Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O estudo objetivou desenvolver e validar um método para identificar e quantificar poluentes orgânicos persistentes, conhecidos como POPs, em solo de regiões industriais dos municípios de Caieiras e Franco da Rocha SP, via cromatografia a gás acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS) e Detector por Captura de Elétrons (ECD). Em observância ao Tratado de Estocolmo, patrocinado pela Organização das Nações Unidas ONU, que prevê o banimento de pelo menos doze dos POPs, e no qual o Brasil é um dos 113 países signatários, o trabalho visou colaborar positivamente com essa questão ambiental tão importante. Estes compostos são tóxicos e altamente estáveis no ambiente e em organismos vivos, dentre os quais, são abordados nesse trabalho o clordano cis/trans (C10H6Cl8), o heptacloro (C10H5Cl7), o heptacloro epóxido cis/trans (C10H5Cl7) e os isômeros α-, β-, γ- e δ-BHC (C6Cl6). Para garantir a confiabilidade das análises realizadas, foram realizados ensaios de Validação da metodologia, com base nas diretrizes do INMETRO. A técnica de extração utilizada foi o QuEChERS, obtendo resultados de recuperação na faixa de 70 a 120% para a maioria dos compostos estudados, considerados aceitáveis para matrizes complexas. Os limites de detecção e quantificação do método compreenderam a faixa de 0,0002 e 0,01 μg.g1, respectivamente. As amostras analisadas apresentaram contaminação pelos compostos hexaclorobenzeno α-, β-, γ- e δ-, muitas das quais estão acima dos limites máximos permissíveis, de acordo com as legislações nacionais e internacionais vigentes. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

As políticas públicas de preservação do patrimônio cultural brasileiro optaram pela salvaguarda de determinadas cidades em detrimento de outras. Desta forma, tem-se como objetivo nesta pesquisa discutir os espaços urbanos que o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional vem acautelando, tendo como meta entender que cidade patrimônio é considerada de relevância para fazer parte do mosaico que pretende constituir a identidade nacional. Para atingir esse objetivo, analisaram-se as formas como o Estado concebe esses espaços das cidades, primeiramente como cidade-monumento, depois como cidade-histórica e cidade-documento, e, por fim, a partir de uma leitura proposta nesta pesquisa, como cidadeterritório. No que se refere à função das cidades, partiu-se da discussão proposta por Lefebvre (2008) para entender o processo de urbanização, compreendendo-as como política, mercantil ou industrial, representadas nesta pesquisa, respectivamente, pelos estudos de caso de Iguape (SP), Oeiras (PI) e Cataguases (MG). A partir desta análise foi possível constatar que o início do século XXI foi marcado por um esforço em redimensionar a presença do instituto em todo o país, buscando formar um conjunto coerente de cidades patrimônio capaz de concatenar a formação do território brasileiro. Contudo, mesmo com essa nova política, pode-se afirmar que no Brasil se tombou pouco, pois, diariamente, em todas as partes do país se perdem importantes sustentáculos de identidade cultural, sejam arquitetônicos, naturais ou ainda os suporte físicos das relações sociais cotidianas. / The public policies for the preservation of Brazilian cultural heritage have opted for the safeguard of some cities to the detriment of others. It is the purpose of this study, then, to discuss the urban areas that the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage (Iphan) has cautioned, the goal being to understand which city heritage is relevant as a part of the mosaic that constitutes national identity. To achieve this objective, the ways in which the state perceives these areas of the cities were analyzed; first as city monuments, next as city histories and city documents, and finally as a view proposed in this study, as cities territories. In reference to the role of the cities, it has departed from the proposed argument by Lefebvre (2008) to understanding the process of urbanization as political, commercial, or industrial represented in this study, respectively, in the case studies of Iguape (SP), Oeiras (PI), and Cataguases (MG). From this analysis it can be stated that the beginning of the 21st century was characterized by an effort to reshape the presence of the Institute in the entire country, seeking to form a coherent group of heritage cities capable of linking Brazilian territory together. However, even with this new policy, it can be affirmed that in Brazil little held true because every day in all parts of the country important pillars of cultural identity are lost, whether architectural, natural or even the physical pillars of every-day social relations.

Cette thèse envisage la géographie des activités scientifiques à travers leur dimension productive (les publications des chercheurs). La méthode définie permet de localiser et d’analyser à plusieurs dates la production et les réseaux de collaboration entre chercheurs à l'échelle mondiale depuis le niveau de l’agglomération urbaine. Les résultats montrent un mouvement récent de diffusion de l’activité à un nombre croissant de lieux, atténuant le monopole d’espaces autrefois hégémoniques et sur-représentés dans le corpus de références étudié (le Science Citation Index Expanded). Une étude de cas est réalisée sur un domaine de recherche en biologie moléculaire : la réparation de l'ADN. Considérant le rôle des trajectoires individuelles, elle aborde les principes géographiques d'émergence de la spécialité et la diffusion spatiale d'une question de recherche associée au domaine de la transcription de l'ADN. / This thesis considers the geography of scientific activities through its productive dimension (publications retrieved from bibliographic databases). An original method is designed which relies on two principles: taking the urban area as an elementary level of analysis to study the repartition and organization of research activity at the world scale, taking into account co-authorship data to deduce networks of scientific collaborations between places. The main results show a trend toward the spatial diffusion of production activity at several scales, mitigating the monopoly of hegemonic and over-represented areas in the whole corpus of scientific references considered (SCI Expanded). A case study is realized on a research field in molecular biology: DNA Repair. Considering the role of individual trajectories, it explains the geography of the emergence of the scientific specialty as well as the spatial diffusion of a problem area related to the field of DNA Transcription.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 nicoleandradedarocha.pdf: 5589274 bytes, checksum: e35a9c2511e226e70b29092b3dd7f8b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal testar a ferramenta OSS (Observação Social Sistemática) e suas possíveis contribuições para a arquitetura e urbanismo, de forma a aprofundar nos estudos análiticos da realidade urbana e arquitetônica brasileira, visando uma leitura adequada do espaço urbano, tanto físico, quanto formal, que permita compreender o espaço enquanto lugar e as relações que são desenvolvidas nesse contexto. Para tanto, o estudo foi aplicado em duas Regiões Urbanas (RU) de Juiz de Fora- MG, dividido em quatro etapas de estudos: na etapa quali-quantitativa (1), foi realizada uma busca sistemática no Periódicos Capes através de palavras-chave relacionados com o estudo em questão, buscando desta forma, conhecer o estado da arte, métodos mais utilizados e o contexto de aplicação das ferramentas analisadas, que possibilitassem as realizações das análises qualitativa do espaço urbano; na etapa prática (2), aplicou-se a ferramenta nas áreas selecionadas e após a compilações dos dados, expôs-se os resultados encontrados; na etapa de discussão dos resultado (3), buscou-se identificar a aplicabilidade e as limitações do uso da ferramenta; e na etapa final, realizou-se as conclusões e considerações finais (4). Entre os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que a flexibilidade destaca-se entre as vantagens da OSS, já que é possível adaptá-la há vários objetos de estudos e as várias áreas do conhecimento, uma vez que utiliza o levantamento quantitativo dos elementos da paisagem permitindo concomitantemente analises qualitativa da mesma, oportunizando o direcionamento da pesquisa de acordo com enfoco da área estudada. Entretanto, a ferramenta possibilita a análise apenas da camada mais próxima da paisagem, sem explorá-la mais profundamente e em detalhes já que atua na escala do pedestre. Além disso, a OSS se mostra interessante ao propor um processo rápido e barato da captação das camadas da paisagem mais próxima do observador. Desta forma, quando buscamos respostas, na arquitetura e urbanismo, para as questões que envolvem métricas do espaço urbano a partir de estudos sistemáticos, qualitativos e quantitativos, percebemos que existem poucos estudos desenvolvidos nesse sentido. Talvez, uma alternativa a essa questão seja o de buscar, em outras áreas do conhecimento (que é multidisciplinar), a contribuição e apoio pautados nos princípios heurísticos permitindo novos rumos para a pesquisa. / This work has as main objective to test the OSS tool (Social Systematic Observation) and their contributions to the study of architecture and urbanism, in order to deepen the analytical studies of urban reality and Brazilian architectural, seeking a proper reading of urban space, both physical, as formal, in order to understand the space as a place and the relationships that are developed in this context. Therefore, the study was applied in two Urban Regions (RU) in Juiz de Fora - MG, the study was divided into four stages: Qualitative and quantitative stage (1), was a systematic search in Portal Periodicos Capes through keywords related to the study in question, looking this way, knowing the state of the art, methods more used and the application context of the analyzed tools that would enable the achievements of qualitative analysis of urban space; Practice stage (2) in which the tool was applied in selected areas and after compilation of data and was explained the results; Discussion of the result (3), we sought to identify the applicability and limitations of the tool; and in the last stage the final conclusions (4). Among the results, we can conclude that flexibility stands out like advantages of OSS, because it is possible to adapt it for several objects of study and the various areas of knowledge, since it uses the quantitative survey of landscape elements concurrently allowing qualitative analysis thereof. However the tool allows the analysis only in the layer closest to the landscape without exploring it more deeply and in detail. This tool shows interesting on to propose a quick and inexpensive process of capturing the landscape layers in the pedestrian scale, even if it is the closest to the observer. Thus, when we seek answers, in architecture and urbanism, to the issues surrounding metrics of urban space from systematic, qualitative and quantitative studies, we realize that there are few studies in this direction. Perhaps an alternative to this question is to seek, in other areas of knowledge that is multidisciplinary, the contribution of knowledge, support and insights for new directions of research.

Global warming risks overthrowing the Earth's climate system, which would mean thatmany communities need to be reshaped and adapted to a new climate. The PublicHealth Agency of Sweden has run a project during the years 2017-2019 that aims toincrease society's ability to identify, prevent and manage harmful heat in existingbuildings. The project focuses on covering the occurrence and developing measures toprevent heat stress in both urban outdoor- and indoor environments. The agency has commissioned a GIS method which, based on the buildings' groundcover, aims to identify areas that are at risk of developing harmful temperatures. Themethod is based on first calculating the total land area of the cities in order to be able tocalculate the proportion of the area covered by high vegetation, hardened surfaces,building bodies and low vegetation. Based on this calculation, areas with a highproportion of paved surfaces and building bodies as well as a low proportion of highvegetation have been identified as areas with a higher risk of developing harmfultemperatures. In this essay, the method has been used to identify risk areas in KalmarCounty's largest cities; Kalmar, Västervik and Oskarshamn. High temperatures can be dangerous for all people, but elderly people are highlighted asa particularly vulnerable group as they have a reduced ability to regulate bodytemperature. Therefore the survey of the thesis has been supplemented with data onwhere people over the age of 65 live in relation to the risk areas in order to make furtherpriorities in where the measures are needed the most. The conclusion is that the need for cooling measures in the mapped cities is greatest inthe urban centers, as the high density of urban areas there provides good conditions fordeveloping high temperatures while a large part of the old population live in thesecentral areas. Several industrial areas have been identified as risk areas in all mappedcities, but there the need for cooling measures is less as they are usually located on theoutskirts of the cities and lack residents over 65 years. The exception is the OldIndustrial Area in Kalmar, whose central location and the circular design of Kalmarindicate that high temperatures develop here at night, which can drive the urban heatisland in the city.

L'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville fait l'objet d'un débat. D'un côté, l'image des zones urbaines sensibles comme enclavées est forte dans les discours sur la ville et dans les représentations collectives. D'un autre côté, cet enclavement est nuancé, voire réfuté, par de nombreux chercheurs qui suggèrent de se concentrer sur les facteurs socio-économique de l'exclusion de leurs habitants. Positionnée à « l’entre-deux » entre sciences humaines et sociales et géomatique, cette thèse élabore une méthode générique de mesure de l'enclavement dans les espaces urbains à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique. Nous questionnons ainsi l'apport de la géomatique à une problématique relevant jusque-là de disciplines comme la géographie, la sociologie ou l'urbanisme. Nous entendons l'enclavement comme une situation de faible potentiel de contact avec l'altérité, qui réduit les échanges entre une entité et le reste du territoire, et provoque une mise à l'écart de ses habitants. Nous proposons de distinguer trois dimensions de l'enclavement : la Fermeture, l'Isolement et la Différenciation. Ces trois dimensions structurent notre méthode. Chacune renvoie à des axes de recherche différents – les coupures urbaines, les mobilités piétonnes, la caractérisation de la forme urbaine, l'accessibilité, la mesure de ségrégation – que nous mobilisons pour construire des indicateurs géographiques d'enclavement. Nous appliquons ensuite cette méthode aux zones urbaines sensibles. Cette application spécifique nous permet à la fois de valider notre méthode, en recoupant des résultats connus avec d'autres approches (urbanisme, sociologie), et à la fois de contribuer au débat sur l'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville au moyen d'une approche quantitative / In France, there is a debate in Urban Policies: are the “zones urbaines sensibles”, underprivileged urban areas benefiting from specific public policies, suffering from geographical isolation ? On the one hand, these areas are perceived in collective representations as “enclaves” where inhabitants are blocked in their district. On the other hand, this isolation is nuanced, even refuted, by many researchers who suggest focusing on the socio-economic factors of exclusion.With an approach in between social sciences and geomatics, this PhD thesis develops a generic method of measuring geographical isolation in urban spaces by using a geographic information system. We aims to question the contribution of geomatics to a debate that until then belong to disciplines such as geography, sociology or planning.We define geographical isolation as a situation of weak potential for contact with otherness, which reduces the exchanges between an entity and the rest of the territory, and causes the severance of its inhabitants. We propose to distinguish three dimensions of geographical isolation: Enclosing, Remoteness and Differentiation. These three dimensions give a frame to our method. Each refers to different fields of research – “community severance” or “barrier effect”, pedestrian mobility, characterization of urban form, accessibility, segregation measure – that we mobilize to construct indicators of geographical isolation.We then apply this method to the “zones urbaines sensibles”. This specific application enables us both to validate our method, by combining known results with other approaches (planning, sociology), and both to contribute to the debate on the geographical isolation of the “zones urbaines sensibles” with a quantitative approach

Grön infrastruktur påstås ha möjligheten att minska mängden dagvatten längs hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljöer och därigenom höja städernas motståndskraft mot ökade nedbördsmängder. Denna undersökning har undersökt hur grön infrastruktur kan höja fem stadsmiljöers resiliens mot översvämningar och hur stadsmiljöerna kan få större inslag av ekologi. Undersökningen har visat att det förvisso är en möjlighet att den gröna infrastrukturen kan längs med gator, parker och hustak minska mängden dagvatten längs hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljöer. Satsningen på grön infrastruktur kan bli otroligt dyr i en större stad om hela stadens dagvatten ska tas om hand om och det gick inte att ta fram en mall för grön infrastruktur som enkelt kan kopieras från en stad till en annan. Det krävs även uträkningar av flödesemängder för att säkerställa hur stor del av staden som skyddas mot ökade nederbördsmängder. / It is claimed that green infrastructure has the ability to reduce the amount of storm water in urban areas and by extension increasing the resilience of urban areas. This study has investigated how the resilience against flooding can be strengthened and at the same time how an increase in ecological wildlife within five urban areas can be increased with greeni nfrastructure given the limitations of an urban area with preexisting buildings. The study concluded that it is possible to implement green infrastructure alongside roads, parks and rooftops with the desired effects of increased resilience and ecological wildlife in urban areas. The issues found were several. One of the issues was the lack of generalized city patterns which lead to that no generalized model for implementing green infrastructure could be concluded. Another issue was the issue of cost, it is not easy nor a cheap undertaking to remodel the road network of a preexisting city. Furthermore, it is required that every contribution of green infrastructure has its potential of storm water consumption calculated to match the local demand.

As part of an on-going trend, the greening of logistics actions in business activities has become a critical issue for companies and society. Stakeholders are asking companies to minimize their negative impacts on the environment and society, and create effective business, sustainable environment, stakeholders’ benefits and quality of life. Through a case study approach, this research study aimed to examine the environmental and societal effects of freight logistics on dominant stakeholders in urban areas as a result of a company’s production volume increased. Furthermore, the study also aimed to pinpoint and discuss the suitable research method for a multifaceted research study. A mixed- method research approach of both qualitative (case study) and quantitative (simulation) methods were applied in this study consisting of dominant stakeholders (a Swedish company, a Swedish municipality, the Swedish transport administration, and local urban residents). The research revealed that a company’s production volume increase creates development for the company, local municipalities, and residents within the company’s business environment, however, freight trucks logistics that are used in this process to deliver raw materials to the company’s production site(s) creates negative environmental impacts (carbon emission, road congestion, noise, and pollution) on routes and urban areas. Moreover, as production volume is further increased, these negative impacts also increase. The study also revealed that a mixed-method approach is suitable for multifaceted research studies that comprise of multiple conditions, variables, and data from several sources. As such, the qualitative method can be used in the first phrase to collect formative data, which can then be tested and supported for effectiveness with a quantitative method in the second phrase.

Universities influence the demographic and social landscape of a city, which has an impact on neighbouring areas. This study analyses migration patterns within the Umeå labour market region and identifies areas that are particularly attractive. By understanding these patterns, we can gain a better understanding of different groups, which can help with planning and attraction strategies in a municipality. Although the study shows a clear trend towards urbanisation, there are also tendencies towards suburbanisation. Couples with children are the group mainly moving out of the urban center of Umeå to the countryside, while singles/couples without children are the group attracted to the urban center. The differences in the migration patterns between the different groups suggest that individuals have different push and pull factors. Looking at family disposable income and labour income also reveals pattern that are supported by theories and earlier research. For example, the rural idyll and slower pace can be seen as influencing decisions. This may also be useful to explore in the future, given the change in behavior following the covid-19 pandemic, where interest in the rural areas has increased.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Stephanie A. Rolley / Economically insecure times require reduction of energy and land consumption, enhancement of socio-economic and environmental quality of life, and reutilization of neglected existing structures and sites. Traditional planning and design dictates through top-down policy and ordered master planning. In contrast, interactive smart technology simulating human cognitive reactions offers an alternative design framework - an intelligent, adaptive environment – capable of redefining contemporary public open space design. Traversing through the neglected Fifth Ward north of downtown St. Louis, the adaptive reutilization of the abandoned Iron Horse Trestle interurban elevated railroad and subway applies the Sense Respond Adapt Mutate Emerge conceptual framework (the S.R.A.M.E. Strategy) by utilizing existing resources to create an interconnected, emergent open space network. Ten unique sites along the Iron Horse Trestle are initially embedded with sensory devices capable of gathering and synthesizing learned information. The real-time actions translate into physical structural responses. The site specifi c reactions extend outwards as structural adaptations to indeterminate changes from trail users. The evolving structural form connects and mutates the existing structure. Similar to a Choose your own adventure gamebook, the Trestle’s open-ended and reactive programmatic strategies emerge as a series of potential options for future inclusionary, interactive designs. By selectively enhancing, creating, or enabling an open space system reacting to real-time actual user needs over time directly along the Trestle line, the S.R.A.M.E. Strategy offers a potential alternative framework for the indirect revitalization of neglected infrastructural and economic conditions, a residential rejuvenation catalyst, and future socio-economic and ecological sustainable living patterns education tool. The Trestle’s revitalization serves as an education tool critiquing contemporary landscape architecture and general design practice - the static, dictated, and consumptive. Intelligent adaptive environments offer an alternative framework enabling interactive design decision making capabilities to the users as options evolving over time.