D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology) / This study explores local state constructions of citizenship for the residents of informal settlements in urban South Africa during the first decade of local democracy, with a focus on the last electoral term of this period. While many studies in the social sciences have reported on citizenship experiences and self-help strategies of various categories of residents of post-apartheid South Africa, few have directed their gaze at the state, or studied up by investigating powerful respondents or sites and processes of power. Given that the state has its most direct dealings with the grassroots at local government level, and that compared to ordinary people it holds a disproportionate amount of power over citizenship, the character and strategies of the local state in South Africa are critical for a comprehensive understanding of post-apartheid urban citizenship. The study focuses on the policy area of housing as a key response to informal settlement. A constrained developmental local state has emerged in the post-apartheid period in South Africa, exhibiting both Weberian and non-Weberian qualities in its political-administrative interface. While very little evidence of a skills shortage or limited capacity has surfaced in the policy area of housing in the metropolitan municipalities of Johannesburg and Tshwane, respondents in both sites reported that the available funds from the central state were vastly insufficient for addressing the identified housing need. This severely limited local state capacity to respond to the priorities identified by community consultation and systematic needs assessment and resulted in a perceived imperative to limit responsibility and supplement funds. Consequently, the two local authorities have managed their level of responsibility by changing definitions of informal settlement. In an attempt to lower dependence on the local state, they have also moved some responsibility for responding to informal settlement and housing need away from the local state. Although the lack of funds was deplored in both cities, their specific strategies have differed in important ways. In the City of Johannesburg, the local state recognised that housing shortages and informal settlement could not be adequately addressed if categories of nonqualifiers such as foreigners were excluded from city programmes. Elected councillors therefore argued for a relaxation of the criteria in the national Housing Code. To access more funds, the local state has relied heavily on the private sector, but this is likely to push the poor out of the urban centre and to isolate them from economic opportunities, which reinforces the apartheid spatial distribution. In order to reach a larger proportion of the population in need of assistance, the City of Tshwane preferred to focus its efforts on the provision of serviced sites rather than on housing. This strategy was implemented in addition to severe repression in the form of eviction and destruction of informal settlements as well as a policy of zero tolerance of new informal settlement, for which two related rationalisations were offered by respondents: the high portion of non-qualifiers who live in informal settlements and, in particular, the presence of foreigners, for whom they would not accept responsibility. While the City of Johannesburg’s outsourcing of low-income housing serves to extend the disproportionate influence of the private sector over elements of urban citizenship, the City of Tshwane’s exclusion of non-qualifiers and its forced removal of informal settlements represent a unilateral approach to constructing citizenship. In both cases, the result is a degree of continuity with the early colonial administrations and the apartheid government. Both methods have also inflated the achievements of the cities. The overall result has been the construction of a narrow, shallow and punitive urban citizenship for residents of informal settlements in South Africa since the advent of local democracy in 2000.

As demand for food and farmland is increasing in Hanoi, the transition from an agricultural-based economy to an industrial one puts the livelihoods of urban farmers at risk. The urbanization displaces people and alter livelihoods of many urban poor in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi. This study uses the Sustainable Livelihood Approach in discussing the variety of chocks stakeholders associated with production, trading and consuming of vegetables, are exposed to. The findings provide a holistic perspective to the opportunities and constraints which urban agriculture is facing in modern day Hanoi. An outlining of urban agricultural production patterns according to the Von Thünen Model recognizing a slight alteration in which urban expansion hinders the production. Urban dwellers in peri-urban areas between a 5-15-kilometer radius from the city center are most vulnerable for land seizures and compensation rates are incused by corruption. Although there is potential for urban agriculture as demand for vegetables are high, the modernization of the country will continue to limit cultivation in the urban districts of Hanoi. Additionally, supermarkets with certified safe produced vegetables are currently in conflict with culturally embedded shopping practices. As public officials turn to the supermarketization to provide food safety, the rural-urban migration has shaped vegetable shopping differently.

This thesis evaluates the practice of subsidizing entertainment projects as economic development strategy through a case study of the American Airlines Arena (AAA). Subsidy proponents argued that it would generate new tax revenue and jobs, and enhance the city’s image and pride. This rationale neglects factors that mitigate the economic impact of arenas and fails to consider the social costs. The AAA subsidy is evaluated using a cost-benefit method that has been underutilized in academic research. The economic impact is analyzed by estimating the fiscal return on the public’s investment and the number and quality of new jobs created. The social costs are considered in light of Miami’s economic development history and the policy implications are discussed. The AAA subsidy results in hundreds of millions of dollars in losses over the term of the public-private partnership and created a negligible number of low quality jobs. Furthermore, the AAA subsidy may have exacerbated relations between residents and leaders by prioritizing the leisure spending of visitors over the needs of inner city residents.

Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / There is a growing need for co-ordination of design, sustainability, economic and environmental aspects of infrastructure projects. The provision of civil infrastructure has a major impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. A literature review conducted highlighted that infrastructure development was focused mainly on the financial and engineering aspects of projects. There is an urgent need to apply technologies and methods that deliver better and more sustainable performance of civil infrastructure as well as a need to establish a standard of measurement for greener infrastructure. The literature review revealed that the existing tools do not adequately rate and monitor civil engineering infrastructure design decisions from concept stage, through to detailed design and implementation. The objectives of the research were to identify green design technologies that can be used in township infrastructure and to encourage sustainable design on infrastructure township services, at various stages of the project. This would require the development of a green reporting system that incorporates environmentally friendly infrastructure design solutions. This study identified alternative eco-efficient civil infrastructure design solutions and developed sustainability criteria to analyse the eco-efficiency of infrastructure projects. The study proposed a Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit aimed at ensuring high-performance, eco-efficient, economical and environmentally friendly design decisions on stormwater, roads, water and sanitation related to township infrastructure projects. Various case studies were undertaken on a range of infrastructure projects to ensure consistency and reliability of the toolkit. Through a series of green reports, developed for each stage of a project, the toolkit measured the environmental efficiency of the design solutions. Recommendations suggest that engineering practitioners should endeavour to integrate greener engineering solutions into the traditional method of designing of infrastructure projects. The Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit with the use of its green reporting tools ensures the design of sustainable township infrastructure services, by progressively ensuring efficient, affordable, economical and sustainable provision of infrastructure services. / D

Syfte: Med den kraftiga ökningen av befolkning i Sveriges städer och orter skapas det en brist av bostäder. För att kunna tillgodose folkökningen samt den växande efterfrågan att bo centralt väljer kommuner att bygga inifrån. Detta kallas för förtätning vilket kan sätta press på allmänna platser och friytor. Målet med denna studie är att analysera hur förtätning har påverkat Jönköpings stad ur ett socialt och ekologiskt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Metod: De metoder som rapporten har använt är dokumentanalys, enkätstudie, intervjuer och litteraturstudie. Intervjuer har skett med anställda inom Jönköpings kommun, dokumenten som analyserades är från Jönköpings kommun och enkätstudien berör hur Jönköping stad upplevs. Resultat: Resultaten av studien visar att förtätning har inneburit positiva samt negativa konsekvenser för Jönköpings innerstaden. Dessa resultat indikerar dock att de positiva konsekvenserna överväger de negativa. För en bättre hantering av förtätningen i centrala Jönköping krävs det att få en väl förankrad idé av vad som är en lämplig förtätning samt att bättre planering krävs angående utformningen av kvarter/områden. Konsekvenser: De slutsatser som finns är att det krävs väl förankrad idé om vad som är lämplig förtätning för Jönköping samt att bättre planering av utformning av kvarter och områden för att uppnå god social och ekologisk hållbarhet. Begränsningar: Studien har begränsats till Jönköpings Kommun med inriktning i stadskärnan och kommer inte att inkludera glest bebyggda områden. Ekonomiska och politiska faktorer ingår inte i studien utan det baseras på de ekologiska samt sociala hållbarhetseffekterna. / Purpose: With the high growth of population in Sweden’s cities and suburbs comes a lack of housing. To solve this housing problem and the growing demand of living in the central parts of the city have municipalities decided to build from within. This is called densification which can put pressure on public places and free spaces. The goal of this study is to analyse how densification has affected Jönköping city from an ecological and social sustainability perspective. Method: The methods used in the report are document analysis, interview, literature studies and surveys. The interviewees were employed by Jönköping’s municipality. The documents that were analysed are from Jönköping’s municipality as well and the survey is about how citizens experience Jönköping city. Findings: The findings show that densification has both positive and negative consequences for Jönköping’s inner city. These results indicate that the positive aspects of densification outweigh the negative aspects of densification. To better handle densification in central Jönköping requires a well-established notion of what proper densification is as well as better planning when it comes to forming neighbourhoods. Implications: The conclusions that were found is that it is required to have a well-established concept of densification and that better planning is needed when forming neighbourhoods when it comes to achieving ecological and social sustainability. Limitations: The study has been limited to Jönköping Municipality with a focus of the core city and will not include sparsely built areas. The economic and political factors will not be included in this study which will instead be based on the effects of ecological and social sustainability.

Hanoi, à travers une longue histoire de plusieurs milliers d'années, dispose de très riche héritage patrimonial, souvenirs de son développement. Ces témoignages historiques sont exprimés par la présence de valeurs culturelles matérielles et immatérielles. L’architecture est considérée comme une représentante complète pour identifier ces traces historiques.Cependant, pour ces vieux centres urbains millénaires comme Hanoi, il existe un phénomène symbiotique. La conservation des valeurs culturelles anciennes dans le contexte de modernisation est la source du risque de négligence ou d’abus pour les patrimoines culturels. Pour les pays en développement, notamment les pays asiatiques comme le Vietnam, l'objectif de développement rapide afin de rattraper et de dépasser les pays développés est un fort désir. Il y a donc un très fort enjeu pour la conservation des valeurs culturelles traditionnelles. Cela conduit souvent à des relations antagonistes entre conservation de l’héritage historique et développement. En effet, pour un développement économique fort, on a besoin parfois d’ignorer les besoins culturels et spirituels, directement liés à la vie communautaire.Les patrimoines architecturaux souffrent de l’«indifférence» et divisent la communauté. Il s’agit dans cette thèse de proposer une approche différente pour nous aider à voir que la cause de ces problèmes est non seulement due à des besoins de développement économique, des aspirations pour enrichir la communauté, mais aussi un manque d'informations sur les valeurs de l'architecture du patrimoine culturel. C’est une lacune dans la gestion des collectivités locales et dans la prise de conscience du peuple. Une telle exigence est de combler cette lacune. De ce fait, je me permets de soumettre mon mémoire sous le thème Préservation et promotion des valeurs de l'architecture des Đình dans le vieux quartier de Hanoi – le patrimoine architectural et urbain du Vietnam. / Hanoi, through a long history of several thousand years, has a very rich heritage heritage, memories of its development. These historical testimonies are expressed by the presence of material and intangible cultural values. Architecture is considered as a complete representative to identify these historical traces.However, for these old millennial urban centers like Hanoi, there is a symbiotic phenomenon. The preservation of ancient cultural values in the context of modernization is the source of the risk of neglect or abuse of cultural heritage. For developing countries, especially Asian countries such as Vietnam, the goal of rapid development to catch up and overtake developed countries is a strong desire. There is therefore a very strong stake for the conservation of traditional cultural values. This often leads to antagonistic relationships between conservation of historical heritage and development. Indeed, for a strong economic development, we sometimes need to ignore cultural and spiritual needs, directly related to community life.The architectural heritages suffer from "indifference" and divide the community. The purpose of this thesis is to propose a different approach to help us see that the cause of these problems is not only due to economic development needs, aspirations to enrich the community, but also a lack of information about values of the cultural heritage architecture. This is a gap in the management of local communities and in the awareness of the people. Such a requirement is to fill this gap. Therefore, I allow myself to submit my thesis under the theme Conservation and promotion of the values of the Đình architecture in the old district of Hanoi - the architectural and urban heritage of Vietnam.

Le Vietnam est un Etat-Parti administrativement centralisé. Fruit de l'Histoire du pays, cette centralisation administrative se conjugue pourtant malaisément avec l'urbanisation exponentielle des villes vietnamiennes. Moteurs de la croissance du pays et cœur de son attractivité économique depuis la politique du Đổi mới à la fin des années 80, les villes vietnamiennes connaissent pourtant d’importantes difficultés, liées au manque de décentralisation (administrative et financière) et au maintien d'une forte présence de l'Etat central. Cette décentralisation, inaboutie, est pourtant nécessaire pour, d'une part, gérer les phénomènes complexes découlant d'une urbanisation rapide et peu maitrisée (exode rural, gentrification, périurbanisation, extension des limites administratives des villes, gestion du foncier, accès aux services publics de base en milieu urbain, déplacements et transports, préservation des biens publics, qualité de l'air, logement, préservation de l'environnement, du patrimoine historique et culture, lutte contre les effets du changement climatique) et, d'autre part, le financement des infrastructures urbaines nécessaires au développement du pays et à son attractivité économique, pour lequel les besoins sont colossaux. Nous partons du principe que les collectivités locales, au Vietnam (en ce compris gouvernements locaux, sections locales du Parti communiste, sociétés publiques locales, opérateurs d’aménagement urbain publics) doivent constituer le support de la prise de décision, de l’action et du financement du développement urbain. Nous chercherons donc à répondre aux questions suivantes : Quel degré de décentralisation les collectivités locales vietnamiennes nécessitent-elles pour appréhender au mieux les phénomènes urbains ? Quel cadre juridique de gouvernance locale est nécessaire ? Quelle organisation administrative et quelle articulation entre échelons centraux et locaux en matière de développement urbain ?Notre étude cherchera à traduire juridiquement la place que les collectivités locales ont prise économiquement et socialement. Le but du présent travail de recherche est donc d’abord de démontrer en quoi les phénomènes urbains nécessitent des réponses avant tout locales puis d’analyser le cadre juridique qui entoure la prise de décision et le financement en matière de développement urbain. Ce travail s’inscrit donc dans une vision à la fois juridique et extra-juridique puisque des rapports incessants seront établis entre des phénomènes non juridiques (le développement urbain) et la réponse qui leur est apportée par le droit. / Vietnam is a one-party state, centrally administered. This centralization stems from Vietnam's History and does not fit to the increasing urbanization of Vietnamese cities. As drivers of Vietnam's growth (since the early years of Đổi mới policy, at the end of the 80's), Vietnamese cities still suffer from serious impediments related to excessive administrative centralization. Although insufficient, greater decentralization is required to address the phenomenon generated by a fast and uncontrolled urbanization (rural exodus, cities extension, land management, access to core services, transports, preservation of public goods, air quality, access to housing, environment, etc.) and to allow local governments to gain greater financial autonomy (the need for urban infrastructure is constantly increasing). Our main hypothesis is that the local governments (comprising People's Committees, Local sections of the Communist Party of Vietnam, local state-owned enterprises) should be the financial focal point and decision-making center of urban development in Vietnam. Which decentralization do Vietnamese local governments need to address urban-related phenomenon? Which legal background for local governments autonomy in Vietnam? Our PhD research will seek to answer those interrogations.

Reliable and precise information about possible floods, related water levels and inundation areas are needed even in urban areas to minimize potential damages. An important requirement for this issue is to adapt the stage-discharge relations to the changing constraints which could arise from morphology and hydrology. This paper reconsiders the use of historical hydrologic data in urban areas which have fundamentally changed even concerning the river beds, cross sections and floodplain areas. By means of a historical approach the flood statistics have been updated with surprising results.

Understanding household long-term decisions concerning residential location/relocation, car ownership and short-term activity travel choices are crucial for land use and transport planning. However, when addressing these issues, multitudes of choice models applying individual or unitary household decision-making mechanisms have dominated in transport studies, ignoring the interactions among household members in consensual decision making in real situations. To promote the investigation of these issues from a group decision-making perspective, this study explores the applicability of various group decision-making approaches to investigate multiple long-term decisions and short-term choices. Specifically, this thesis has four main research objectives: 1) adopt a utilitarian approach to develop an integrated model that links household members' consensual long-term decisions like housing, vehicle ownership and short-term activity-travel decisions like time use, explicitly capturing expenditure tradeoff for long-term decisions on housing and car ownership; 2) employ the Nash bargaining approach to model household members' consensual car ownership choice and examine this choice from the perspective of household time allocation; 3) apply an egalitarian bargaining approach (capture household members' concern for equity) to model household residential relocation choice, make a comparative study among this approach, Nash bargaining approach, and conventional utilitarian approach, and then accommodate these heterogeneous group decision mechanisms in a unified modeling framework; 4) examine the impacts of vehicle usage rationing policy on household car ownership and spouses' time allocation patterns. The database that serves for empirical applications of the formulated models is from a two-wave household activity-travel diary survey conducted in Beijing. This thesis contributes to current literature by adopting new approaches to investigate various group decision-making mechanisms among household members, comparing and assessing the predictive performance of different group decision approaches, as well as explicitly capturing household's long-term expenditure tradeoff. Insights and findings from this study are helpful for gaining profound understanding of spatial distribution of residence, household car ownership and individuals' activity-travel patterns, which will be conducive to the formulation of relevant policies for sustainable urban development.

With rapid urban development in China, many cities are still concerned about the quantity of the economy growth while ignoring the quality of the growth; ecological systems face a challenging situation. How to evaluate and guide a sustainable devel-opment is a vitally important question to the government of China. The study was partly performed in cooperation with the Institute of Building Research (IBR), who was entrusted by Changsha government of the Hunan Province. To evaluate the sus-tainability of urban development, a comprehensive indicator system was developed and applied, which was consistent to the policy of the so called "Two oriented socie-ty", which means Resource conservation and Environment friendly society. This pa-per shows a logic methodology to develop an indicator system – through the re-search, from literature review to modern concept; it shows clearly the factors that are important to build a sustainable city. The indicator system was derived and compared with other existing systems. The comparison showed that the indicator system we developed for the city is operational and integrated with a consistent hierarchy. Thereafter, the established indicator sys-tem was evaluated using an Analytical Hierarchy Process methodology. Indictors of ecological aspects were evaluated using the data collected, including the Changsha green field map, wetland map and ecological control maps. The indicator system was applied and the result was used as decision support in urban planning for 2020. How-ever, a main limitation lied in data collection: since the data we collected was not completely the data we expected. Besides, the indicator system was developed on the base of the policy called the "Two oriented society",which has its preference and limi-tation itself. Still, in sum, the indicator system we built through the research provided a satisfactory framework to the government to guide the development of the society in a macro scale. It needs future involvement to improve the data collection and standardization.