From May 28, 1996, it was the beginning of a new era of internal transportation that Muzha line of Taipei Transit works. It must affect the original urban spatial structure when the new infrastructure was brought to the city. This paper bases on bid rent theory of Alonso, and research whether the spatial structure near the 47 Taipei transit stations were affected by Taipei Transit¡¦s working or not. On the other hand, there will discuss the cluster of the firms of competition with location quotient. This paper analysis the land price within 250 meters near the transit stations from 1984 to 2004, and there are 230,070 data. The part of the cluster research of firms, this paper focuses on the registered firms around the transit stations on April 2004. The research finds as following: 1. The average land price curve next to the transit station is a bid price curve. 2. The different types of transit station have different land price curve and characters. 3. The situation of firm cluster near different types of transit station is different.

No description available.

The spatial distribution of future population and employment has become a focus of recent academic enquiry and planning policy concerns. This is largely driven by the rapid urban expansion in major Australian cities and the need to plan ahead for new housing growth and demand for urban infrastructure and services. At a national level forecasts for population and employment are produced by the government and research institutions; however there is a further need to break these forecasts down to a disaggregate geographic scale for growth management within regions. Appropriate planning for the urban growth needs forecasts for fine-grained spatial units. This thesis has developed methodologies to predict the future settlement of the population, employment and urban form by applying a spatial disaggregation approach. The methodology uses the existing regional forecasts reported at regional geographic units and applies a novel spatially-based technique to step-down the regional forecasts to smaller geographical units. South East Queensland (SEQ) is the experimental context for the methodologies developed in the thesis, being one of the fastest-growing metropolitan regions in Australia. The research examines whether spatial disaggregation methodologies that can be used to enhance the forecasts for urban planning purposes and to derive a deeper understanding of the urban spatial structure under growth conditions. The first part of this thesis develops a method by which the SEQ population forecasts can be spatially disaggregated. This is related to a classical problem in geographical analysis called to modifiable area unit problem, where spatial data disaggregation may give inaccurate results due to spatial heterogeneity in the explanatory variables. Several statistical regression and dasymetric techniques are evaluated to spatially disaggregate population forecasts over the study area and to assess their relative accuracies. An important contribution arising from this research is that: i) it extends the dasymetric method beyond its current simple form to techniques that incorporate more complex density assumptions to disaggregate the data and, ii) it selects a method based on balancing the costs and errors of the disaggregation for a study area. The outputs of the method are spatially disaggregated population forecasts across the smaller areas that can be directly used for urban form analysis and are also directly available for subsequent employment disaggregation. The second part in this thesis develops a method to spatially disaggregate the employment forecasts and examine their impact on the urban form. A new method for spatially disaggregating the employment data is evaluated; it analyses the trend and spatial pattern of historic regional employment patterns based on employment determinants (for example, the local population and the proximity of an area to a shopping centre). The method we apply, namely geographically weighted regression (GWR), accounts for spatial effects of data autocorrelation and heterogeneity. Autocorrelation is where certain variables for employment determinants are related in space, and hence violate traditional statistical independence assumptions, and heterogeneity is where the associations between variables change across space. The method uses a locally-fitted relationship to estimate employment in the smaller geography whilst being constrained by the regional forecast. Results show that, by accounting for spatial heterogeneity in the local dependency of employment, the GWR method generates superior estimates over a global regression model. The spatially disaggregate projections developed in this thesis can be used to better understand questions on urban form. From a planning perspective, the results of spatial disaggregation indicate that the future growth of the population for SEQ is likely to maintain a spatially-dispersed growth pattern, whilst the employment is likely to follow a more polycentric distribution focused around the new activity centres. Overall, the thesis demonstrates that the spatial disaggregation method can be applied to supplement the regional forecasts to seek a deeper understanding of the future urban growth patterns. The development, application and validation of the spatial disaggregation methods will enhance the planner’s toolbox whilst responding to the data issues to inform urban planning and future development in a region.

A estrutura espacial urbana pode ser entendida e analisada a partir de diferentes enfoques e características da cidade. Este trabalho investiga a estrutura espacial urbana, considerando dois aspectos específicos da morfologia urbana: configuração e função. Pretende-se explicar como a interação entre a configuração urbana e as práticas no espaço urbano contribui na estruturação espacial. Estas características morfológicas podem convergir, atuando em uma lógica de cooperação ou, em outras situações, a prática pode acontecer em espaços configuracionalmente desfavorecidos, evidenciando uma lógica de competição. A investigação pauta-se por estudos de morfologia urbana com um enfoque sistêmico, inserindo-se na linha dos estudos configuracionais urbanos. O método proposto consiste em descrever as diferentes características da forma urbana como elementos de uma mesma rede de relações. Desenvolve-se um modelo para representar sistemicamente a rede configuracional e as redes das práticas, incluindo as relações entre as práticas. O modelo possibilita analisar a estrutura espacial que se forma a partir da interação entre aspectos na escala global da cidade, referentes à configuração urbana e aspectos do contexto local, relativos às práticas no espaço urbano. As análises realizadas, a partir do estudo de caso na cidade de Jaguarão-RS, revelam em que medida as características da configuração urbana e das práticas cooperam ou competem entre si, gerando diferentes resultados no sistema. A proposta do modelo consiste em integrar os dois aspectos da estrutura espacial urbana, relativos às escalas global e local do sistema urbano, através de uma medida combinada. Os resultados sugerem que a estrutura espacial urbana depende tanto das características locais, associadas às práticas, quanto das características globais, associadas à configuração do sistema urbano. / The urban spatial structure can be understood and analyzed from different perspectives and characteristics of the city. This thesis investigates the urban spatial structure, considering two specific aspects of urban morphology: configuration and function. The intention is to highlight how interactions between configurational issues and practices in urban space contribute to the spatial structure of the city. These morphological characteristics can converge in a logic of cooperation or, in other situations, the practices can be realized in configurationally disadvantaged areas, in a logic of competition. The research is guided by studies of urban morphology within a systemic framework, in accordance with the urban configurational studies. The method describes these two different characteristics of urban form as elements of the same network of relations. A model is developed to represent the configurational network and practice's network, including relations between practices. The aim of the model is to analyze the spatial structure which is formed from the interaction between the global aspects of the city, corresponding to configuration and urban aspects at the local context, related to practices in urban space. The case study was accomplished in the city of Jaguarão-RS. The analyzes reveal the extent to which the characteristics of urban configuration and practices cooperate or compete with each other, generating different results in the system. The model proposes to integrate the two aspects of urban spatial structure, relative to the global and local scales of the urban system, through a combined measure. The results demonstrate that the structure of urban space depends on both the local characteristics, related to practices, and the global features associated with the overall configuration of the urban system.

A estrutura espacial urbana pode ser entendida e analisada a partir de diferentes enfoques e características da cidade. Este trabalho investiga a estrutura espacial urbana, considerando dois aspectos específicos da morfologia urbana: configuração e função. Pretende-se explicar como a interação entre a configuração urbana e as práticas no espaço urbano contribui na estruturação espacial. Estas características morfológicas podem convergir, atuando em uma lógica de cooperação ou, em outras situações, a prática pode acontecer em espaços configuracionalmente desfavorecidos, evidenciando uma lógica de competição. A investigação pauta-se por estudos de morfologia urbana com um enfoque sistêmico, inserindo-se na linha dos estudos configuracionais urbanos. O método proposto consiste em descrever as diferentes características da forma urbana como elementos de uma mesma rede de relações. Desenvolve-se um modelo para representar sistemicamente a rede configuracional e as redes das práticas, incluindo as relações entre as práticas. O modelo possibilita analisar a estrutura espacial que se forma a partir da interação entre aspectos na escala global da cidade, referentes à configuração urbana e aspectos do contexto local, relativos às práticas no espaço urbano. As análises realizadas, a partir do estudo de caso na cidade de Jaguarão-RS, revelam em que medida as características da configuração urbana e das práticas cooperam ou competem entre si, gerando diferentes resultados no sistema. A proposta do modelo consiste em integrar os dois aspectos da estrutura espacial urbana, relativos às escalas global e local do sistema urbano, através de uma medida combinada. Os resultados sugerem que a estrutura espacial urbana depende tanto das características locais, associadas às práticas, quanto das características globais, associadas à configuração do sistema urbano. / The urban spatial structure can be understood and analyzed from different perspectives and characteristics of the city. This thesis investigates the urban spatial structure, considering two specific aspects of urban morphology: configuration and function. The intention is to highlight how interactions between configurational issues and practices in urban space contribute to the spatial structure of the city. These morphological characteristics can converge in a logic of cooperation or, in other situations, the practices can be realized in configurationally disadvantaged areas, in a logic of competition. The research is guided by studies of urban morphology within a systemic framework, in accordance with the urban configurational studies. The method describes these two different characteristics of urban form as elements of the same network of relations. A model is developed to represent the configurational network and practice's network, including relations between practices. The aim of the model is to analyze the spatial structure which is formed from the interaction between the global aspects of the city, corresponding to configuration and urban aspects at the local context, related to practices in urban space. The case study was accomplished in the city of Jaguarão-RS. The analyzes reveal the extent to which the characteristics of urban configuration and practices cooperate or compete with each other, generating different results in the system. The model proposes to integrate the two aspects of urban spatial structure, relative to the global and local scales of the urban system, through a combined measure. The results demonstrate that the structure of urban space depends on both the local characteristics, related to practices, and the global features associated with the overall configuration of the urban system.

A estrutura espacial urbana pode ser entendida e analisada a partir de diferentes enfoques e características da cidade. Este trabalho investiga a estrutura espacial urbana, considerando dois aspectos específicos da morfologia urbana: configuração e função. Pretende-se explicar como a interação entre a configuração urbana e as práticas no espaço urbano contribui na estruturação espacial. Estas características morfológicas podem convergir, atuando em uma lógica de cooperação ou, em outras situações, a prática pode acontecer em espaços configuracionalmente desfavorecidos, evidenciando uma lógica de competição. A investigação pauta-se por estudos de morfologia urbana com um enfoque sistêmico, inserindo-se na linha dos estudos configuracionais urbanos. O método proposto consiste em descrever as diferentes características da forma urbana como elementos de uma mesma rede de relações. Desenvolve-se um modelo para representar sistemicamente a rede configuracional e as redes das práticas, incluindo as relações entre as práticas. O modelo possibilita analisar a estrutura espacial que se forma a partir da interação entre aspectos na escala global da cidade, referentes à configuração urbana e aspectos do contexto local, relativos às práticas no espaço urbano. As análises realizadas, a partir do estudo de caso na cidade de Jaguarão-RS, revelam em que medida as características da configuração urbana e das práticas cooperam ou competem entre si, gerando diferentes resultados no sistema. A proposta do modelo consiste em integrar os dois aspectos da estrutura espacial urbana, relativos às escalas global e local do sistema urbano, através de uma medida combinada. Os resultados sugerem que a estrutura espacial urbana depende tanto das características locais, associadas às práticas, quanto das características globais, associadas à configuração do sistema urbano. / The urban spatial structure can be understood and analyzed from different perspectives and characteristics of the city. This thesis investigates the urban spatial structure, considering two specific aspects of urban morphology: configuration and function. The intention is to highlight how interactions between configurational issues and practices in urban space contribute to the spatial structure of the city. These morphological characteristics can converge in a logic of cooperation or, in other situations, the practices can be realized in configurationally disadvantaged areas, in a logic of competition. The research is guided by studies of urban morphology within a systemic framework, in accordance with the urban configurational studies. The method describes these two different characteristics of urban form as elements of the same network of relations. A model is developed to represent the configurational network and practice's network, including relations between practices. The aim of the model is to analyze the spatial structure which is formed from the interaction between the global aspects of the city, corresponding to configuration and urban aspects at the local context, related to practices in urban space. The case study was accomplished in the city of Jaguarão-RS. The analyzes reveal the extent to which the characteristics of urban configuration and practices cooperate or compete with each other, generating different results in the system. The model proposes to integrate the two aspects of urban spatial structure, relative to the global and local scales of the urban system, through a combined measure. The results demonstrate that the structure of urban space depends on both the local characteristics, related to practices, and the global features associated with the overall configuration of the urban system.

人口在空間上分布的差異形成集中發展抑或分散發展型態，相對地對於地方財政的支出亦有不同程度的影響。在現今台灣省各地方政府普遍存在著財源短絀之情形下，農地釋出政策的實施所造成都市規模的擴張，是否會引發地方財政加重的趨勢，實有深究的必要。因此本研究的目的，乃在於探討都市空間結構的差異對公共支出的變化影響效果，並進一步提出土地發展政策涵義。 　　針對上述，本研究擬藉由人口密度斜率此變數，作為都市空間結構之指標，進而瞭解都市發展型態之差異對地方公共支出的影響。所謂人口密度斜率乃是隨著距離的增加，人口在空間上的變化情形。其次，以中位數投票模型理論及官僚模型理論為基礎，建立模型並進行測試，同時為因應農地釋出政策的實施，在台灣省各市鄉鎮都市計畫區農業區釋出的假設前題下，進行模擬分析。 　　經本研究結果發現，就總體而言，台灣省各市鄉鎮目前之都市空間結構有分散發展的趨勢，並有無效率的現象；次就農地釋出而言，在不考慮人口規模聚集經濟的情況下，過多的土地開發，將會有惡化現存地方財政不足之趨勢。 / The difference of population spreads in the spatial will result in the pattern of concentrated development or dispersed development. Oppo-sitely, the difference pattern will influence to local public expenditures. On the condition that the local government often exists short tag of finance in Taiwan, so to practice policy of agriculture land release which should result in the extension of urban scale whether will increase the final burden or not, has necessary to discuss. Thus, the propose of this study is to discuss that the difference of urban spatial structure has what effect of change influence to pubhc expenditure, and father want to propose the meaning of land development policy. 　　As above that, this study uses the population density gradient to be the guide of urban spatial structure, and then want to understand the difference of urban development pattern has what influence to local public ex-penditure. Population density describes how rapidly the density falls off with distance. Next, based on the median voter theory and bureaucracy theory to built the model and test it, then for to practice the policy of agriculture land release, this study on the assumption that all agriculture area of urban planned area will be released in Taiwan progresses simulation and analysis which wants to know the influence of agriculture land release. 　　According to the result of this study, we find, fister, the present con-dition of local public in Taiwan, urban spatial structure has the tend of dis-persed development, and cause to nonefficiency. Second, if the agriculture land release do not consider the agglomeration economics of population scale, then to development too many lands will worse present local final.

Em distintos momentos da história, pesquisadores investigaram e propuseram, com relativo sucesso, modelos locacionais que explicassem a origem e os processos dos crescimentos das cidades, mas, de modo frequente, esbarrando na complexidade desses sistemas. Recentemente, apoiados nas teorias sobre Sistemas Complexos, Nova Geografia Econômica e Modelos Configuracionais Urbanos, alguns conceitos proporcionam uma fundamentação mais consistente para a verificação das variáveis e suas interações espaciais, as quais identifiquem esses processos. Dentre os sistemas complexos, são representativos os conceitos sobre a resiliência e a criticalidade auto-organizada enquanto os conceitos do modelo centro-periferia, propostos pela nova geografia econômica, contribuem para compreensão das formações de aglomerações econômicas e populacionais. Tais abordagens conduzem ao desenvolvimento da hipótese de que a localização relativa dos serviços urbanos e dos moradores, no espaço intraurbano, estaria condicionada a duas forças que se contrapõem, “centrípeta e centrífuga”, que são geradoras de “tensões” as quais conduzem o sistema a atingir níveis críticos por determinados períodos até que novas condições movam o sistema, de maneira surpreendente, a um novo limiar. O processo de crescimento do sistema urbano seria, assim, sujeito às variações de densidades populacionais e das localizações dos diferentes serviços urbanos e suas externalidades econômicas existentes na cidade. A averiguação e os comportamentos destas forças foram testados em uma situação real, na cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Os dados populacionais e dos serviços urbanos foram espacializados recorrendo a um Sistema de Informação Geográfica – SIG e suas interações avaliadas com o uso de medidas configuracionais urbanas. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para a consolidação do conhecimento da dinâmica urbana e das condições dos diversos estados do sistema urbano. / At different times, researchers have investigated and proposed, with relative success, locational models that explain the origin and the processes of urban growth, but, often, failing to account for the complexity of these systems. Recently, the theories of Complex Systems, New Economic Geography and Urban Configurational Models, have provided concepts with a more consistent rationale for checking variables and the spatial interactions that identify these processes. The Complex Systems framework has provided the concepts of resiliency and self-organized criticality, whereas New Economic Geography has furnished the center-periphery model, which aids in understanding economic and population agglomerations. These approaches support the hypothesis that the relative location of urban services and residents in the intraurban space is subject to centripetal and centrifugal forces, which generate tensions that lead the system toward critical levels for determined periods until new conditions move the system, unexpectedly, to a new threshold. The growth process of the urban system is thus subject to variations in population density and in localization of the different urban services and their economic externalities that exist in the city. The behaviors of these forces were tested in a real situation, in the city of Santa Maria, RS. Population and urban services data were spatialized using a Geographic Information System – GIS and their interactions were evaluated with the use of urban configurational measures to contribute to our knowledge of urban dynamics and the conditions of the various states of the urban system.

Em distintos momentos da história, pesquisadores investigaram e propuseram, com relativo sucesso, modelos locacionais que explicassem a origem e os processos dos crescimentos das cidades, mas, de modo frequente, esbarrando na complexidade desses sistemas. Recentemente, apoiados nas teorias sobre Sistemas Complexos, Nova Geografia Econômica e Modelos Configuracionais Urbanos, alguns conceitos proporcionam uma fundamentação mais consistente para a verificação das variáveis e suas interações espaciais, as quais identifiquem esses processos. Dentre os sistemas complexos, são representativos os conceitos sobre a resiliência e a criticalidade auto-organizada enquanto os conceitos do modelo centro-periferia, propostos pela nova geografia econômica, contribuem para compreensão das formações de aglomerações econômicas e populacionais. Tais abordagens conduzem ao desenvolvimento da hipótese de que a localização relativa dos serviços urbanos e dos moradores, no espaço intraurbano, estaria condicionada a duas forças que se contrapõem, “centrípeta e centrífuga”, que são geradoras de “tensões” as quais conduzem o sistema a atingir níveis críticos por determinados períodos até que novas condições movam o sistema, de maneira surpreendente, a um novo limiar. O processo de crescimento do sistema urbano seria, assim, sujeito às variações de densidades populacionais e das localizações dos diferentes serviços urbanos e suas externalidades econômicas existentes na cidade. A averiguação e os comportamentos destas forças foram testados em uma situação real, na cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Os dados populacionais e dos serviços urbanos foram espacializados recorrendo a um Sistema de Informação Geográfica – SIG e suas interações avaliadas com o uso de medidas configuracionais urbanas. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para a consolidação do conhecimento da dinâmica urbana e das condições dos diversos estados do sistema urbano. / At different times, researchers have investigated and proposed, with relative success, locational models that explain the origin and the processes of urban growth, but, often, failing to account for the complexity of these systems. Recently, the theories of Complex Systems, New Economic Geography and Urban Configurational Models, have provided concepts with a more consistent rationale for checking variables and the spatial interactions that identify these processes. The Complex Systems framework has provided the concepts of resiliency and self-organized criticality, whereas New Economic Geography has furnished the center-periphery model, which aids in understanding economic and population agglomerations. These approaches support the hypothesis that the relative location of urban services and residents in the intraurban space is subject to centripetal and centrifugal forces, which generate tensions that lead the system toward critical levels for determined periods until new conditions move the system, unexpectedly, to a new threshold. The growth process of the urban system is thus subject to variations in population density and in localization of the different urban services and their economic externalities that exist in the city. The behaviors of these forces were tested in a real situation, in the city of Santa Maria, RS. Population and urban services data were spatialized using a Geographic Information System – GIS and their interactions were evaluated with the use of urban configurational measures to contribute to our knowledge of urban dynamics and the conditions of the various states of the urban system.

Em distintos momentos da história, pesquisadores investigaram e propuseram, com relativo sucesso, modelos locacionais que explicassem a origem e os processos dos crescimentos das cidades, mas, de modo frequente, esbarrando na complexidade desses sistemas. Recentemente, apoiados nas teorias sobre Sistemas Complexos, Nova Geografia Econômica e Modelos Configuracionais Urbanos, alguns conceitos proporcionam uma fundamentação mais consistente para a verificação das variáveis e suas interações espaciais, as quais identifiquem esses processos. Dentre os sistemas complexos, são representativos os conceitos sobre a resiliência e a criticalidade auto-organizada enquanto os conceitos do modelo centro-periferia, propostos pela nova geografia econômica, contribuem para compreensão das formações de aglomerações econômicas e populacionais. Tais abordagens conduzem ao desenvolvimento da hipótese de que a localização relativa dos serviços urbanos e dos moradores, no espaço intraurbano, estaria condicionada a duas forças que se contrapõem, “centrípeta e centrífuga”, que são geradoras de “tensões” as quais conduzem o sistema a atingir níveis críticos por determinados períodos até que novas condições movam o sistema, de maneira surpreendente, a um novo limiar. O processo de crescimento do sistema urbano seria, assim, sujeito às variações de densidades populacionais e das localizações dos diferentes serviços urbanos e suas externalidades econômicas existentes na cidade. A averiguação e os comportamentos destas forças foram testados em uma situação real, na cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Os dados populacionais e dos serviços urbanos foram espacializados recorrendo a um Sistema de Informação Geográfica – SIG e suas interações avaliadas com o uso de medidas configuracionais urbanas. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para a consolidação do conhecimento da dinâmica urbana e das condições dos diversos estados do sistema urbano. / At different times, researchers have investigated and proposed, with relative success, locational models that explain the origin and the processes of urban growth, but, often, failing to account for the complexity of these systems. Recently, the theories of Complex Systems, New Economic Geography and Urban Configurational Models, have provided concepts with a more consistent rationale for checking variables and the spatial interactions that identify these processes. The Complex Systems framework has provided the concepts of resiliency and self-organized criticality, whereas New Economic Geography has furnished the center-periphery model, which aids in understanding economic and population agglomerations. These approaches support the hypothesis that the relative location of urban services and residents in the intraurban space is subject to centripetal and centrifugal forces, which generate tensions that lead the system toward critical levels for determined periods until new conditions move the system, unexpectedly, to a new threshold. The growth process of the urban system is thus subject to variations in population density and in localization of the different urban services and their economic externalities that exist in the city. The behaviors of these forces were tested in a real situation, in the city of Santa Maria, RS. Population and urban services data were spatialized using a Geographic Information System – GIS and their interactions were evaluated with the use of urban configurational measures to contribute to our knowledge of urban dynamics and the conditions of the various states of the urban system.