Building Opportunity centers on disaster response and recovery after a 7.5-magnitude earthquake destroyed the city of Antigua Guatemala, the capital of colonial Guatemala, on July 29, 1773. It also concentrates on the colonial government’s decision to relocate Antigua Guatemala and establish a new capital, New Guatemala. This dissertation examines how the cultural, economic, political, and social views of inhabitants -- bureaucrats, clerics, Indians, architects, and the poor -- shaped their reactions to the tremor. Furthermore, it contends that the migration from Antigua Guatemala to New Guatemala created socioeconomic opportunities through which individuals made strong efforts to rebuild their lives. Debates on natural catastrophe in colonial Latin America have emphasized the ability of calamity to ignite power struggles over competing ideas about emergency management. However, in addition to an analysis of such disputes, this dissertation advances new understandings of the ways in which the earthquake gave victims chances to reshape their world. How did individuals' beliefs influence their attitudes toward the cataclysm? How did the effort to create a new city forge openings for survivors to refashion their identities? This study shows that individual groups' notions of fear, hazard mitigation, history, and socioeconomics defined arguments about whether or not to move. It also demonstrates that the tragedy produced spaces in which officials, ecclesiastics, indigenous peoples, and the impoverished worked to improve their lives. In various ways, administrators and victims turned adversity into an opportunity to become disaster managers and survivors, respectively. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS FREDERICO LAGO BURNETT.pdf: 1742928 bytes, checksum: 191ff75fbac84f6cbc2d8f1e58549040 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-27 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / In the eighties, as a reaction to social-spatial inequity in Brazilian cities, the Urban Reform program sought to unify academy intellectuals and organized community entities in a movement for egalitarian and distributive urban policies. Partially recognized by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, the ideas of the Urban Reform movement were subjected to those of urban planning, since the Urban Master Plan was declared the municipality s major instrument of urban policy. Initially disputed by the Urban Reform movement, due to its technocratic and segregationist character during the Brazilian military government, however regularized by the City Statute, the Urban Master Plan proposes to insure, since 2005, urbanized and well located land for the poorest in thousands of Brazilian cities. Despite the diminished popular participation, low rates of legislation approval and almost null implementation of its proposals, the Master Plan affirms itself as instrument of the Urban Reform and the Movement condenses itself in the Urban Planning Law as a way to achieve the city of all . By the means of a historical analysis of the twenty years that separate the criticism from the adhesion to the Urban Master Plan, supported by a theoretical study and field research on significant experiences of participative planning in Brazil, the present study shows that, by partaking the values of the bourgeoisie democracy and submitting the urban rights struggle to the institutional procedures of city planning, the Urban Reform Movement compromises the autonomy of social organizations and contributes to the capitalist accumulation and reproduction in the urban space, aggravating the tragedy of the cities. In this way, under the leadership of a technocratic elite and heavily influenced by the political and economic changes that have occurred in Brazil conservative democratic consolidation, neoliberalism s offensive and hegemony, political access of the Labor Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores PT) to federal government -, the institutionalization process of the Urban Reform project, through the fetishism of Participative Urban Master Plans, turns into sham the purposes of reformist urbanism. / Nos anos 80, como reação às desigualdades sócio-espaciais das cidades brasileiras, o projeto da Reforma Urbana logrou unificar, em torno de um movimento por política urbana igualitária e distributiva, intelectuais da Academia e entidades da organização popular. Parcialmente reconhecido pela Constituição Federal de 1988, o ideário da Reforma Urbana ficou subordinado ao planejamento urbano, pois o Plano Diretor foi declarado instrumento maior da política urbana municipal. Inicialmente contestado pelo movimento, por seu caráter tecnocrata e segregacionista durante o regime militar, mas regulamentado pelo Estatuto da Cidade e através de campanha nacional do Ministério das Cidades, o Plano Diretor se propõe garantir, a partir de 2005, terra urbanizada e bem localizada aos mais pobres em milhares de municípios do país. Apesar da reduzida participação popular, baixa taxa de aprovação da legislação e quase nula implementação de suas propostas, se afirma como instrumento de Reforma Urbana e o Movimento se concentra no Direito Urbanístico como meio para alcançar a cidade de todos . Através da análise histórica dos vinte anos que separam a crítica da adesão ao Plano Diretor, apoiada em estudo teórico e pesquisa de campo sobre experiências significativas de planejamento participativo no Brasil, este trabalho demonstra que, ao assumir valores da democracia burguesa e submeter a luta urbana aos procedimentos institucionais do planejamento, o Movimento da Reforma Urbana compromete a autonomia das organizações populares e contribui para acumulação e reprodução capitalista no espaço urbano, agravante da tragédia das cidades. Desta maneira, sob a liderança de uma elite tecnocrata e fortemente influenciado pelas mudanças políticas e econômicas ocorridas no país - consolidação democrática conservadora, ofensiva e hegemonia neoliberal, acesso do Partido dos Trabalhadores ao governo federal -, o processo de institucionalização do projeto da Reforma Urbana, por meio da fetichização dos Planos Diretores Participativos, transmuda em farsa a proposta do urbanismo reformista.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3572.pdf: 2466955 bytes, checksum: b95fc1f749108b7f1d57506027eec5f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-12 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work addresses the transformations of urban and environmental approaches in Brazil s territory management, identifying its convergences and divergences. This study was structured from the contextualization of a representative legal framework for the urban and environmental policy, predominantly composed in the 1930s until the most recent enacted statute, according to specific themes organized into six regulation series. The topics discussed include the constitutional frameworks, the division of land, the legal principles from the urban reform proposals, the environmental legislation before and after the 1980s, and the normative system related to the Permanent Preservation Areas - APPs. The analytical structuring was based on identifying aspects considered essential for the research, which included property rights; land and environmental policy management instruments; institutional structure; and ways to approach environmental issues posed by the urban perspective, and vice versa, the urban and social approach posed by the environmental perspective. The analysis of the transformation of these aspects, within the legislative series selected, was preceded by the discussion and contextualization of the social movements that emerged in the 1970s and which influenced the shaping of new paradigms embodied in the contemporary urban and environmental legislation. For the urban perspective, some concepts of territorial planning and management used in Brazil are discussed, especially the role of the National Urban Reform Movement and the emergence of the principle of the social function of city and property. For the Environmental perspective, the origins of environmental concerns in Brazil are discussed, as well as the role of the environmental movement and its impact in shaping the legal system to protect the environment. The interactive analysis discussed and identified the main challenges in the integrated articulation of urban and environmental policy. Although there is a process to expand the interfaces in these matters, disputes and conflicts still prevail with regards to territorial ownership and occupation, which represent challenges for the perspective to achieve the unified paradigm of the socioenvironmental function of the city and property. / Este trabalho pretende discutir as transformações das abordagens urbanísticas e ambientais na gestão territorial brasileira, identificando suas confluências e divergências. Esta investigação foi estruturada a partir da contextualização de um arcabouço legal representativo para a política urbana e ambiental, majoritariamente constituído a partir dos anos 1930, até a legislação mais recente, segundo temáticas específicas organizadas em seis séries normativas. Os temas tratados envolveram os marcos constitucionais, o parcelamento do solo, as peças legais decorrentes das propostas da reforma urbana, a legislação ambiental pré e pós-anos 1980, e o aparato normativo relacionado às Áreas de Preservação Permanentes - APPs. A condução analítica foi pautada na identificação de aspectos considerados essenciais para a pesquisa, envolvendo o direito de propriedade; os instrumentos de política e gestão territorial e ambiental; o desenho institucional; e as formas de abordagem da questão ambiental feita pela vertente urbanística, e vice-versa, as formas de abordagem urbanística e social feita pela vertente ambiental. A análise da transformação desses aspectos, no interior das séries legislativas selecionadas, foi precedida pela discussão e contextualização dos movimentos sociais que afloraram, a partir dos anos 1970, e que tiveram influência na conformação de novos paradigmas incorporados à legislação urbanística e ambiental contemporânea. Pela vertente urbanística foram discutidas algumas concepções de planejamento e gestão territorial empregadas no Brasil, especialmente o papel do Movimento Nacional pela Reforma Urbana e o surgimento do princípio da função social da cidade e da propriedade. Pela Vertente Ambiental foram discutidas as origens da preocupação ambiental no Brasil, o papel do movimento ambientalista e sua repercussão na conformação do aparato legal destinado a proteger o meio ambiente. As análises interativas discutiram e identificaram os principais desafios presentes na articulação integrada da política urbana e ambiental. Embora exista um processo de ampliação das interfaces entre essas agendas, ainda prevalecem disputas e conflitos na apropriação e ocupação territorial que representam desafios à perspectiva de concretização do paradigma aglutinador da função socioambiental da cidade e da propriedade.