Master of Public Health - MPH / Background:cholera outbreaks have almost become a norm in Lusaka district with the onset of rains.The disease forms part of the preventable diarrhea diseases that have greatly contributed to the high morbidity and mortality rates especially in children under five. In an effort to mitigate the recurrence of cholera in the district of Lusaka, various strategies have been employed to resolve the crisis. However none have investigated the skill or capacity of the public health officers involved in health promotion and disease prevention,themselves. Therefore in this study, focus is turned on one of the integral officers in this public health arena who seem directly involved in preventive health, the Environmental Health Officers. The aim is to clarify their role and skills capacity with the hope of initiating a process of developing appropriate skills and therefore positively contribute to the fight to contain cholera outbreaks.Study Design:this is mainly a qualitative descriptive study that seeks to gain insight into the problem EHOs in Lusaka may be facing in averting cholera outbreaks by exploring in-depth, their attitudes, beliefs and values concerning their role and capacity with consideration to the training they receive to prepare them for their role. The sample was drawn from the EHO’s from 26 health centers under the jurisdiction of the Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team (LUDHMT).Data Collection:data was collected from the EHOs through focus group discussions to scrutinize how their knowledge and experience interact in their setting. Consequently, a few follow-up EHO interviews were done for further clarification of recorded data. Face to face, semistructured interviews were conducted with their supervisors as well as EHO trainers from the two local colleges concerned with EHO training. UWC, SOPH, mini-thesis, Hilary Chibiya, 2520505.May 2009 Analysis of Results:a qualitative approach to data analysis was employed which commenced during data collection through member checking to comparing, coding, categorizing and seeking meaningful interpretations of emerging themes.Discussion and Conclusion:while the EHOs’ perceive themselves essentially as promoters of environmental health,this study discovered that they dwell more on control measures in the matter of cholera out breaks. Even though they feel confident to contain an outbreak they expressed a lack in the level of skills they possessed to enable them to monitor, evaluate and consequently get rid of the all the factors that cause the disease to recur. Inevitably with this lack of self-assurance to eradicate cholera they seem resolved to focusing their resources to adequately prepare for the control of cholera than its prevention, instead. Very importantly, it was found that both policy development and training are to lagging behind the demands of the EHOs current role and their work is hindered by lack of funds specific to prevention activities complicated by an unhealthy donor dependency. There also is a need for all the key players in the environmental Health arena to appreciate the shift in the role of an EHO from the former traditional responsibilities because the incidence of cholera could keep recurring unless all these stakeholders could join forces in training and supporting the EHO appropriately.UWC, SOPH, mini-thesis, Hilary Chibiya, 2520505.May 2009

Prior to the 1994 democratic elections, urban tourism in South Africa was strictly confined to so-called ‘white’ areas. Black townships, prevented from constituting an integral part of ‘white’ cities, were developed as dormitory towns, far removed from central business districts and white urban areas. Today post-apartheid Soweto, a conurbation of two million inhabitants with a rich political history, has come to symbolise the political freedom of the new South Africa. Since South Africa’s first democratic elections in 1994 township tourism has been growing rapidly, with international tourists eager to see how the country has progressed. Motivated by an interest in the ethnic diversity and rich cultural heritage manifested in the daily lives and practices of township residents, tourists are visiting Soweto in increasing numbers. Because cultural tourists are motivated by local cultures in choosing to visit a particular attraction, they have been identified as both a blessing and blight, as communities living in townships are affected both positively and negatively by township tourism. The socio-cultural impacts of township tourism in South Africa, however, are not well documented. The purpose of the research undertaken was therefore to investigate the socio-cultural impacts of township tourism, as perceived by the host population, using Soweto as a case study. The purpose of this thesis is thus to present the findings of research conducted using a multiple-item Likert scale, in-depth interviews and participant observation as means for investigating host perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of township tourism in Soweto. This study reveals that respondents were divided in their perceptions of the impacts of tourism on the host community. Those who received economic or employment benefits from tourism generally viewed its socio-cultural impacts positively. Conversely, others who did not receive these benefits claimed that the inequitable distribution of benefits from tourism has led to community friction, growing antipathy towards tourists and commodification of traditional culture. Blame is laid partially at the door of government who, it is claimed, has neither afforded residents the opportunity for participation in decision-making relating to tourism planning and development in the township, nor offered the requisite funding or skills development support. A systematic analysis of tourism impacts can therefore help government planners, local decision-makers, tourism promoters and managers identify real concerns and issues in order for appropriate policies and action to be introduced. The challenge of managing sustainable township tourism in South Africa, using a community approach, is discussed. Results from the study have the potential to provide the foundation on which to formulate principles or guidelines and recommend approaches to be applied in the development and management of sustainable township tourism in South Africa, so as to create the basis necessary for good practice for any community cultural tourism project. Copyright / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

This research is about the service function and responsibility of the government sector. Ideas about what constitutes the proper role of government in social and economic development have shifted dramatically over the years. In the early years of independence in Africa the state held the dominant and undisputed position of being the initiator and implementor of all development programmes. Through the agency of the various multi-purpose organisations of the public sector, the state provided social and economic services on a large scale and at levels unknown of in earlier periods in pursuit of development goals. However, with the rise of the new public management the view gained currency that the public sector had failed or has had limited success in bringing about the desired development outcomes through public service delivery. Hence, the common assumption prevails that the private sector ought to assume more of the functions hitherto performed by public sector institutions. Notwithstanding the cynicism that the government sector has encountered in the past two decades concerning its performance, the research rests on the premise that government, as the ultimate locus of power in society, must spearhead the development process and be instrumental in serving the citizens through the various public institutions. The research posits that public institutions have substantial opportunities to improve their performance in service delivery, deploy their resources more efficiently, improve livelihoods and empower citizens. The research considers how this could be done in the context of a unitary state where government is constituted as national government and local government. The decentralisation process is examined in the context of the public sector reforms introduced in the post-independence period to improve service delivery. The strength of decentralisation, it is argued, derives from the positive benefits claimed for local government and the realisation that the national government is likely to succeed in meeting the needs and aspirations of the citizens through service delivery when it operates within the framework of co-operative government. The research argues that local government, covering a substantial area of the public sector in modern states, can serve as the primary structure for development and for improving livelihoods through the variety of services it provides. Examined in detail in the study are core governing principles that when applied to the local level of government would constitute essential requirements for competent administration. The urban government system in Swaziland, consisting of municipal authorities, is the focal point of attention in the inquiry. It is postulated that the aspects that are of vital importance in public service delivery are the performance aspect and the governance aspect. Both aspects are judged to be crucial because they offer the best prospect of invigorating public administration to the extent that they may determine whether public services are delivered competently by a particular public institution such as a municipality. Stemming from the above proposition, the inquiry employs performance and governance (emphasis defined later) as the main analytical concepts. In line with the above reasoning, the research postulates that public organisations relate to environments. The environment is viewed as having the potential to shape public institutions as well as public policy. Thus, it is argued that public institutions can improve their performance when managers maintain an awareness of the environment and its changing features and/or dynamics. Based on this assumption, the research identifies key environmental factors and examines how they shape the political system under consideration i.e. urban government in Swaziland. Performance management, it is argued in chapter 3, is critical and decisive in public service delivery as evidenced by the new orientation in public administration and management which emphasises strategies and frameworks that are aimed at improving government performance, achieving organisational excellence, and creating well-performing organisations. The ultimate aim of performance management, it is argued, is effective and efficient public service delivery. Well-performing and excellent organisations, according to this view, are those that put people at the centre and make customers the primary focus of service rendering efforts. In the application of the performance management concept to urban government in Swaziland the research relies on the 4E framework of efficiency, effectiveness, economy and equity. It is found that there is a performance gap in the service rendering activities of municipal authorities in that they are not properly adjusted to achieving sustained high performance in their service rendering role. It is concluded that urban government in Swaziland does not yet possess the capacity to deliver services in a high performance way. The above finding confirms the original assumption of the research that municipal authorities as evolving entities in a country that is itself in transition have yet to undergo a significant shift towards service excellence and that they have yet to reach a stage where they can be considered as high performing organisations that deliver services in an efficient, effective, economical and equitable manner. In examining the issue of service delivery, the research is anchored in a governance approach because the complex system of intergovernmental relations, of which local government is an integral part, comprises this concept. Accordingly, local governance – an important specialised application of governance – is highlighted in chapter 5 as an important aspect in public service delivery. This aspect is vital, it is argued, because a model public organisation, such as a municipal authority inclined towards service excellence, is expected not only to manage public affairs in an excellent and outstanding manner, but also deal effectively with the various interdependencies in government as well as observe universally accepted norms and values. Even more crucially, contemporary society is marked by a gradual shift from the usual fixation with rules and regulations and/or compliance with procedures of the local government system to good governance – a set of principles now considered to be at the core of the new public service ethos. Good governance is thus considered important in this research because it implies a focus on accountability for performance and results in local government. It directs focus to the need to provide public services to citizens in a competent and responsive manner – a paradigm shift that is of vital importance for the functioning of the public sector. In the discussion of the governance aspect, several elements of good governance are selected and highlighted as essential pillars for effective governance are selected and highlighted as essential pillars for effective administration and management in local government – accountabilityand transparency, representativeness, participation, responsiveness and effective leadership The question that is examined is whether or not urban government in Swaziland has been re-oriented to the practice of good governance. Evidence suggests that municipal authorities in Swaziland have not yet been sufficiently reoriented towards good governance. None of the municipalities in the research areas were found to have outstanding ratings in relation to the universally sanctioned good governance criteria of accountability and transparency, responsiveness, representativeness, participation and effective leadership. This confirms the original presumption of the research that only limited progress has been made to construct a local government system that is oriented towards good governance in Swaziland’s urban areas. Since it is surmised that the nature and performance of urban government is, to a lesser or greater extent, shaped by its environment the research identifies the environmental factors of local government in Swaziland. In chapter 4 of the research the environmental factors that are judged to be of vital importance for local government – historical, environmental, political, social, and economic factors – are examined in detail in order to demonstrate the close connection between the local government system, on the one hand, and the environment on the other. The colonial heritage is considered to be a decisive historical factor because it has shaped the present governmental system in Swaziland at both national and local levels. The most significant of the various environmental factors are the population shifts typified by rapid urbanisation and the concomitant high concentration of people in the country’s major towns and cities which only have a limited capacity in terms of resources, physical infrastructure and administrative capability to sustain the rising population. The traditional authority system is considered to be the most decisive social factor in Swaziland due to its impact on the Swazi society in general and public organisations in particular. Of the political factors, the legislative framework, consisting of the local government statute and the Constitution, is considered to be crucial because it determines the autonomy, power, purpose, and function of the local government system in Swaziland’s urban areas. Finance is found to be the most important economic factor because its availability and scarcity determine the ability of the local government system to finance projects and programmes and to make a difference in terms of improving the livelihoods of individuals and communities. The research suggests that urban government, as an important part of the public sector in Swaziland, can play a pivotal role in making a difference in Swazi society through public service delivery provided that it undergoes a significant shift and re-orientation towards service excellence, a process that could lead ultimately to improvement in their performance, responsiveness and the manner in which they manage resources. The research postulates that progress in service delivery by urban government requires firstly, that the local government system be reoriented towards sustained superior performance, with emphasis being given to efficiency, effectiveness, economy and equity; secondly, that public affairs at this level of government, be conducted in ways that strengthen accountability, enhance transparency, encourage responsiveness, foster grassroots participation, and support effective leadership. Thus, it is concluded that urban government could be a primary structure for development in Swaziland, depending on its capacity to provide municipal services competently, in an efficient, effective and responsive manner, provided that the function and purpose of government is reshaped sufficiently to produce a governmental system in the towns and cities that give citizens more economic and political power, given that more effective urban governance could be instrumental in improving the lives of people who reside in urban neighbourhoods. / Thesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / PhD / unrestricted

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-14T13:25:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao com as correcoes da banca-2.pdf: 7763298 bytes, checksum: 36272e73c79d4926dc5e8ecb3b84eb35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T13:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao com as correcoes da banca-2.pdf: 7763298 bytes, checksum: 36272e73c79d4926dc5e8ecb3b84eb35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / FACEPE / Invertebrados terrestres podem ser empregados como biomonitores para a avaliação da qualidade ambiental de áreas urbanas devido à capacidade de absorver substâncias químicas do ambiente por meio da alimentação ou contato direto. Ainda são poucos os estudos realizados utilizando insetos como biomonitores, mesmo sendo bastante relevantes ao considerar seu papel ecológico e densidade populacional elevada. Este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de utilizar invertebrados terrestres como biomonitores nas áreas urbanas Manguezal Memorial Arcoverde, Reserva da Mata do Frio e Campus Tecnológico do Nordeste, todas localizadas em Pernambuco. Para fins de monitoração de impactos ambientais, foram utilizados padrões de referência para estudos ambientais da classe Insecta obtidos no Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin, Igarassu, Pernambuco, unidade conservação com maior grau de conservação. A coleta dos invertebrados para realização do estudo foi executada utilizando-se armadilhas com iscas de mel, laranja, sardinha e carne putrefata a fim de atrair animais com diferentes hábitos alimentares. Após a coleta, os invertebrados foram lavados e em seguida, separados em nível de ordem para realização das análises químicas. A maior diversidade de ordens de invertebrados terrestres foi encontrada na Reserva da Mata do Frio, enquanto a ordem mais abundante coletada nas áreas urbanas estudadas foi Hymenoptera. Porções-teste de 0,1 g de massa seca foram analisadas por Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios-X por Dispersão de Energia (EDXRF), Espectrometria de Massas com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-MS) e Absorção Atômica por Forno de Grafite (GFAAS). A qualidade do procedimento analítico foi avaliada utilizando-se de porções-teste dos materiais de referência SRM 2976, SRM 8414, SRM 8415 e IAEA 336. As técnicas analíticas empregadas permitiram a determinação da concentração dos elementos químicos As, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mo, P, Pb, S, Sb, Th, U e Zn nos invertebrados das áreas urbanas estudadas. O manguezal Parque Memorial Arcoverde apresentou maiores características de ambiente impactado, devido às elevadas concentrações de Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, S, Sb e Zn nos invertebrados analisados. Na Reserva da Mata do Frio, foram obtidas concentrações superiores dos elementos químicos Cl, Cu, K e Zn, enquanto que, no Campus Tecnológico do Nordeste, o elemento químico Cd se destacou por apresentar concentração superior a faixa esperada em amostras de Hymenoptera. Considerando a relativa facilidade de coleta e análise, diversos ecossistemas puderam ser avaliados convenientemente utilizando invertebrados terrestres. / Terrestrial invertebrates can be employed as biomonitors for the environmental quality assessment in urban areas due to the ability of uptake of chemical substances through food or direct contact. Moreover, there are few studies using insects as biomonitors, even though their relevance owing to their ecological role and high population density. This work has utilized terrestrial invertebrates as biomonitors in the urban areas Parque Memorial Arcoverde, Reserva da Mata do Frio and Campus Tecnológico do Nordeste, located in the Pernambuco State, Brazil. Reference standards for environmental studies of class Insecta obtained in the Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin, Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil, a conservation unit of high conservation level, were used for environmental impact monitoring purposes. Invertebrates were sampled by using traps with honey, orange, sardine and rotten meat as attractive for animals of different food habits. After, the invertebrates were washed and then separated at the order level in order to analyze the chemical elements. The greatest diversity of orders was found in the Reserva da Mata do Frio, while the most abundant order in the studied urban areas was Hymenoptera. Test portions of 0.1 g were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAAS). The quality of the analytical procedure was evaluated using the reference materials SRM 2976, SRM 8414, 8415 and IAEA 336. The analytical techniques employed here allowed the determination of As, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mo, P, Pb, S, Sb, Th, U and Zn in the invertebrates from the studied urban areas. The Parque Memorial Arcoverde mangrove was considered one of the most impacted areas according to the high concentrations of Co, Cu, Mo, S, Sb and Zn determined in the invertebrates. For the Reserva Mata do Frio, it was observed the highest concentrations of the chemical elements Cl, Cu, K and Zn, while one invertebrate sample from the Campus Tecnológico do Nordeste accumulated Cd above the expected range. Considering the relative facility of sampling and analysis, diverse ecosystems could be appropriately assessed by means of terrestrial invertebrates.

The statistical evaluation of flood records requires long data series to extrapolate reliable peak discharges and related recurrence intervals. Often the records are extended with historical information concerning the water level. As the distribution functions are usually fitted to the discharge values historic stage-discharge-relations must be found to convert these values. Regarding the Elbe river at the Dresden gauge the history of a water course and its morphology is investigated. Using the former flow cross sections water profile calculations are carried out yielding different stage-discharge-curves for each historic period. Checking the flood stages since 1501 A.D. and the related peak discharges, resulted in reduced discharge values. The new peak discharge values allow an update of the flood records as well as recurrence periods and lead to the result that e.g. the 2002 flood seems to have a recurrence period three times longer than it was assumed up to now.

Due to considerations for sustainable development and urban sprawl we have to address the growing concern of abandoned buildings and cities. Underutilised buildings and urban spaces are the development sites of the future. This dissertation investigates the problems of underutilised buildings and cities, and by doing so aims to contribute to a good urban environment, “the good city” according to Stern (2003: 21). As a further challenge, many of these underutilised buildings were designed with abrupt thresholds and inward orientation, instantly divorcing them from the public domain. Therefore not only is the re-use of an existing building explored, but is the extension of the public realm into the building also investigated. The project addresses this extension of the public realm through layering as a tool and a design generator. The layered tectonic is applied through spatial, componential, material and transitional layering. The building chosen for the dissertation is the old Pretoria Central Fire Station. The new proposed programme is a Centre for Architecture. Site information: Programme: Centre for Architecture: includes exhibition space, auditorium, conference facilities, offices, library, archives, bookshop and restaurant. Site description: Old Pretoria Central Fire Station, 1912 Client: Client body consisting of SACAP and voluntary associations within the architecture profession Users: Professionals and students in the Built Environment industry, tourists and the general public Site Location: Erven 913 + 914 Address: 449 Bosman Street, c/o Minnaar Street, Pretoria CBD, South Africa Between African Window and City Hall GPS coordinates: 25°45’12.99”S, 28°11’8.61”E / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

Being prepared for different situations can be decisive for how tangible a crisis becomes. With the security policy transformation that the world is facing, crisis preparedness is becoming an increasingly popular topic. This essay is about young adults' attitudes towards crisis preparedness.The goal of the essay is to understand the individual's reasoning regarding crisis preparedness and how it is affected by different spatial perceptions. This enables new knowledge about how young adults reason and what characteristics spatial perceptions can imply. Spatial perceptions in this study are mainly linked to rural and urban areas. The study is based on previous research and the empirical material has been collected through semi-structured interviews. The results of the study showed that there is some connection between strong crisis preparedness and rural areas. Also, the result showed that young adults' attitude to crisis preparedness is something that they dissociate fromconsidering they don’t believe that anything will affect them, even though they think crisis preparedness is an important subject. According to the analysis, it’s the perspective of responsibility and different spatial perceptions that influenced their reasoning regarding crisis preparedness measures. The conclusion of this study is that rural areas are involuntarily more resilient than an urban area, and that preparedness measures would be more normalized if the topic were raised more often. This may be relevant for responsible authorities, communicative websites or media to enable better communication and knowledge information to individuals. The essay also shows that there is a need for further studies.

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Social infrastructure is premises or housing for municipally financed and statutory service such as schools, preschools, retirement homes and LSS or other social apartments. They can be built either stand-alone or integrated, where the former is constructed as its own building on a reserved site for the specific purpose, while the latter is an incorporated in space in a building which otherwise is typically intended for ordinary residential housing. Different forms of integrated solutions for social infrastructure have increased in recent years in connection with urban densification, which can bring benefits while at the same time new challenges. Municipalities are responsible for providing social infrastructure, which is ensured by means of regulations in zoning plans. The actual construction of the zoning plan is then usually carried out by private developers, which, in case of the municipally owned land, is done through land allocation agreements. This study intends to provide a picture of which legal regulations, practical applications and future challenges exist for social infrastructure in new urban areas. It is mainly based on the situation that applies in the case of land allocation agreements. A literature study was been done in order to explain legislation, government recommendations and previous research. Then, the qualitative method of semi-structured interviews was used to gain insight into how it is possible in practice to create the conditions needed for social infrastructure in development projects in new urban areas. A total of 4 municipalities and 3 developers operating in Stockholm and the Uppsala area have been interviewed for this purpose. The results of the literature study and interviews show that it is important that the need for the social infrastructure is described in the early stages and followed throughout the entire development process. Preschools are the most common type of social infrastructure and are relevant in nearly all development projects for residential development. Increased integrated solutions for preschools lead to difficulties achieving sufficient outdoor environment, which is considered to be one of the greatest practical and future challenges. Solutions for co-utilization of premises are also considered necessary. Among other things it is apparent from the legal regulations, that municipalities do not usually use their opportunities for easement or 3D property divisions, but rather prefer to rent or let private operators run businesses that include social infrastructure. Public procurement is probably not considered applicable when it comes to solutions for integrated social infrastructure, beyond its application in the adaptation of the premises and their interior. However, there is generally a great de / Social infrastruktur är lokaler eller bostäder för kommunalt finansierad och lagstadgad service som t.ex. skolor, förskolor, äldreboenden och LSS- eller andra sociala lägenheter. Detta kan uppföras antingen fristående eller integrerat, där det förstnämnda uppförs i egen byggnad på reserverad tomt för ändamålet medan det andra uppförs i utrymme i byggnad som i övrigt vanligen är avsedd för ordinär bostadsbebyggelse. Olika integrerade lösningar för social infrastruktur har ökat de senaste åren i samband med att städer förtätas, som kan ge fördelar men samtidigt nya utmaningar. Kommuner är ansvariga för att tillgodose den sociala infrastrukturen, vilket säkerställs genom användningsbestämmelser i detaljplan. Genomförandet av detaljplanen utförs sedan vanligen av privata exploatörer, som när kommunen äger marken sker genom ett markanvisningsförfarande. Denna studie har för avsikt att ge en bild av vilka lagliga regleringar, praktiska tillämpningar och framtida utmaningar som anses finnas för social infrastruktur i ny stadsbebyggelse. Studien utgår främst ifrån exploateringar som genomförs efter en markanvisning. Litteraturstudie har utförts i syfte att redogöra för lagstiftning, myndigheters rekommendationer och tidigare forskning. Sedan har en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer använts för att få en inblick i hur det praktiskt går till att skapa förutsättningar för social infrastruktur vid exploateringsprojekt i ny stadsbebyggelse. Totalt har 4 kommuner och 3 exploatörer som är verksamma i Stockholm och Uppsala-trakten intervjuats i detta syfte. Resultaten från litteraturstudie och intervjuer visar att det är viktigt att behov för den sociala infrastrukturen beskrivs i tidiga skeden och följer med under hela exploateringsprocessen. Förskolor är det vanligaste typen av social infrastruktur som aktualiseras i stort sett alla exploateringsprojekt för bostadsbebyggelse. Ökade integrerade lösningar för förskolor leder till svårigheter med tillräcklig utemiljö, viket även ses som en av de största praktiska och framtida utmaningarna. Det anses även behövas lösningar för samutnyttjande av lokaler. Vad som bl. a. framgår av de lagliga regleringarna är att kommuner vanligen inte använder sina möjligheter för inlösen eller 3D-fastighetsbildning, utan hellre vill hyra eller låta privata aktörer driva verksamheter som omfattar den sociala infrastrukturen. Offentlig upphandling anses troligtvis inte bli tillämplig när det rör sig om lösningar för integrerad social infrastruktur, mer än för att göra själva lokalanpassningen och inredningen. Dock finns det överlag stor osäkerhet kring LOU:s tillämplighet i exploateringssammanhang.