The thesis considers the changing concepts of local open space in relation to the demand, supply and standards of open space. The development of parks in Britain first are contrasted with the development of parks in the United States, noting the legacies in both nations. After the historical resume, the changing attitudes to leisure and recreation in Britain and the United States which have occurred in the last fifteen years are considered. The numerous studies, both in Britain and in the United States, detailing the demand for open space are followed by supply studies of open space, which expose the deficiencies of open space and express people's desires for open space. A comparison of the ideal open space standards to the actual supply and deficiencies of open space are analysed in further local studies. Both private and public organisations in Britain and the United States have carefully fostered ideal standards, which have been unattainable by any of the major cities in Britain or in the United States. The need for new standards and new approaches to local open space designs in inner urban areas is discussed in the chapter on current policies on open space. Different design concepts and methods are suggested for solving the present problems. The concepts particularly emphasised are small parks, greenways and adventure playgrounds, but other suggestions are made. An appraisal of the financial, legal and administrative difficulties is followed by a study of the availability of urban wasteland for public open space. New methods of assessing the multi-purpose use of existing open space and discovering potential new open space sites on a case-study basis are suggested. The concluding chapter summarises the need, character and problems of local open space.

What role does place differentiation play in contemporary urban redevelopment processes, and how is it constructed, practiced, and governed? Under heightened forms of interurban competition fueled by processes of globalization, there is a desire by place-makers to construct and market a unique sense of place. While there is consensus that place promotion plays a role in reconstructing landscapes, how place differentiation operates – and can be operationalized – in processes of urban redevelopment is under-theorized in the literature. In this thesis, I produce a typology of four strategies of differentiation – negation, coherence, residue, multiplicity – which reside within capital transformations and which require activation by a set of social actors. I situate these ideas via an examination of the redevelopment of the Gooderham and Worts distillery, renamed the Distillery District, which opened to the public in 2003. Under the direction of the private sector, the site was transformed from a space of alcohol production to a space of cultural consumption. The developers used a two pronged approach for the site’s redevelopment: historic preservation and arts-led regeneration. Using a mixed method approach including textual analysis, in-depth interviews, visual analysis, and site observation, I examine the strategies used to market the Distillery as a distinct place, and the effects of this marketing strategy on the valuation of art, history, and space. Two central arguments direct the thesis: first, in an attempt to construct place differentiation, what emerges is a sense of sameness which limits the potential of the district and produces a disconnect between the space and its users; second, it is only by understanding how differentiation operates in discourse and practice that alternative formations of place-making can emerge and socio-spatial disconnectedness can be rethought.

What role does place differentiation play in contemporary urban redevelopment processes, and how is it constructed, practiced, and governed? Under heightened forms of interurban competition fueled by processes of globalization, there is a desire by place-makers to construct and market a unique sense of place. While there is consensus that place promotion plays a role in reconstructing landscapes, how place differentiation operates – and can be operationalized – in processes of urban redevelopment is under-theorized in the literature. In this thesis, I produce a typology of four strategies of differentiation – negation, coherence, residue, multiplicity – which reside within capital transformations and which require activation by a set of social actors. I situate these ideas via an examination of the redevelopment of the Gooderham and Worts distillery, renamed the Distillery District, which opened to the public in 2003. Under the direction of the private sector, the site was transformed from a space of alcohol production to a space of cultural consumption. The developers used a two pronged approach for the site’s redevelopment: historic preservation and arts-led regeneration. Using a mixed method approach including textual analysis, in-depth interviews, visual analysis, and site observation, I examine the strategies used to market the Distillery as a distinct place, and the effects of this marketing strategy on the valuation of art, history, and space. Two central arguments direct the thesis: first, in an attempt to construct place differentiation, what emerges is a sense of sameness which limits the potential of the district and produces a disconnect between the space and its users; second, it is only by understanding how differentiation operates in discourse and practice that alternative formations of place-making can emerge and socio-spatial disconnectedness can be rethought.

為挽救都市機能的日益衰退，地方政府運用都市再發展政策，以改善都市生活環境品質、復甦地方經濟、提昇都市競爭力；但是，目前國內都市再發展偏重改善實質環境單一向度，而且缺乏政策實施評估的工具，致使難以衡量整體計劃方案實施的成效；為檢視計劃方案對於都市再發展目標之達成程度，宜有客觀的評估方式，以作為評估政策規劃之指導依據。因此，本研究嘗試建立一套評估指標系統，以評估都市再發展企劃方案內容或實施成效，作為公共投資決策之參考依據。 本研究首先分別由實質環境層面之密集城市理論探討永續發展的都市形式，政治經濟層面之資本累積理論探討都市空間變遷過程，以及政權理論探討政府部門與不同利益團體間之結盟，形成政府部門、經濟體系與社區群體之三者互動關係。所以，都市再發展內涵，係由改善實質環境作基礎，以經濟誘因促進產業復甦，結合社區居民力量，共同推動再造計畫，即具有實質環境、社會、經濟與政治等多面向度之特性；藉以研訂都市再發展十二項目標系統架構，並輔以德爾菲技法蒐集專家學者的意見，建構一套符合都市再發展目標之三十六項綜合性評估指標，再經模糊階層分析法，獲得評估指標權重體系，研究結果以「經濟」向度之評估指標權重最高，「環境」向度之評估指標權重次之，再者才是「社會」向度之評估指標權重，最後為「政治」向度之評估指標權重。顯示目前專家群體認為都市再發展政策，需以促進經濟產業繁榮為優先導向，輔以產業投資與生活環境之改善，再結合社會網絡與文化資本，最後才是考量有關各社群利益與空間資源再分配利用之議題。提供作為評估都市再發展策略實施成效之政策決策參考準則。 / In order to revitalize the declining areas in the inner city, the local government commences to improve physical environment, economic competition and quality of life by urban redevelopment strategies.　Yet the strategies in Taiwan only emphasize the physical improvement and lack the policy mechanism to evaluate the achievement of the redevelopment program.　Therefore, in the paper the indicator system is established to help evaluate the implementation of policy so as to achieve the goals of urban redevelopment and to decide the priority of public investment. There are several urban redevelopment theories from different aspects reviewed in the paper, including the compact city theory related to urban physical environment form, the capital accumulation and regime theory related to political-economic perspective, and the interaction of the government sector, economic system and communities in the process of urban redevelopment.　Based on the theory research, urban redevelopment would be found as a comprehensive context with social, economic, physical and political aspects.　According to the multi-aspect of the urban redevelopment, the outcome of the study is demonstrated as 12 goals of urban redevelopment and 36 evaluation indicators.　The paper incorporates the opinions of specialists into structural evaluation and indicators based upon Delphi method and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process method with further calculation to display relative weights among each indicator.　The highest weight of aspect is economic aspect, the second is environmental aspect, the third is social aspect, and the last is political aspect.　Therefore, the conclusion of the weight calculation in the paper shows that the urban redevelopment policy is primarily economic-oriented, and then improvement of industry investment and living environment will be considered.　Social network and culture capital will be the third aspect combining in the process.　Finally, the benefit of the different groups and the redistribution of the resources will be the last to be considered.　These indicators could be applied to evaluate the performance of the urban redevelopment policy as reference of the decision-makers.

Berlin est une ville qui suscite un nombre impressionnant d'images liées à l'histoire du 20eme siècle. Rares sont les villes qui condensent autant d'empreintes dans lesquelles on peut lire les grands événements qui marquèrent l'Europe et le monde. Sur les ruines du siècle passé, Berlin tente aujourd'hui de s'ériger en capitale allemande, un centre du pouvoir politique et économique, la ville reflet d'une démocratie allemande qui se veut modeste et exemplaire. La chute du Mur est un événement qui, pour ses contemporains, a sans conteste débouché sur une rupture d'intelligibilité. Si elle ouvre de facto de nouvelles perspectives à venir, cette rupture d'intelligibilité n'en préfigure pas moins un rapport radicalement nouveau au passé. En Allemagne réunifiée, et plus particulièrement à Berlin, un vaste travail de réévaluation des passés s'est amorcé, ayant pour objectif de combler de sens la nouvelle donne née de l'événement 1989. Le traitement des hauts-lieux du communisme, qui s'effectue de concert avec un vaste travail sur le passé de la RDA, répond à de multiples exigences qui se déclinent en termes politiques, identitaires et économiques. Il importe à la fois de comprendre comment la construction de récits officiels du passé communiste s'inscrit dans une dynamique globale de constitution et 'inscription de récits nationaux de la nouvelle Allemagne dans l'espace urbain de la capitale, et de porter une attention particulière à la réception de ces reconstructions du passé au sein des "publics" berlinois. Comment des références communes à la RDA se construisent-elles? Et comment, en retour, des récits alternatifs de la ville et de ses passés viennent-ils s'opposer aux interprétations, parfois homogénéisantes, que propose le« Nouveau Berlin»? / Berlin is a city that spawns an irnpressive imagery related to the history of the 20th century. Few other cities contain so many !andmarks of the great events that shaped Europe and the world. From the ruins of the past century, Berlin is now trying to set itself up as German capital, center of political and economic power, which embodies the German democracy that sees itself as modest and exemplary. The collapse of the Wall is an event that has undoubtedly led to a break of intelligibility for those who lived within it. However much it opens de facto new prospects for the future, this break of intelligibility also foreshadows a radically new relationship with history. ln reunified Germany and especially in Berlin a large scale job of reevaluation of the past has begun, airning at bringing sense to the new historica~ political, economie and social order born from 1989. The treatrnent of the high places of communism, which takes place in conjunction with an extensive work on the past of the GDR, addresses multiple requirements formulated in political and economie terms as weil as in terms of identity. It is important to understand both how the construction of official narratives of the communist pastis part of an overall dyoamic of incorporation and of registration of narratives of the new Germany in the urban space of the capita~ and to pa y special attention to the reception of these reconstructions of the past within the 11public arena" in Berlin How does a common history of the GDR take shape? And how, in turn, do alternative narratives of the city and its past contradict the interpretations sometimes homogenizing proposed by the "New Berlin"?

Through a methodological approach this project examines possibilites for a more flexible and direct citizien participation within the framework of an urban design project. Allthroughout the process opportunities to influence the progressing workflow is exemplified by recurring phases of participation. The case study of examining the transformation of a motorized highway into an urban street network also serves as an interesting plattform which from an analytical perspective presents a variety of different presets that exposes valuable assets for the development.

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This dissertation explores the potential for community benefits agreements (CBAs) to serve as instruments towards a more democratic approach to situating urban redevelopment projects into residential neighborhoods. To aid my analysis, I utilize the lens of democratic political theory to describe their most intractable shortcomings as well as prescribe reforms that can better enable them to bridge the oftentimes conflicting ends of economic growth and social justice. Moreover, I consider the conditions that are most favorable for residents to maximize their bargaining power against developers and the conditions where developers are least likely to negotiate with the locals. Drawing from a range of sources including interviews, audio recordings, documents, and investigative reporting, I illustrate their common failings by using three case studies of CBAs from major American cities. I find that the most recurring problem facing CBAs is their susceptibility to co- option by powerful political and economic elites who manage to subvert them into devices for private gain. Up to this point, municipalities have been largely reluctant to regulate them, and this lack of regulation has led to agreements being shaped more by informal networks of powerful interests rather than the wants and needs of everyday residents. This informality leading up to an agreement is a major contributing factor to their failings. Thus, in the absence of a structure that actively promotes inclusive and transparent procedures leading up to the forging of an agreement, residents lack the power to meaningfully influence its terms and conditions. This observation leads critics to contend that their vulnerability to elite influence should force us to rethink, and ultimately abandon CBAs as reliable instruments for popular control over the built environment. However, I argue that this conclusion is misguided; given their proliferation across American cities and increasing salience in land-use debates, a more effective alternative is to find institutional designs that curb the excesses of such projects while also making them more responsive to local concerns. If policy makers, activists, and residents are going to continue to look to CBAs to extract concessionary gains from developers, then it is crucial to devise safeguards that effectively minimize opportunities for abuse while also enhancing residential voice in shaping the resulting agreement. / Political Science

Urban redevelopment is increasingly used as a policy tool for economic growth by local governments in Chinese cities, which is taking place amid rapid urbanization and in an expanding globalized economy. Along with the spatial transformation, urban redevelopment often entails socioeconomic change in the form of processes of gentrification, which is propelled by the dominance of neoliberal market-oriented policy and practice in the country. This thesis analyzes the spatial political economy of urban redevelopment in China through a case study on Baishizhou urban village in Shenzhen in south-eastern China. Setting out from the broad concern over urban inequality, socio-spatial segregation, ‘the right to the city’, and sustainability in contemporary critical urban theory, the thesis constructs a theoretical framework involving the concepts of neoliberal urbanism, gentrification, sustainable urban development, as well as ‘bottom-up urbanism’ approaches. Employing this framework, the case study conducts a macro-level city comprehensive plan analysis, a meso-level urban village redevelopment site plan analysis, and micro-level interview study and ethnographic observations of everyday life and space in the urban village. On the basis of this study, the thesis makes the arguments that: Neoliberal urbanism is certainly active in the spatial political economy of urban redevelopment in Shenzhen and China, and is markedly state-led under authoritarian governance structures that encourage increased marketization; The ongoing processes of gentrification in the urban village are intertwined with local and national political systems and social arrangements, and cause stress for the migrant tenants of the urban village, which clearly is not in line with the urban sustainability discourse of the UN’s New Urban Agenda; The tactic responses and individual coping-strategies found in the urban village reveals a condition of both precarity and agency in the everyday lives of the often marginalized poor that inhabit this urban space, which in turn point at emergent alternative urban (re)development trajectories. Moreover, the bottom-up urbanism approach sheds light on both discrepancy and compliance with the dominant top-down redevelopment policy, and is further suggested to inform the production of policy frameworks that can better facilitate local implementation of the New Urban Agenda in China. / Stadsomvandling och sanering används allt oftare som policyverktyg av kinesiska städers lokala regeringar för att uppnå ekonomisk tillväxt, vilket sker under en tid av hög urbaniseringstakt och en växande globaliserad ekonomi. Utöver den rumsliga omdaningen medför stadsomvandling även socioekonomiska förändringar i form av gentrifieringsprocesser, som i sin tur pådrivs av den i landet rådande neoliberala och marknadsorienterade politiska riktningen och dess praktiska tillämpning. Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera den rumsliga politiska ekonomin i stadsomvandling i Kina genom en fallstudie av ’stadsbyn’ (eng. ’urban village’) Baishizhou i Shenzhen i sydöstra Kina. Studien utformar ett teoretiskt ramverk som bygger på de analytiska koncepten neoliberal urbanism, gentrifiering, hållbar stadsutveckling, samt ’bottom-up urbanism’, och tar sitt avstamp i den samtida kritiska urbanteorins betonande av urban ojämlikhet, social och rumslig segregation, rätten till staden, och hållbarhet. Utifrån detta ramverk utför fallstudien en analys av stadens översiktsplan på makronivå, en analys av detaljplanen för saneringen av stadsbyn på mesonivå, samt en intervju- och etnografisk observationsstudie av stadsbyns vardagsliv och rum på mikronivå. På grundval av fallstudien drar uppsatsen följande slutsatser: Neoliberal urbanism är synnerligen tongivande i den rumsliga politiska ekonomin i stadsomvandling i Shenzhen och Kina, och har vidare en tydligt statsledd karaktär som tar sig i uttryck genom det auktoritära politiska styrets främjande av marknadskrafter; De pågående gentrifieringsprocesserna i stadsbyn är sammanflätade med lokala och nationella politiska system och sociala konstellationer, och förorsakar olika påfrestningar för de migrant-hyresgäster som befolkar stadsbyn. Detta ligger inte i linje med den hållbarhetsdiskurs för städer som presenteras i FN’s ’New Urban Agenda’; De praktiska och företagsamma reaktioner och handlingsstrategier som uppvisas i stadsbyn tyder på ett tillstånd av både sårbarhet och personlig agens i det dagliga livet hos de marginaliserade och fattiga som utgör befolkningen i detta stadsrum. Detta visar även på nya alternativa synsätt på stadsutveckling och stadsomvandling. Den analytiska ansatsen ’bottom-up urbanism’ synliggör dessutom både diskrepans och samstämmighet med den rådande toppstyrda (’top-down’) stadsomvandlings policyn, och anses således kunna ligga till grund för framtagandet av nya politiska ramverk som kan underlätta för implementeringen av New Urban Agenda i Kina.