia; Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Winnipeg, Manitoba; Hamilton, and Toronto, Ontario; Montréal and Québec, Quebec; Halifax, Nova Scotia; St. John’s, Newfoundland; Saint John, New Brunswick; and Ottawa–Gatineau, Ontario and Quebec. A GIS based method, the Three-Step Floating Catchment Area (3SFCA), was applied to determine the spatial accessibility to PHC services (accessibility score). First, for increasing geocoding match rates with reduced positional uncertainty, an integrated geocoding technique was developed after an empirical comparison of the geocoding results based on manually built and online geocoding services and subsequently applied to generate geographic coordinates of PHC practices which are an essential element for measuring potential access to health care. Next, the results of the Three-Step Floating Catchment Area (3SFCA) method was compared with simpler approachs to calculate the City level physician-to-population ratios and this research highlights the benefit of using the 3SFCA method over simpler approaches in urban areas by providing similar or comparable results of City level physician-to-population ratios with the advantage of intra-urban measurements. Further, the results point out that considerable spatial variation in geographical accessibility to PHC services exists within and across Canadian urban areas and indicate the existence of clusters of poorly served neighbourhoods in all urban areas. In order to investigate the low accessibility scores in relation to population health care needs, spatial statistical modeling techniques were applied that revealed variations in geographical accessibility to PHC services by comparing the accessibility scores to different socio-demographic characteristics across Canadian urban settings. In order to analyse how these relationships between accessibility and predictors vary at a local scale within an urban area, a local spatial regression technique (i.e., geographically weighted regression or GWR) was applied in two urban areas. The results of GWR modelling demonstrates intra-urban variations in the relationships between socio-demographic variables and the geographic accessibility to PHC services. In addition, the influences of “unit of analysis” on accessibility score were analyzed using spatial statistical modeling that emphasize the use of units of analysis that are pertinent to policy and planning purposes such as city defined neighbourhoods. Overall, this research shows the importance of measuring geographic accessibility of PHC services at local levels for decision makers, planners, researchers, and policy makers in the field of public health and health geography. This dissertation will advance current understanding of access to primary care in Canadian urban settings from the perspective of the neighbourhood.

La Tesi Doctoral L’evolució urbana de Tortosa (1939-1979): planejament i actuacions urbanístiques té com a finalitat estudiar el creixement urbà de la ciutat a través del planejament i de les actuacions urbanes. Iniciatives portades a terme tant per part de la iniciativa pública com de la privada. El treball parteix d’una hipòtesi general on es considera que la ciutat no va comptar amb un model de planificació urbana, malgrat l’aplicació del planejament urbanístic. Les principals fonts de recerca han estat els PGOU de 1964 i 1986, els Expedients d’Obres Públiques, els Llibres d’Actes de la Comissió Permanent de l’Ajuntament de Tortosa, les publicacions i la premsa local del període estudiat. Les conclusions s’han dividit en dues parts. A la primera es constata la hipòstesi central del treball, mentre la segona fa èmfasi en la necessitat de disenyar un nou model de ciutat més integrador.

In this thesis, I undertake a study of skilled immigrant labour market integration in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) by examining the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council (TRIEC). TRIEC is a relatively new governance institution in the Toronto city-region established to address barriers preventing immigrants from gaining meaningful employment in their fields. Barriers include systemic discrimination, lack of credential recognition, and lack of Canadian work experience. TRIEC was created in response to a recommendation from the 2003 Toronto City Summit Alliance (TSCA) report Enough Talk. TRIEC is a multi-stakeholder organization that aims to engage employers to find solutions to address labour market barriers facing skilled immigrants in the GTA. This thesis examines some of these labour market barriers and the work of TRIEC and poses the following research questions: - What are the factors both impeding and facilitating the labour market integration of skilled immigrants in the GTA? - Has the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council model proven effective in terms of its impact on skilled immigrant labour market integration in the GTA? - What are possible solutions for addressing the challenges that impede the labour market integration of skilled immigrants in the GTA? To answer these questions, this thesis draws on insights from immigration geography literature, statistical and policy data, as well as fifty-seven (57) semi-structured interviews with a variety of key stakeholders in the GTA. The results point to TRIEC as a potential model to emulate for other large city-regions facing challenges with respect to labour market integration. In addition to highlighting TRIEC’s advantages, this thesis also provides recommendations at a more general societal level for improving skilled immigrant labour market integration in Canadian city-regions. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-06 13:54:23.707

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What role does place differentiation play in contemporary urban redevelopment processes, and how is it constructed, practiced, and governed? Under heightened forms of interurban competition fueled by processes of globalization, there is a desire by place-makers to construct and market a unique sense of place. While there is consensus that place promotion plays a role in reconstructing landscapes, how place differentiation operates – and can be operationalized – in processes of urban redevelopment is under-theorized in the literature. In this thesis, I produce a typology of four strategies of differentiation – negation, coherence, residue, multiplicity – which reside within capital transformations and which require activation by a set of social actors. I situate these ideas via an examination of the redevelopment of the Gooderham and Worts distillery, renamed the Distillery District, which opened to the public in 2003. Under the direction of the private sector, the site was transformed from a space of alcohol production to a space of cultural consumption. The developers used a two pronged approach for the site’s redevelopment: historic preservation and arts-led regeneration. Using a mixed method approach including textual analysis, in-depth interviews, visual analysis, and site observation, I examine the strategies used to market the Distillery as a distinct place, and the effects of this marketing strategy on the valuation of art, history, and space. Two central arguments direct the thesis: first, in an attempt to construct place differentiation, what emerges is a sense of sameness which limits the potential of the district and produces a disconnect between the space and its users; second, it is only by understanding how differentiation operates in discourse and practice that alternative formations of place-making can emerge and socio-spatial disconnectedness can be rethought.