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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Agent-based simulations in urban economics: Applications to traffic congestion and housing markets

Mc Breen, John 22 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Simulations have considerable potential for the analysis of the evolution of economics systems, a subject often neglected by mainstream economics where the focus is on static equilibria. This thesis investigates the potential of this approach in urban economics. The purpose is to examine how global phenomena emerge from the interactions of economic agents. This is a promising method as a classical economics, lacking the appropriate analytic tools, concentrates on the existence of equilibria and refrains from investigating their stability. This study demonstrates the potential of simulations in three models. Firstly, in a standard model of traffic congestion it is shown that the Nash equilibrium is unstable and cannot be reached dynamically. Secondly, it is shown that simulations of the formation of urban land rents, reproduce elements of the theoretical equilibrium, and also endogenous vacancies, which are an important real-world phenomenon. Thirdly, an agent-based model of the housing market, which reproduces important empirical phenomena such as price dispersion, non-zero search times and vacancies, has been developed. The model provides a basis for the exploration of the complex dynamics of this market.
92

Marriage, career, and the city : three essays in applied microeconomics

Spivey, Christy 28 August 2008 (has links)
Not available / text
93

Proposta de incentivo à produção de habitações populares: emissão de títulos de investimento passíveis de utilização para pagamento de tributos federais. / A suggestion for low-income housing construction incentive: issuance of federal tax-deductible securities.

Ana Beatriz Poli Veronezi 02 December 2008 (has links)
A carência habitacional é uma marca da sociedade atual, sendo muito evidente no Brasil. Ela está concentrada na faixa de renda mais baixa da população. O confronto entre custo de produção da habitação popular e seu conseqüente preço mínimo e capacidade de pagar deste mercado alvo, isto é, da população de baixa renda, configura a produção de habitação popular como um negócio com baixa atratividade econômica. Assim, tal negócio não desperta interesse da iniciativa privada e o Estado é obrigado a desenvolvê-lo, ainda que sem qualidade econômica. Esta Tese propõe uma forma de incentivo à produção de habitação popular através de relacionamento entre Estado e iniciativa privada, de maneira a tornar tal negócio economicamente atrativo para esta última. Para isto é apresentado um mecanismo que contempla a segmentação do fluxo de recebíveis destes empreendimentos empregando instrumentos disponíveis no mercado de capitais, o que inclui a alteração da forma de pagamento de determinados tributos, visando a conferir atratividade econômica, sob o ponto de vista da iniciativa privada, para a produção desta habitação com preço que se enquadre na capacidade de pagar do mercado alvo. Em última análise, objetiva-se o incremento da produção de habitação popular moldada para a capacidade de pagar de seu mercado, contribuindo para a redução da carência habitacional. O estudo é desenvolvido para a realidade brasileira. No entanto, com as devidas adaptações, ele pode ser aplicado a diversos países, desde que a realidade econômica e social do país se assemelhe à brasileira: elevada carga tributária, escassez de recursos públicos, déficit habitacional. Analogamente, o mecanismo proposto nesta Tese pode ser adaptado para outros tipos de empreendimentos imobiliários de interesse social, que não as habitações populares, no mercado nacional ou internacional. / The scarcity of housing is a blemish of society nowadays affecting large number of people in Brazil. It is concentrated within the lowest income groups. The incompatibility between the costs of producing the low-income housing - and its resultant minimum price and the purchasing power of this market segment, that is low-income people, indicates low-income housing construction as an economically unattractive business. Therefore, the private sector takes no interest in such business and the government assumes the responsibility of developing it even without economic quality. This thesis proposes a way to stimulate low-income housing construction through a relationship between State and private sector by turning this business into an economically attractive one for the private sector. To do so, a mechanism is suggested, which considers the segmentation of these enterprises receivables flow by making use of adequate instruments available in the capital market, including altering the means of paying some government taxes. This mechanism assigns economic attractiveness to low-income housing production from the private sector point of view and at the same time it matches this housing price to its target publics ability to pay. At last the study intends to increase low-income housing production suited to its target publics ability to pay and in this way contribute to reducing the housing scarcity. The research is developed considering Brazilian actuality. However, after some necessary adjustments, it may be applied to different countries, which have economic and social realities similar to Brazilian ones: high tax incidence, lack of government funds, housing deficit. Similarly, the proposed mechanism may be adapted to other kinds of social interest real estate enterprises, besides low-income housing, in Brazil or abroad.
94

Capital humano e capital urbano: o impacto das escolas nos preços dos imóveis no município de São Paulo / The impacts of schools into housing prices in the municipality of São Paulo

Carla Jucá Amrein 30 September 2010 (has links)
A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de investigar o impacto da proximidade e da qualidade das escolas no preço das residências do município de São Paulo. Mais especificamente, o estudo avalia como o mercado imobiliário de residências capitaliza a presença e a qualidade das escolas públicas e privadas de Ensino Fundamental de primeira a quarta série. São Paulo combina um sistema de ensino público que tem a regra de matrícula baseada na proximidade da residência à escola com um sistema privado bem desenvolvido, disponibilizando cerca de 800 escolas apenas neste nível de ensino. Utilizando uma extensa base de dados de lançamentos residenciais no período de janeiro de 2002 a março de 2008, foram encontradas evidências de que, em média, o mercado imobiliário da cidade de São Paulo não capitaliza a proximidade nem a qualidade das escolas, tanto públicas quanto privadas. Fatores como a proximidade aos principais centros de empregos da cidade e características da vizinhança, como proximidade a favelas, parecem prevalecer no processo de decisão sobre a localização da residência. Todos esses resultados foram obtidos através da estimação de modelos hedônicos cuja especificação foi definida com base nos modelos de economia urbana e nos princípios de economia espacial. / The aim of this dissertation is to measure how the housing market in the city of São Paulo capitalizes the proximity and the quality of public and private primary schools. São Paulo combines a public system with registration based on the residences proximity to school with a well developed private system, which provides approximately 800 schools as an alternative primary education for children. Using an extensive database of new residential developments during the period of January 2002 to March 2008, the results show evidences that the housing market in São Paulo does not capitalize the proximity neither the quality of primary public and private schools. The results were obtained through the estimation of hedonic models whose specification was defined based on the models of urban economics and the principles of spatial economics
95

Três ensaios sobre economia urbana e mercado de habitação em São Paulo / Three essays on urban economics and housing markets in São Paulo

Vanessa Gapriotti Nadalin 12 April 2010 (has links)
O mundo passa pelo processo de urbanização de sua população. As áreas urbanas são pólos atratores devido aos muitos benefícios proporcionados pela aglomeração de pessoas. Ao mesmo tempo, também são palco do agravamento de problemas relacionados à pobreza. Muitos desses novos problemas estão relacionados à necessidade de proporcionar abrigo a todos os moradores das crescentes metrópoles. No Brasil, e mais especificamente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, a combinação da pobreza e rápido crescimento urbano culminou na dualidade do mercado habitacional: a existência do mercado formal e informal. Além disso, o mercado informal muitas vezes oferece condições de vida precárias, por não seguir a legislação apropriada. Na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo mesmo a alternativa no mercado formal de ocupar as periferias disponibiliza uma infra-estrutura urbana insuficiente. Apesar destes serem problemas de proporções significativas, não está claro como afetam a estrutura urbana das metrópoles, ou o funcionamento do mercado de habitação. Portanto, esta tese tem como objetivos esclarecer o funcionamento do mercado habitacional de São Paulo e estudar o seu processo de ocupação do solo, levando em conta a existência destes problemas urbanos. O primeiro problema analisado é o espraiamento urbano, pois a urbanização acontece de forma cada vez menos compacta. O segundo, das taxas de vacância residenciais, expõe a necessidade de gerenciar melhor os recursos da cidade: se o déficit habitacional é expressivo, porque temos tantos domicílios vagos? Por fim tratamos da interação entre o mercado de habitação formal e informal, estimando o impacto da proximidade a favelas no preço dos lançamentos imobiliários. Os resultados evidenciam o papel dos problemas gerados pela pobreza urbana no funcionamento de toda a metrópole. No estudo do espraiamento urbano identificamos como o fenômeno é incentivado pela periferização das camadas de renda baixa. Este problema também explica o padrão espacial das taxas de vacância residencial, alto no centro e baixo nas periferias, detectado no segundo ensaio. Este estudo ressaltou a importância da dinâmica do mercado imobiliário na diferenciação destas taxas. No último ensaio estimamos empiricamente uma externalidade negativa do mercado de habitação formal: a proximidade a favelas, evidenciando as relações entre os mercados formal e informal no município de São Paulo. / The worlds population is becoming urban in its majority. Urban areas attract people because of the benefits they provide. Still, they are a place where urban poverty problems are worsened. Among these new problems, many are related to the need to shelter the new inhabitants. In Brazil, and more specifically in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, the combination of poverty and fast urban growth has led to a duality in the housing market: the formal and informal markets. Moreover, because the informal market doesnt follow the urban laws, it often offers an unhealthy and unsafe environment. Even the formal market solution of suburbanization doesnt warrant an urban infra-structure good enough. Although these are significantly big problems, it is not clear how they affect the urban structure or the functioning of the housing market. Therefore this thesis has as target the study of São Paulo Metropolitan Areass housing market and its land use evolution, taking into account the urban problems above mentioned. First of all, we examine the problem of urban sprawl, since urbanization has been less compact. In the second essay we deal with residential vacancy rates. It shows the need to better manage the citys resources. If we have such a big housing deficit, why are there so many vacant dwellings? In the last essay, we present the interaction between the formal and informal housing market. We estimate how proximity to slums impact the price of real estate. Results highlight the role of urban poverty problems in the organization of the whole metropolis. Suburbanization of low income families is identified as one of the incentives for the urban sprawl. This problem also explains the spatial pattern of vacancy rates: high downtown, low in suburbs. The second essay also points out the importance of real estate market dynamics to the differentiation of these rates. In the third essay we estimate empirically one of the negative externalities of the formal housing market: the proximity to slums.
96

Modernizações e espaços seletivos no nordeste brasileiro. Sobral: conexão lugar/mundo / Modernization and selectivity in Sobral (Northeast Brazil): the conection place/world

Virgínia Célia Cavalcante de Holanda 13 August 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo entender como o espaço urbano de muitas cidades, longe das já consolidadas metrópoles, passam em diferentes proporções por profundas mudanças dentro de uma lógica modernizante; na sua economia urbana, na estrutura do emprego, na forma de morar, circular e consumir, entre outros; resultando num acelerado processo de urbanização e em crescentes desigualdades socioespaciais. A reflexão se detém no atual período histórico, compreendido aqui como período técnico-científico-informacional. Sem perder de vista a totalidade, o recorte espacial constitui-se da cidade de Sobral situada no estado do Ceará, cuja formação data do início do século XVIII, ocupando desde então lugar de destaque na rede urbana cearense, nos aspectos político, cultural e econômico, revelando-se, no presente, em espaço seletivo no Nordeste Brasileiro. A base da empiria sendo pensada através das características e articulações dos dois circuitos da economia urbana usualmente conhecidos como; formal e informal. Nos interstícios dessa coexistência identifica-se a conexão lugar/mundo e como ocorre o grito do território, ou seja, como emerge a força do lugar em regiões pobres. / The objective of this work is to understand how the urban space of many cities, far from the ones that are already consolidated as Brazilian metropolis, goes through deep changes in different aspects of life in a modernizing logic; in its urban economy, in the job structure, in the way that the people live, circulate and consume, resulting in an accelerated urbanizing process and in some growing social-spatial inequalities. The reflection focuses on the current historical period, considered here as a technical- scientific-informational period. Without lose the sight of the totality, the space analyzed is part of the city of Sobral, located in Ceará, whose formation was in the beginning of 18th Century, occupying since then an important place in the urban net in this state in different aspects such as political, economical and cultural, revealing itself in the present days as a selected place in Northeast Brazil. The empirical base was thought through the characteristics and articulations between two urban economical circuits usually known as; formal and informal. In the time of this co-existence we identify the connection place/world and how occurs \"the territory shout\", it means, how emerges the strength of the place in poor areas.
97

O circuito inferior da economia urbana = a pesca no município de Ilhéus - BA / The lower circuit of the urban economy : the fishing in the Ilhéus - BA City

Queiroz, Greiziene Araújo 12 June 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Márcio Antonio Cataia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Queiroz_GreizieneAraujo_M.pdf: 4576573 bytes, checksum: 8de4282b467a778c9c217e2e0214af9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo norteador deste trabalho é compreender as dinâmicas econômicas ligadas à pesca, que geram trabalho e renda para uma boa parcela da população do município de Ilhéus-BA. Tendo como foco o circuito inferior da economia urbana. Ilhéus tem parte de sua economia baseada em um circuito espacial produtivo pesqueiro local e regional. Nesse sentido, nossa pesquisa aborda o circuito inferior da economia urbana, cuja variável-chave é a produção do pescado. Esta é exercida por trabalhadores autônomos ou através de relações de trabalho em parcerias, que utilizam pequenas quantias de capital e meio de produção simples, com tecnologia e metodologia de captura pouco mecanizada e baseada em conhecimentos empíricos. Para caracterizar a pesca em Ilhéus foi necessário considerar: a pesca como atividade de resistência, o período técnico-científico informacional, o perfil socioeconômico dos pescadores, os agentes não hegemônicos da economia urbana e as diversas atividades envolvidas na formação de um circuito espacial produtivo (produção, circulação, troca e consumo). Assim, o circuito inferior da pesca oferece à população pobre de Ilhéus subsistência, ocupação e renda, através do uso do território como abrigo / Abstract: The guiding objective of this work is to understand the economic dynamics fishing-related, which generate jobs and income for a good portion of the population of the city of Ilhéus-BA. Focusing on the lower circuit of the urban economy, Ilhéus has part of its economy based on a regional and local fisheries productive space circuit. In this sense, our research focuses on the lower circuit of the urban economy, whose key variable is the production of fish. This is carried out by self-employed or through a working relationship in partnerships that use small amounts of capital and means of simple production, with technology and methodology of capture little mechanized and based on empirical knowledge. To characterize the fishing in Ilhéus, it was necessary to consider: fishing as resistance activity; the technical-scientific-informational period, the socioeconomic profile of the fishermen, the non-hegemonic agents of the urban economy and the various activities involved in the formation of a productive space circuits (production, circulation, exchange and consumption). Thus, the lower circuit of fishing offers to the poor population of the Ilhéus livelihood, occupation and income through use of the land as shelter / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia
98

Emploi et territoire : trois essais en économétrie appliquée / Employment and territory : three essays in applied econometrics

Arnoult, Emilie 26 September 2016 (has links)
L'accroissement des mobilités résidentielles métropolitaines engendre une réorganisation démographique du territoire. La compréhension de ce phénomène représente un enjeu pour l'ensemble des territoires puisque la répartition de leur richesse en dépend. En effet, en particulier grâce au développement des réseaux de transports, la distance entre les territoires se réduit et les lieux de résidences diffèrent aujourd'hui des lieux de production. Hors les ménages réalisent une grande part de leurs dépenses à proximité de leur lieu de résidence. La question de l'attractivité résidentielle des ménages n'a jusqu'aujourd'hui que très peu été approchée; les données disponibles ainsi que les méthodes de traitement permettent à présent de l'appréhender. L'ensemble de la thèse s'articule autour de l'étude des disparités territoriales en termes d'attractivité résidentielle à différentes échelles. En premier lieu, une étude nationale révélera les dynamiques métropolitaines actuelles et les facteurs explicatifs. Dans un second temps, par l'étude de trois régions dynamiques, Ile-de-France, Rhône-Alpes et Aquitaine, nous nous intéresserons aux problématiques et aux politiques établies pour y faire face. Dans une troisième et dernière partie,l'analyse à une échelle plus fine traitera des comportements résidentiels suite à un choc exogène positif ou négatif sur des territoires spécifiques. L'objectif de la thèse est de mettre en évidence des comportements individuels à travers l'analyse de territoires à différentes échelles afin de déterminer quels sont les déterminants de l'attractivité résidentielle des territoires. / L'accroissement des mobilités résidentielles métropolitaines engendre une réorganisation démographique du territoire. La compréhension de ce phénomène représente un enjeu pour l'ensemble des territoires puisque la répartition de leur richesse en dépend. En effet, en particulier grâce au développement des réseaux de transports, la distance entre les territoires se réduit et les lieux de résidences diffèrent aujourd'hui des lieux de production. Hors les ménages réalisent une grande part de leurs dépenses à proximité de leur lieu de résidence. La question de l'attractivité résidentielle des ménages n'a jusqu'aujourd'hui que très peu été approchée; les données disponibles ainsi que les méthodes de traitement permettent à présent de l'appréhender.
99

Four essays in empirical urban economics : evaluation of French regional policies / Quatre essais en économie urbaine empirique : évaluation de politiques d'aménagement du territoire

Trevien, Corentin 19 May 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation de quatre politiques d’aménagement du territoire en France. Elle aborde également trois questions majeures de l’économie urbaine : l'influence des transports sur la localisation de l'emploi et de la population, l’élasticité de l'offre de logement et la ségrégation urbaine. La première politique publique étudiée est le Réseau express régional. Ainsi, l’amélioration des transports publics en Île-de-France a favorisé la croissance de l’emploi dans les communes de banlieue. Il n’y aurait en revanche pas de croissance globale de la population mais un possible effet de gentrification à proximité des stations. Dans un deuxième temps, cette thèse s’intéresse au rôle du train à grande vitesse dans l’organisation spatiale des entreprises multi-implantations. Il est établi que les filiales voyant le temps de parcours vers leur siège diminuer se spécialisent dans les activités de production. Cette création s'effectue au détriment des activités d'encadrement. Ensuite, ce travail évalue l’impact des zones franches urbaines. L’effet de première génération de ce dispositif sur la localisation des entreprises et sur l'emploi est massif. En revanche, il n'a que faiblement profité aux habitants de ces quartiers, soulignant un manque de ciblage de la mesure. Le dernier chapitre évalue l’effet des aides au logement sur le niveau des loyers et l’offre de logements locatifs. Il confirme que les aides au logement induisent une hausse des loyers privés. L’élasticité de l'offre de logements reste faible dans le long terme, puisque l'effet inflationniste perdure tandis que la quantité et la qualité des logements locatifs ne s'adaptent pratiquement pas. / This thesis evaluates four French urban and regional policies. It also covers three major issues in urban economics: the impact of transportation on the spatial distribution of employment and population, the elasticity of housing supply and urban segregation. First, the thesis focuses on the Regional Express Rail system. The improvement of public transport in the Paris region causes employment to grow in suburban municipalities. However, there is not effect on overall population growth but a possible gentrification effect nearby RER stations. Secondly, this thesis studies the role of high-speed rail in the spatial organization of multi-plant businesses. It shows that the reduction in travel time to their headquarters subsidiaries lead the affiliate to specialize in production activities, to the expense of management tasks. Then, this work assesses the impact of the French Urban Enterprise Zones. The first generation of this program have a massive impact on firm location and employment. However, it only slightly benefited to the local residents, highlighting a lack of targeting. The last chapter evaluates the effect of housing allowance on the level of rents and the supply of rental housing. It confirms that housing subsidies cause private rents to increase. The elasticity of housing supply remains low in the long term, since the upward effect does not vanish and the quantity and the quality of rental housing do not adjust.
100

Risque industriel, marché immobilier et évaluation des politiques publiques / Industrial risk, housing market and public policy evaluation

Bléhaut, Marianne 30 September 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse relève de l’économie urbaine, de l’économie de l’environnement et de l’évaluation des politiques publiques. La première partie (chapitres 1 et 2) est une évaluation empirique de l’impact de la perception du risque industriel sur le marché du logement. Plus précisément, ces chapitres exploitent des méthodes quantitatives initialement élaborées pour l’évaluation des politiques publiques pour mesurer la réaction des marchés immobiliers locaux à deux changements dans la perception des risques industriels. Le chapitre 1 analyse ainsi les conséquences de l’accident d’AZF (Toulouse, 2001), et le chapitre 2 celles de la loi Bachelot (votée en 2003). Ces deux chapitres montrent que l’information additionnelle sur les risques industriels qui a découlé de ces deux événements s’est traduite par une baisse significative des prix immobiliers, de l’ordre de 2 % en moyenne. Cet effet prix suggère que les marchés à risque se trouvaient en situation d’information imparfaite avant ces événements. En outre, ces chocs ont modifié la composition socio-démographique des voisinages exposés au risque industriel. Cette première partie illustre des situations dans lesquelles il n'est pas possible de concevoir des expérimentations contrôlées. Il est donc important d'étudier les propriétés des estimateurs d’appariement sur score de propension, qui sont souvent considérés comme une alternative raisonnable. C'est l'objet de la seconde partie (chapitres 3 et 4) de cette thèse. Le chapitre 3 compare ainsi les performances de deux procédures d'estimation dans le cadre d’un programme d’accompagnement au retour à l’emploi. La première repose sur une expérimentation contrôlée, et la seconde sur un appariement sur score de propension. Dans ce cas, les méthodes d’appariement ne parviennent pas à reproduire les estimations issues de l’expérimentation. Le chapitre 4 propose donc une alternative aux méthodes classiques d’appariement, l'estimateur BEAST, et en illustre les propriétés à partir de simulations et d’études de cas. / This thesis falls within the scope of urban economics, environmental economics and public policy evaluation. The first part (chapters 1 and 2) is an empirical evaluation of the impact of industrial risk perception on the housing market. More specifically, these chapters rely on quantitative methods originally designed for public policy evaluation to measure the reaction of local housing markets to two changes in industrial risk perception. Chapter 1 analyzes the consequences of the AZF accident (Toulouse, 2001), and chapter 2 the consequences of the Bachelot regulation (passed in 2003). Both chapters show that additional information on industrial risk translated into a significant housing price decrease of about 2% on average. This price effect is consistent with an initial imperfect information setting. In addition, there is some evidence of neighborhood composition changes following these changes. This first part builds on typical examples in which randomized experiments cannot be designed, which lead to questioning the properties of estimators based on propensity score estimation. This is the aim of the second part (chapters 3 and 4) of the thesis. Chapter 3 compares the performances of experimental and non-experimental estimators using the example of a job-search assistance programme. It shows that, in this particular case, matching methods cannot accurately replicate the experimental results. Chapter 4 proposes the BEAST estimator as an alternative to typical propensity score matching, and illustrates its properties on simulations and case studies.

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