Orientador: Daniel Joseph Hogan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:17:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_RafaelHenriqueMoraes_M.pdf: 1587007 bytes, checksum: 9692b2d68e4fe41be611d890315dc489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Algumas transformações vivenciadas no espaço urbano brasileiro nas últimas décadas vêm reforçando um padrão de urbanização disperso e fragmentado e, não obstante, mais integrado. Essas mudanças na estrutura urbana vêm implicando em novidades sobre a mobilidade espacial da população onde ganham destaque os deslocamentos pendulares. A partir dessas transformações na estrutura urbana dos principais aglomerados do país, o objetivo desta dissertação é estabelecer um quadro referencial de análise sobre os deslocamentos pendulares, apontando sua relação com os processos sócioespaciais que atuam na produção e reprodução social do espaço urbano no Brasil, mais precisamente, aqueles processos que condicionam a (re)localização de residências e postos de trabalho.Um compêndio da bibliografia especializada em estudos urbanos permite apontar quatro processos sócioespaciais que influem na estrutura urbana e que estariam ligados às causas dos deslocamentos pendulares: os processos de centralização e de desconcentração produtiva e os de periferização e suburbanização (ligados, respectivamente, a determinados padrões de localização espacial de atividades econômicas e da população). Ao manter e reforçar certo descompasso espacial entre residências e postos de trabalho, esses processos resumem os elementos que vão constituir a estrutura de incentivos/constrangimentos (CUNHA, 1994) que condicionam de maneira mais próxima os deslocamentos pendulares ¿ tanto em termos de seu padrão espacial quanto do perfil socioeconômico dos comutadores que realizam esses deslocamentos. Com dados censitários e da pesquisa Origem-Destino esta dissertação ilustra empiricamente como, a partir da década de 70, aqueles processos sócioespaciais se deram na Região Metropolitana de Campinas e apresenta o padrão espacial e qualitativo dos fluxos pendulares dessa região. Ao aprofundar essas análises sobre três municípios da RM (Hortolândia, Vinhedo e Campinas), a possibilidade de considerar algumas de suas particularidades históricas na dinâmica regional permitiu compreender com mais clareza, em situações distintas da pendularidade, a predominância de diferentes condicionantes de seus fluxos / Abstract: Recent changes in Brazil¿s urban agglomerations have promoted a more dispersed and fragmented ¿ but at the same time, more integrated ¿ urban pattern. Along with these changes, some specific types of population spatial mobility are stressed, such as commuting. This study aims to explore a new theoretical framework for the analysis of commuting, with attention to its relations with social processes which impact urban structure by affecting residence and job locations in urban space. These processes synthesize the elements of the structure of opportunities/constraints which affect commuting patterns and commuters¿ socioeconomic characteristics. Using mainly Brazilian census data, this study illustrates empirically these ongoing processes over the last four decades in the metropolitan area of Campinas, presenting spatial and qualitative patterns with special attention to three specific cities (Hortolândia, Vinhedo e Campinas). The possibility of considering some of these cities¿ historical particularities in regional dynamics leads us to a clearer understanding of the predominance of various commuting constraints on different situations / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia

Les villes ne sont pas des territoires homogènes : certains quartiers sont exempts de difficultés socio-économiques alors que d’autres les concentrent de manière cumulative. Ces fractures reflètent la ségrégation urbaine : il s’agit de l’inscription spatiale des inégalités socio-économiques dans la ville. Sur ce sujet, trois objectifs sont poursuivis dans cette thèse : il s’agit de s’interroger sur (i) l’explication de l’apparition de structures urbaines ségrégées, (ii) le lien entre ségrégation et marché du travail et (iii) le lien entre ségrégation et éducation, en s’inscrivant dans le champ théorique de l’Économie Urbaine. Selon ce cadre théorique, la structure urbaine influence le statut d’emploi des individus à travers notamment la distance aux emplois. Cette hypothèse est testée via la réalisation d’une étude empirique à l’échelle de l’aire urbaine marseillaise. Le lien entre ségrégation et éducation est appréhendé à travers l’évaluation des politiques publiques en faveur de l’éducation. Les effets de ces politiques sont caractérisés au travers d’une revue critique de la littérature et d’une étude empirique portant sur le rôle de la politique de la Ville sur le parcours scolaire des collégiens franciliens. Cette démarche permet de mettre en évidence l’existence d’un effet de la distance aux emplois, d’effets de quartiers et de pairs sur le statut d’emploi des individus. Elle permet aussi de mettre en avant l’effet de positif de la politique de la Ville sur le redoublement mais également son influence plus nuancée sur les choix d’orientation post-troisième. Ainsi, cette thèse fournit une explication de l’existence et de la forme de la ségrégation urbaine en France. / Cities are not homogeneous territories: some neighborhoods concentrate wealth while others face difficulties such as unemployment, poverty, exclusion or crime. These fractures are a consequence of urban segregation, i.e. socioeconomic inequalities spatial pattern. To that matter, this thesis addresses three objectives: (i) the characterization and explanation of segregated urban structures appearance, (ii) the link between segregation and labor market, and eventually (iii) the link between segregation and education. According to Urban Economics, the urban structure influences individual’s employment status through the distance to jobs. This hypothesis is tested via an empirical study on the Marseille urban area. The link between segregation and education is apprehended through the educational public policies evaluations. The effects of these policies are characterized through a critical literature review and an empirical study of the role of the “Politique de la Ville” on the junior high school student’s schooling in Ile-de-France. This approach highlights the effects of job distance, neighborhoods and peer effects on individual’s employment status. This approach also shows the “Politique de la Ville” positive effect on grade retention and the nuanced effect on schooling choices. Finally, this thesis provides an explication to the existence and form of the urban segregation in France.

Mobile devices and online services allow capturing an unprecedented amount of information about human behavior. In this dissertation, I use these new types of data to understand how the built environment affects social life and businesses in cities. In Chapter 1, I provide the first causal evidence that the provision of urban parks promotes opportunities for racially and ethnically diverse encounters. Utilizing a novel dataset featuring individual GPS tracking data for more than 60 thousand Twitter users in the New York metro area, I introduce a measure of racial diversity that captures one's level of exposure to diverse others in places visited daily. My empirical strategy relies on using the variation in the timing of park construction works across the city (that temporarily limit the capacity of said parks) to identify the impact of the effectively accessible parkland area on the individual exposure to racial diversity. My results show that for White and Black/African American residents additional 10 acres of parks within a 5 km radius from home increase individual chances of encounters with the members of other groups by 1 p.p. The effect is sizable: for reference, transitioning from the current state to the random mixing scenario would require a 9 p.p increase in diversity for an average Black or African American individual and a 3.5 p.p increase for an average White person. I also provide evidence to suggest that park accessibility affects the diversity of White and Black residents differently: for parks located closer to home, the effect appears to be more pronounced for Whites than Blacks. Chapter 2, written jointly with Dmitry Sedov, investigates the role of sports facilities in generating consumption spillovers for the local businesses. The construction of sports facilities, which can cost hundreds of millions of dollars, is often subsidized by public sources. In many cases, subsidies are allocated on the premise that sports venues benefit the local economy by bringing new customers to nearby businesses. We pin down the size and the spatial distribution of such spillovers using daily foot traffic data from mobile phones covering major sports league facilities and the surrounding commercial establishments. By employing the fixed effects and the IV estimation strategies, we show that the spillover benefits are heterogeneous across sports and business sectors. We find that 100 baseball stadium visits generate roughly 29 visits to nearby food & accommodation businesses and about 6 visits to local retail establishments. While the estimates for football stadiums are comparable, basketball & hockey arenas do not appear to generate significant spillovers for the surrounding businesses. Using our spillover estimates, we also compute an upper bound on the additional local spending induced by each sample arena. The median value of the additional spending turns out to be substantially smaller than the corresponding median subsidy to sports facilities in our sample. In Chapter 3, I examine the contribution of parks to social ties between neighborhoods in New York City. Although the role of public spaces in facilitating social interactions in cities has been widely discussed by social scientists and urban design scholars, data sets from online social networks present unexplored opportunities to quantify this link on a larger scale. I use data on friendship links between Facebook users across New York City zip codes to show that two neighborhoods with a higher density of green spaces between them are more likely to have stronger social ties. In particular, when controlling for demographic differences and zip-code level fixed effects, I find that a 1 p.p. increase in the percentage of land allocated to parks between two given zip codes is associated with a 1.2% higher chance of online social connection between their residents. Comparing the effects of park density for different types of parks, I further document that the presence of community parks, flagship parks, and playgrounds are all significant predictors of higher social connectedness between zip codes. Notably, the largest estimated effect is for playgrounds, indicating a 33% higher probability of connection per 1 p.p. increase in density.

Fastigheter beläggs med olika pris beroende på en mängd olika faktorer. Denna uppsats syftartill att analysera hur några av dessa prispåverkande faktorer och hur de förhåller sig tillsmåhusfastigheter i Helsingborg. Utöver detta kommer även en faktor, kallad njutningsfaktorn,analyseras för att försöka fastställa hur individers preferenser påverkar värdet. Analysenbaseras på statistiska underlag som kommer att behandlas med hjälp av den hedoniskaprismodellen. Bid-rent modellen kommer att appliceras på staden Helsingborg och dessområden för att skapa en bild av lägesfaktorn. En fördjupning i psykologi och urban ekonomikommer att bidra till analysen av både fysiska och psykologiska aspekter. Resultaten vi fåttfram är att det inte enbart kan tas hänsyn till fysiska aspekter i förhållande till pris på fastigheterutan det är även viktigt att behandla de psykologiska aspekterna för varje individ. / Different real estates have different value, depending upon several factors. This essay aims toanalyse some of these values bearing factors and how they relate to properties in Helsingborg.Beside these factors another factor, called the pleasure factor, will be analysed in an attempt todetermine how individual preferences affects the value. The analysis will be based on statisticmaterial that will be processed with the hedonic price model. The bid-rent model will beapplied to the city and to its areas, to help create an understanding of the location factor. Adepression of psychology and urban economics will contribute to both physical andpsychological aspects of the analysis. The results that will be presented will show that inconsideration to price we can't just tend to the physical aspects but must also consider thepsychological aspects for each individual.

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Transportation economists apply different labor supply models when studying anti-congestion policy: (i) endogenous working hours; (ii) endogenous workdays but given daily working hours; (iii) labor supply as a residual. We study whether the outcome of anti-congestion policies that change the relative cost of labor supply margins, and, thus, may affect decisions on working hours and working days, is robust against the model applied. In particular, we focus on welfare implications in the presence of other taxes when there is a congestion externality. We find surprisingly strong differences in quantity and sign. Further, we develop a clear recommendation for future research on issues that include decisions on commuting trips. Researchers shall apply both a model of endogenous working hours that provides an upper limit and a model of endogenous workdays that provide a lower limit of results for welfare changes, optimal policies and two optimal tax components (Pigouvian and Ramsey terms).

This dissertation investigates the financial health of municipalities in the United States, their margins of response to fiscal shocks, and their exposure and response to climate risk stemming from hurricanes. In Chapter 1, we construct a novel data set on the fiscal position of municipalities in the United States and document a secular decline in their financial health. Our data combines financial data from the Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports (ACFRs) of municipalities along with Census data of their revenue and expenditure cash flows. We find that a large share of municipalities operate with a negative net position---akin to a negative book equity position in the corporate context. We find that most of the decline originates from the accumulation of legacy obligations, i.e., pensions and other post-employment benefits (OPEBs); this is recognized by municipal bond markets through higher credit spreads. While accounting values from the ACFRs are informative, they are based on book valuations which potentially convey limited information about the economic value of assets and liabilities. Thus, we turn to the market valuation of local governments' equity by estimating an SDF that matches the valuation of a wide range of assets in the economy to prices future tax and expenditure claims. Using market prices for tax and expenditure claims, and market valuations of liability positions we find that the market values of equity are highly correlated with the book values. The negative equity position---in terms of book and market values---for some local governments suggests the presence of implicit insurance by the state and federal governments. The deteriorating fiscal position of municipalities across the United States raises questions about fiscal adjustment mechanisms municipalities have at their disposal and the general equilibrium effects of any adjustment taken. In Chapter 2, we utilize quasi-experimental variation in the year of property tax assessments in the state of Connecticut to provide causal evidence of the fiscal adjustment following a large decline in property values after the Great Financial Crisis. We find that local governments adjust tax rates to maintain stable tax revenues; there is no change in public employment levels and limited adjustments of public services. Our micro data on people's location further allows us to causally estimate the migration elasticity to a change in property tax rates. We find evidence of inter-state migration in response to an increase in property tax rates; and no statistically significant response of intra-state migration. Detailed property and location choice data reveal the elasticity of migration with regard to the property tax bill. An increase in the property tax bill by ten percent leads to an average increase in the migration propensity by about 1.5%. Finally, in Chapter 3, I investigate the investment component of local economic growth in municipalities after hurricanes. Using hand collected and web-scraped statutory property tax rate data in the U.S., I find that municipalities respond to hurricane impact by raising tax rates. I find the hike in tax rates is persistent for 3-4 years after hurricane impact. The response is four times larger for major hurricanes compared to minor hurricanes. However, the increase in tax rates is not expected to be large enough to cause significant out-migration after the average hurricane. I supplement these findings with a novel data set of firm facility-level hurricane impact. I find that firms initially decrease investment in the quarter following hurricane impact and increase it in the final quarters of the second year after impact. Taken together, this chapter presents a novel set of stylized facts on government and firm mitigation investment response to hurricane disasters. In particular, the precarious fiscal health of municipalities coupled with increasing costs of mitigating and managing climate risk poses serious questions about optimal policy in assisting local governments vulnerable to climate change.

Cette thèse étudie les stratégies résidentielles des ménages par l'angle des budgets logement et transport, incluant débours monétaires et budgets temps et distance dans le cas du transport. Elle vise à mieux cerner le rôle des contraintes budgétaires dans les choix résidentiels, notamment pour mieux représenter ces derniers en modélisation appliquée. Un état de l'art compare comment l'économie et les modèles d'interaction transport – usage du sol adressent la demande de logement. Ayant mis en évidence le manque de vision globale d'une part, et une tendance à une vision trop statistique et peu comportementaliste d'autre part, l'étude du rôle des budgets logement et transport tente de remédier à ces deux points. Ceci comprend deux temps : un empirique, via l'étude des budgets transport et logement des ménages franciliens et des implications quant aux stratégies résidentielles, suivi de l'analyse théorique d'une limitation de la dépense de logement ou de logement et de transport / This dissertation investigates household residential strategies using housing and transportation budgets, including outlays and daily travel time and distance in the case of transport. It aims to better understand the role of budget constraints in determining residential choices in order to obtain a clearer representation of these choices in applied modeling. A state of the art compares how housing demand is represented and analyzed in economics with land-use transport interaction modeling. Considering the lack of a comprehensive perspective on the one side and a tendency toward a purely statistical as opposed to a behavioral perspective on the other, our analysis of the role of housing and transport budgets intends to remedy both shortcomings.I examine housing and transport budgets in the Greater Paris Region and their implications for household residential strategies before evaluating the impact of limiting either housing or housing plus transport expenses using a theoretical model

The transport and urban economics literature applies different labor supply approaches when studying economic or planning instruments. Some studies assume that working hours are endogenous while the number of workdays is given, whereas others model only decisions on workdays. Unfortunately, empirical evidence does hardly exist on account of missing data. Against this background, we provide an assessment of whether general effects of transport policies are robust against the modeling of leisure demand and labor supply. We introduce different labor supply approaches into a spatial general equilibrium model and discuss how they affect the welfare implication of congestion policies. We, then, perform simulations and find that in many cases the choice of labor supply modeling not only affects the magnitude of the policy impact but also its direction. While planning instruments are suggested to be quite robust to different labor supply approaches, the way of modeling labor supply may crucially affect the overall welfare implications of economic instruments such as congestion tolls. Based on these findings it becomes clear which labor supply approach is the most appropriate given specific conditions. Our study also emphasizes the need for better micro labor market data that also feature days of sickness, overtime work used to reduce workdays, the actual number of leave days, part-time work, days with telecommuting etc.

La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie urbaine sur les effets de quartiers en cherchant à répondre à trois questions liées : quelle est l’importance du territoire dans la sortie du chômage ? Peut-on parler d’effets de quartier en France ? Comment expliquer la géographie du chômage local ? La réponse à ces questions nécessite une démarche en plusieurs temps. D’abord, l’importance du territoire est analysée par une revue de littérature qui liste les différents mécanismes par lequel le contexte local peut influer sur l’accès à l’emploi des individus. Nous proposons également une analyse descriptive des disparités de chômage entre communes, en France et plus particulièrement en Ile-de-France. Les forts contrastes, qui se maintiennent même lorsque l’on considère la composition locale des demandeurs d’emplois, témoignent d’une relative importance du territoire.La thèse propose, par la suite, des analyses empiriques sur données individuelles pour démontrer l’existence d’effets de quartier en France. Nous montrons que la "qualité" du quartier et les caractéristiques qui lui sont propres déterminent le statut d’emploi des individus. Les individus qui vivent dans les quartiers les plus "défavorisés" ont moins de chances que les autres de trouver un emploi et lorsqu’ils en trouvent un, celui-ci est généralement de moindre qualité. Parmi les effets de quartiers observés, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l’existence d’une discrimination liée au lieude résidence. Nous proposons des méthodologies distinctes mais complémentaires pour analyser l’effet de la réputation d’un quartier. Nous observons que cette dernière diminue les chances de trouver un emploi. Enfin, pour rendre compte de la géographie du chômage, la thèse propose différentes analyses à l’échelle de la commune et centrées sur la région Ile-de-France. L’objectif est de tester différents mécanismes évoqués dans la littérature en économie urbaine(ségrégation résidentielle, Spatial Mismatch, Skill Mismatch etc.) afin de voir lesquels sont les plus pertinents et lesquels doivent être considérés en priorité. Identifier les mécanismes en jeu est une étape nécessaire et importante pour orienter les politiques publiques qui chercheraient notamment à améliorer la situation des quartiers les plus défavorisés. / This thesis contributes to the literature in urban economics on neighborhood effects by answering three questions : What is the importance of territory in unemployment-to-work transitions ? Are there neighborhood effects in France ? How to explainunemployment geography ? Answering to these questions requires an approach in several steps. Firstly, the importance of the territory is analyzed by a literature review that lists the different mechanisms by which the local context can affect individuals’ access to employment. We also propose a descriptive analysis of unemployment disparities between municipalities in France and especially in the Paris region. The strong contrasts, which are maintained even when one considers the composition of local job-seekers, show the relative importance of the territory. Then, the thesis proposes empirical analysis on individual data to demonstrate the existence of neighborhood effects in France. We show that the "quality" of the neighborhood and its characteristics determine individuals’ employment status. Individuals who live in deprived neighborhoods are less likely than others to find a job and when they find it, it is generally of lower quality. Among the observed neighborhoods effects, we seek to highlight the existence of territorial discrimination. We propose different but complementary methodologies to analyze the effect of the reputation of a neighborhood. We observe that it decreases the chances of finding employment. Finally, in order to explain unemployment geography, the thesis proposes some analysisformunicipalities in Paris region. The objective is to test different mechanisms discussed in the literature in urban economics (residential segregation, Spatial Mismatch, emphSkill Mismatch etc.) to see which are most relevant and which should be considered a priority. Identify the mechanisms involved is a necessary and an important step to guide public policies that want to improve the situation of deprived neighborhoods.