Traditional paces of production in an urban context have been crudely built as machines, exploiting the resources of a location without care for the consequences. Their success has been measured primarily in terms of how efficiently they can accommodate a particular process in order to achieve an end product. This dissertation explores the manifestation of a new model for a light production facility within an urban context. A new clothing production facility is proposed in reaction to the infestation of imported apparel wear within the city. The new facility punctures into existing structures of a production typology, exploring how edge conditions and production processes can become more responsive to the urban environment, advocating a hybrid production facility. The design of the facility is informed by a theoretical premise, exploring labour, which refers to elevating the act process above product. This draws parallels to the way in which architecture can, through cyclic processes, become both artefact and utility within its context. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

La région métropolitaine de Manille connait, depuis la fin du XXème siècle, un «changement urbain». Par cette expression, on désigne un ensemble de phénomènes liés entre eux, qui comprend la consolidation de classes moyennes, l’implantation d’entreprises de services et le développement d’une économie orientée vers la consommation – cette dernière étant illustrée de manière frappante par la multiplication des centres commerciaux, des objets urbains structurants dans la région capitale philippine. Ces éléments se traduisent par une transformation de la morphologie urbaine, mais également par une internationalisation de l’économie et par l’émergence de nouveaux modes de vie. La thèse propose d’appréhender ce changement urbain dans le Grand Manille au regard du service électrique. Les phénomènes décrits ont en effet des implications majeures sur la question énergétique : accroissement substantiel de la demande d’électricité, exigences plus hautes quant à la fiabilité du service, nouvelles pratiques de planification et de déploiement de l’infrastructure. Mais la relation entre changement urbain et secteur électrique est à double sens, et l’on peut observer des tensions par rapport aux tarifs ou à la qualité du réseau, dans la mesure où ces éléments viennent contraindre les transformations économiques et sociales que connaît la capitale philippine. En mobilisant plusieurs courants de littérature — sur les classes moyennes, sur l’économie politique de la production urbaine, et sur les grands réseaux techniques —, la thèse permet d’interroger les évolutions socio-techniques du service électrique dans le Grand Manille. Pour ce faire, elle mobilise la notion de « modernité », qui permet d’appréhender les normes et représentations émergentes pour la fourniture du service. Partant, la thèse identifie les écarts entre les idéaux de modernité et les pratiques existantes. Ce faisant, elle analyse les tensions générées par ces dés-ajustements, et discute les enjeux d’universalisation du réseau, d’homogénéité de sa desserte, d’évolution de sa forme (grand réseau centralisé ou structure « post-réticulaire ») et d’adaptation aux contraintes environnementales / Metro Manila has been experiencing dramatic urban change since the end of the XXth cen- tury. By ‘urban change’, I designate a number of connected phenomena: the consolidation of middle classes, the rise of a service-led economy and a significant increase in domestic consumption – the latter being exemplified by the frenzied construction of gigantic shop- ping malls, which are structuring objects for the urban fabric. These phenomena have converging effects, which include the transformation of the city’s appearance, but also the internationalisation of its economy and the diffusion of new urban lifestyles.This dissertation suggests that studying the electricity service in Metro Manila is an instructive way to decipher urban change. Indeed, the transformations that the Philippine National Capital Region (NCR) is going through have major implications for the energy question: they lead to a dramatic increase in electricity demand, to higher expectations from end-users with regard to the quality of service, and to new practices of planning and laying down infrastructure. However, the relationship between urban change and the electricity service goes both ways. The electricity network is also putting a constraint on social and economic changes, as evidenced by the social tensions that can arise from such things as tariff hikes or network failures.By drawing upon different bodies of literature (i.e., on urban middle classes, on the political economy of urban production, and on large technical networks), the present dissertation examines the socio-technical evolutions that the electricity service is going through in Metro Manila. It uses the notion of ‘modernity’ in order to grasp the emerging norms and representations pertaining to electricity provision. From there, I identify discrepancies between the ideals of modernity and actually existing practices. In doing so, I analyse the tensions generated by such mismatches and discuss the issues of network universalisation, homogeneity of servicing, evolution of the network’s form (large, centralised system or "post-reticular" structure) and adaptation to environmental constraints

No description available.

Cette recherche interroge les pratiques discursives de domination et d’altérisation dans la production urbaine. Notre analyse prend le départ du questionnement de la globalisation dans la planification urbaine et de son articulation au niveau micro-local. Notre hypothèse est que les groupes dominants utilisent les pratiques populaires comme argument de délégitimation des populations pauvres dans les « visions » de la ville globalisée. Cette stigmatisation se nourrit des stéréotypes de la ville en retard et de l’immobilisme de ces « groupes subalternes », mais également des conflits entre les habitants du centre pour l’appropriation de l’espace au quotidien. La domination exercée résulte alors d’un enchevêtrement complexe entre des conditions sociales réelles et des discours stéréotypés. Cette recherche suit une démarche interdisciplinaire, qui croise les approches à la ville propres à l’architecture avec le regard sociologique. Le choix des terrains d’étude se porte sur deux métropoles, Le Caire (Égypte) et Naples (Italie). Malgré de profondes différences de contexte, les questions s’imbriquent : l’attractivité touristique qui passe par le changement de population, la patrimonialisation de l’architecture des centres, et un urbanisme hanté par le mythe d’une grandeur déchue. À travers l’étude des pratiques micro-locales d’occupation du logement et de l’espace urbain, ainsi que du processus de construction et de manipulation d’une condition de « subalternité métropolitaine », il apparaît que si d’un côté les aménageurs revendiquent le monopole de la prise de décision, de l’autre les habitants mettent en place une production de l’espace urbain « par le bas ». / This research examines the discursive practices of domination and othering in urban production. Our analysis opens with the questioning of globalization in urban planning and its relationship with the micro-local level. Our hypothesis is that dominant groups use popular practices as an argument of delegitimization of the poor in the "visions" of the globalized city. This stigma is fuelled by the stereotypes of the undeveloped city and the immobilism of these "subaltern groups", but also by the conflicts between the inhabitants of the centre for the appropriation of space in everyday life. Thus, the domination results as a complex tangle between real social conditions and stereotypical discourses. This research follows an interdisciplinary approach, which crosses the architecture-specific analysis of the city with a sociological perspective. We chose as our case studies two cities, Cairo (Egypt) and Naples (Italy). Despite the profound differences in context, many issues overlap: the touristic appeal depending on the exclusion of a part of the population, the politics of heritage of the city centres, and an urban planning haunted by the myth of fallen greatness. Through the study of micro-local practices of domestic and urban space, and the process of construction and manipulation of a condition of "metropolitan subalternity", it appears that if, on the one hand, developers claim the monopoly of decision making, on the other, inhabitants develop a production of urban space "from below".

La construction d'immeubles de grande hauteur reste, malgré les débats qu'elle génère, un projet d'actualité dans de nombreuses villes en France. Fort des expériences passées, nombreux sont les projets se tournant aujourd'hui vers le concept de ville verticale. Ces tours multifonctionnelles, mieux ancrées territorialement et ouvertes au public ont alors pour objectif de mieux s'intégrer dans la ville et de permettre une forme d'urbanité. La mise en œuvre de la mixité à l'échelle du bâtiment, la grande hauteur, ainsi que la recherche de qualité urbaine génèrent de nouvelles contraintes techniques, socio-institutionnelles et territoriales peu étudiées à ce jour. En particulier, la complexification des montages de projet, l'enjeu territorial élargi ainsi que le statut particulier des espaces ouverts au public de la tour provoquent de nouveaux questionnements et enjeux public-privé à la fois spatiaux et organisationnels. Dans ce contexte, comment les tours peuvent-elles contribuer à l'urbanité de la ville contemporaine ? En s'appuyant sur une étude comparative de trois projets de tours mixtes franciliens (Phare, Triangle et Duo), ainsi que sur un état de l'art sur la grande hauteur et le concept d'urbanité, nous proposons une typologie des tours au regard de leur contribution à la ville. En développant une approche dynamique de la dimension urbaine des projets de tours au cours de leur fabrication, nous proposons ensuite un outil d'analyse des «trajectoires de projet» dans le temps. Une corrélation apparaît finalement entre ces trajectoires urbaines et les étapes de leur fabrique, et permet une montée en généralité sur les processus de production des différents idéaux-types de tours et de leur urbanité / Despite a controversial scientific and societal debate, building skyward is experiencing a new rise in French cities. This is reflected in the emergence of new high-rise forms: mixed-use towers and even “vertical cities“. Both are usually conceived as more accessible to the public, more linked to the ground, and more “urban». The implementation of mixed-use, height and urban quality in skyscrapers generates a system of specific technical, social and territorial constraints which are little studied so far. New public-private issues concerning both spatial and organisational considerations are caused by the very complexity of the project, the significant impact of the building on its surroundings, as well as the special status of its privately-owned spaces that are open to the public. In this context how can high-rises be produced and contribute to the urbanity of contemporary cities ? First based on a comparative study of three mixed-use tower projects within the Paris region (Phare, Triangle and Duo), then on a literature review of high-rise buildings and the concept of urbanity, we establish a typology of “urban towers“. These are classified according to their relation and their impact on the city. By developing a new dynamic approach of the urban issue of tower projects during their fabrication, we create an analytical tool which can identify temporal “project trajectories“.Finally, we find a correlation between these project trajectories and the stages of their implementation. This allows us to analyse the production process of each class of tower and their urbanity

大都市憑著其高度的聚集經濟、高生產力，而不斷地吸引人口及產業的進入，造成小都市相對劣勢。面對此一現象，政府應如何擬訂一適宜之都市發展政策，實有深入研究之必要。因此，本研究欲探討都市規模與都市生產力二者間之關係，希望從都市生產力之觀點，能提供合適的都市發展政策，以供政府參考之用。 　　針對上述，本研究擬利用Alonso及Schaefer都市模型來探討影響台灣地區都市規模變化之因素，進一步利用Translog生產函數求其規模報酬，藉以判斷都市生產力之高低。最後，則利用Translog生產函數與資本、勞動二條報酬分額方程式透過ISUR來探討不同都市規模要素報酬之問題。 　　經本研究實證結果得到以下幾個結論： 　　一、外部因素如：周圍地區對都市中心產品之需求、生產更高階產品之規模效果是影響都市規模、生產力變化之重要因素。 　　二、從連續型生產函數可得台灣地區都市規模與都市生產力二者間有正向關係的存在。 　　三、因限資料問題，無法進一步分析台灣地區生產要素所得分配問題。 　　四、針對不同規模報酬狀態的都市，有以下幾點都市發展建議: 　　　1.面對處於遞減規模報酬狀態的都市，應透過階層的提高，吸引各種經濟活動的進入，以提昇其生產力。 　　　2.面對處於固定規模報酬狀態的都市，應減少政府干預政策。 　　　3.面對處於遞增規模報酬狀態的都市，應避免外部不經濟的產生。 / The advantages of large urban areas, such as high degree agglomeration economy、high production, attract the entrance of population and industries. Thar will result in the disadvantage of the small city. How does the goverment play? The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between urban size and urban area production. Further more, I would like to give some suggestions about urban development policy. 　　In this study, I uses Alonso's and Mills's urban model to discuss what kind of factor will effect urban size and production. Next, I judge urban production through the returns of scale of different urban hierarchy, and use the translog production and the share functions of capital and labour to discuss the income distribution offactors. 　　According to the result of this study, we have several solutions: 　　1.External factor will effect the change of urban size and urban production. 　　2.According to the continuous hierarchy, there is a positive relationship between urban size and urban production. 　　3.Because of data, we can't discuss the income distribution of factor in Taiwan. 　　4.Regarding urban development policies: 　　　(1) when urban area exhibits DRS, it is necessary to move up the hierarchy for continuing urban growth. 　　　(2) when urban area exhibits CRS, goverment should not interrept urban development. 　　　(3) when urban area exhibits IRS, goverment should not generate external diseconomy.

Depuis le début des années 2000, le coût des terrains nécessaires à la production de logements locatifs sociaux neufs a augmenté, au même titre que le coût de leur construction. Dans le même temps, l’État a considérablement réduit les subventions directes qu’il accorde à chaque opération HLM. Malgré cela, le nombre de logements locatifs sociaux livrés chaque année a connu une hausse importante et durable. Alors que 46 000 logements HLM ont été produits en 2000, plus de 100 000 le sont systématiquement à partir de 2006.La thèse explore cet apparent paradoxe, en analysant les évolutions de l’organisation institutionnelle du système de production HLM. Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie sur le traitement de données statistiques ainsi que sur une enquête réalisée auprès d’acteurs locaux de l’habitat au sein des communautés d’agglomération du Val-de-Bièvre, du Boulonnais et de la communauté urbaine de Bordeaux. Un outillage théorique spécifique est proposé, qui croise les apports de la théorie de la régulation et de recherches sur les acteurs de la production urbaine. Cela permet de montrer qu’un ensemble de décisions politiques, d’ajustements locaux et de dispositifs de coordination ont été articulés de façon originale au cours de la décennie. Ils visent notamment à faire que les organismes HLM mobilisent leurs réserves financières dans la production neuve, à distribuer inégalement dans l’espace le surplus de logements produits et à réorganiser les modalités d’accès à la ressource foncière. Le système mis en place est cependant dépendant des opérateurs à but lucratif ainsi que des évolutions des marchés immobiliers ; il participe de plus à redéfinir les bénéficiaires de l’intervention publique en France. / Since the early 2000s, social housing production in France has become increasingly more expensive: both land prices and construction costs have increased. At the same time, the State has considerably reduced the direct subsidies granted to each new development. However, the number of new social dwellings has increased significantly and lastingly. While 46,000 dwellings were produced in 2000, more than 100,000 have been produced each year since 2006. This thesis explores this apparent paradox by analyzing the evolution of the institutional organization of the French social housing production system. To do so, it relies on the processing of statistical data as well as on a survey carried out among local housing decision makers in the urban areas of Bordeaux and Boulogne-sur-Mer, and in the Val-de-Bièvre, a gathering of municipalities located south of Paris. An original theoretical framework is used, which combines regulation theory with the results of research focusing on the actors of urban production. This allows for the underlining of the fact that a set of political decisions, local adjustments and coordination mechanisms were articulated in a novel way throughout the decade. In particular, those seek to ensure that social housing organizations use their financial reserves for the production of new dwellings, that new social dwellings are unevenly distributed in space, and that access to land for social housing is reorganized. However, this system appears to depend on real estate markets and for-profit operators; it also participates in redefining the beneficiaries of public intervention in France.

Dans un contexte de déploiement des nouvelles routes de la soie, la ville portuaire et balnéaire de Sihanoukville au Cambodge est ciblée par des investissements chinois importants. Ces investissements s’accompagnent par la présence de multiples acteurs chinois – investisseurs, commerçants, ouvriers, touristes – qui produisent un nouvel urbain à Sihanoukville. Ainsi, de nombreux casinos se développent aux côtés de zones économiques spéciales, d’hôtels, de quartiers fermés et de commerces variés. La ville portuaire apparaît comme un front pionnier où les ressources touristiques, commerciales, industrielles et stratégiques doivent être exploitées et où les acteurs chinois jouissent d’une marge de manoeuvre conséquente. Ceci est possible car les élites cambodgiennes, autorités et propriétaires terriens en tête, mettent en place un cadre économique et politique favorable pour attirer les investissements chinois et ainsi profiter du développement de la ville. La nouvelle production urbaine de Sihanoukville limite l’accès aux ressources à certaines populations, ce qui mène à des dynamiques de fragmentation urbaine. Par-delà l’idée d’une opposition entre riches investisseurs chinois et habitants cambodgiens défavorisés, la récente production urbaine de Sihanoukville met plutôt en lumière des clivages entre ceux qui ont accès aux ressources et ceux qui n’y ont pas accès. Loin de l’image officielle mise de l’avant par Pékin concernant les nouvelles routes de la soie, la présence chinoise à Sihanoukville conduit à une production urbaine fragmentée. / In a context of deployment of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the coastal city of Sihanoukville, Cambodia, is targeted by massive Chinese investments. Those investments come with the arrival of many Chinese stakeholders – investors, sellers, workers, tourists – who produce a new urbanization in Sihanoukville. Many casinos are being developed in the city, alongside special economic zones, hotels, gated communities, and various other businesses. The city seems to be a frontier where touristic, commercial, industrial, and strategic resources must be exploited, and where the Chinese stakeholders enjoy a certain autonomy. Based on neoliberal logics, Cambodian elites, authorities, and landowners above all, build a favorable economic and political environment to attract Chinese investments and take advantage of the situation. The new urbanization produced in Sihanoukville limits the access to the resources to certain populations, which leads to urban fragmentation. Beyond the idea of an opposition between rich Chinese investors and disadvantaged Cambodian inhabitants, the new Sihanoukville highlights divisions between those who have access to the resources and those who have not. Far from BRI’s official image putting forward by Beijing, the Chinese presence in Sihanoukville comes with a fragmented urban production.

Nesta tese é apresentada a hipótese de que a produção do urbano, em particular da habitação popular, é uma chave de análise relevante das estratégias políticas dos movimentos populares. Tal produção - por exigir uma articulação de forças sociais concretas, determinadas historicamente - permite a análise da relação entre os trabalhadores, o Estado e o capital na concretização do programa político destes movimentos populares. O recorte se encontra na especificidade das gestões no governo federal do Partido dos Trabalhadores (2003-2016), partido cuja origem remonta às experiências de organização da classe trabalhadora após a redemocratização. Tais gestões, aqui entendidas por meio da caracterização de um \"Estado Democrático Popular\", configurariam uma estrutura de adequação das faces econômica, social, política e cultural do país à nova ordem mundial, hegemonizada pela acumulação fictícia de capital. Esta adequação altera o lugar da produção do urbano na estratégia política dos movimentos populares, principalmente, mas não só, por meio do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV). Para a construção destas hipóteses, são apresentados três estudos de caso: a Comuna Urbana Dom Hélder Câmara em Jandira-SP, realizada pelo MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra); o Pinheirinho em São José dos Campos-SP, organizado pelo MUST (Movimento Urbano dos Sem Teto); e os Conjuntos João Cândido e Chico Mendes em Taboão da Serra-SP, conquistados pelo MTST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto). Tais experiências, vividas diretamente pela pesquisadora enquanto integrante do corpo técnico da assessoria Usina - Centro de Trabalhos para o Ambiente Habitado -, são problematizadas tendo em vista os deslocamentos entre os programas urbanos e políticos dos movimentos populares e seu enfrentamento com uma periferia transformada desde a redemocratização. A partir deste cenário, apresenta-se a hipótese de que tal processo de adequação, colocado em andamento pelo Estado Democrático Popular, operou transformações na subjetivação política da classe trabalhadora. Num primeiro momento, tal Estado ascende conformando a subjetivação política do \"trabalhador\" àquela do \"cidadão\". A continuidade desta dinâmica leva a uma segunda transição, em direção ao sujeito \"cidadão-consumidor\", que acessa o direito como mercadoria. Desta maneira, seu lugar social é determinado pela combinação entre a precariedade de acesso ao mercado e a violência institucional. Os casos analisados demonstram que o movimento popular, embora apresente um programa contra-hegemônico a esta tendência, efetiva, na prática, estratégias de produção do urbano que a reafirmam ao apoiar-se nela para se reproduzir politicamente. / The hypothesis presented here is that the urban production, popular housing particularly, is a key of analysis of the political strategies of popular movements. Such production - by requiring a concrete articulation of historically determined social forces - allows the analysis of the relationship between workers, the State and capital in the making of the political program of these popular movements. The focus is the federal terms of the Workers\' Party (2003-2016), party whose origin goes back to the working class organization experiences after the re-democratization in Brazil. These terms, understood here as a \"Democratic Popular State\", would configure a structure of adaptation of economic, social, political and cultural aspects of the country to the new world order, in which fictitious accumulation of capital is predominant. This adaptation changes the place of urban production in the political strategy of the popular movements, mainly, but not only, through the Program \"Minha Casa Minha Vida\" (\"My House My Life\"). Three case studies are presented for the construction of these hypotheses: the Urban Commune \"Dom Hélder Câmara\" in Jandira-SP, carried out by the MST (Movement of the Landless Workers); the \"Pinheirinho\" in São José dos Campos-SP, organized by MUST (Urban Movement of the Homeless); and the housings \"João Cândido\" and \"Chico Mendes\" in Taboão da Serra-SP, an achievement of the MTST (Movement of the Homeless Workers). These cases, experienced directly by the researcher as technical staff member of the work center \"Usina\" (Center for Work for the Inhabited Environment) are analyzed in view of the displacements between the urban and political programs of the popular movements and their confrontation with a periphery transformed since the redemocratization. From this scenario, it is hypothesized that such process of adaptation, moved by the Democratic Popular State, has induced transformations in the political subjectivation of the working class. At first, this State rises while conforms the political subjectivation of \"worker\" to that of \"citizen\". The continuity of this dynamic leads to a second transition, towards the \"citizen-consumer\" subject, who accesses the right as a commodity. In this way, this social place is determined by the combination of precarious market access and institutional violence. The cases analyzed demonstrate the popular movement, although presenting a counter-hegemonic program to this tendency, promotes strategies of urban production that reaffirm it by relying on it to reproduce itself politically.

En Algérie, depuis 2001, la notion de développement durable devient l'un des référentiels essentiel des nouvelles orientations politiques et du cadre législatif. de nombreux projets d'amélioration urbaine, d'habitat et d'équipements, ainsi que de grands projets structurants sont lancés, semblant prouver que la volonté des pouvoirs publics d'améliorer les conditions de vie des citoyens est bien réelle.cependant, la question reste posée quant à la pertinence et la cohérence des choix, particulièrement en matière d'aménagement urbain et de gestion du cadre bâti, avec la mise en pratique des objectifs du développement durable qui passe par une prise en compte non seulement de la dimension économique, mais également des dimensions environnementale et sociale.ce projet propose de mettre en lumière les conditions d'élaboration et de production des aménagements urbains en Algérie, en particulier, à travers deux axes de recherche:-le premier porte sur l'harmonisation entre les milieux urbain et naturel, en analysant la ville à partir de sa situation écologique, angle de compréhension et d'étude peu exploré, pouvant offrir des possibilités d'innovation et d'amélioration en matière de développement urbain.-le second préconise la recherche de processus d'habitat et d'aménagement incluant une vision plus large de la signification du terme social, qui dépasserait le modèle standard d''habitat pour catégories sociales démunies pour s'orienter vers un concept améliorant la prise en compte des aspirations et des spécificités sociales des populations, en promouvant des notions telles que bien-être, qualité de l'espace vécu, satisfaction résidentielle. / Since 2001, the notion of sustainable development becomes one of the essential reference table in new political orientations and legislative framework in Algeria. Many urban improvement projects, housing and equipments, as well as important projects are launched, seeming to prove that the will of public authorities to improve living conditions of citizens isreal. However, the question remains as to the relevance and the coherence of choices, particulary regarding urban planning and built frame management, with the objectives of sustainable development witch taking into account not only the economic dimension, but also environmental and social ones. This work proposes, based on the observation of three cities contexts representing the three major geographical areas of the country (the coast, the highlands and the Sahara) to highlight the conditions of elaboration and production of urban planning in Algeria, particularly through two research areas: - The first one concerns harmonization between urban and natural environments, by analyzing the citie from its ecological situation, angle of understanding and study not really explored, which could provide opportunities for innovation and improvement in urban development. – The second one advocates research of housing and urban planning process including broader view ofmeaning for the term social, which can overtake standard model of housing for deprived social group, and move towards a concept improving the recognition of aspirations and social specifities of populations by promoting notions such as well-being, quality of lived spaces, or residential satisfaction.