M.Phil. (Engineering Management) / The daunting peak-hour traffic periods have affected Gauteng road users and the economy due to traffic congestion in the recent years. A total of 157 000 vehicles used the Gauteng freeway network each day in 2006, which went up to approximately 200 000 in 2011. This means that the average growth in traffic volumes had grown on average by 7% between 2006 and 2011. As a management strategy, The South African National Road Agency (SANRAL) launched the Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project (GFIP) in 2007 to improve the infrastructural network. The introduction of the GFIP road-user charging scheme in Gauteng has been followed by a renewed interest in the subject of urban road tolling both by practitioners and academics ...

The Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) set the standard for urban transportation planning during its original 1955-61 genesis years. This study examined CATS' planning methodology during these years and its 1962 regional transportation plan for the Chicago metropolis which had a planning target year of 1980. The subject focus of this study was on expressway planning while the temporal focus was from the late 1950's to circa 1980. The findings of this study revealed four key reasons why CATS' 1962 expressway plan was largely never implemented. These reasons include the inconsistency of some of CATS' 1962 projections for 1980 versus actual 1980 data, the apolitical orientation of CATS, increased urban environmentalism, and rising expressway infrastructure costs. Yet despite the lack of plan implementation, the literature supports the conclusion that CATS did set the standard, at least in its methodology or planning approach. / Department of Urban Planning

This dissertation examines unequal outcomes of urban transportation policies in the neoliberal era. It focuses on inequalities in the Portland, Oregon metro area between 1994 and 2011 as measured in three key areas: 1) access to public transit; 2) the journey-to-work; and 3) "household-serving" trips. Growing concern over the harmful impacts from an increasing dependence on cars has led planners in the U.S. to encourage a modal shift from private car to public transit, bicycling, and walking. The required policies to make this modal shift possible, however, might inadvertently be benefiting "choice" riders at the cost of transport disadvantaged groups. Other contributing factors to this unequal benefit appear to be the suburbanization of poverty, an ongoing gentrification of central areas, and market forces that make it difficult for low income groups to afford housing in transit-rich neighborhoods. The Oregon Household Activity and Travel surveys are used to answer the three major research questions in this dissertation: what has been the effect of neoliberalism on access to public transit?, how do gender, race/ethnicity, and income inequality affect the journey-to-work in Portland?, and how do household-serving trips vary by gender in Portland? Six hypothesis are tested in answering these questions. Those related to access to transit draw on Fred Block's theory of the capitalist state and the "urban growth machine" concept, both of which predict spatially unequal outcomes from neoliberal ideology. Hypotheses about the journey to work draw on a rich body of literature around social relations in the household and the job market, as well as residential location. The final question, about household-serving trips, draws on theories of gender socialization. Findings showed that: (i) individuals in the Portland metro area had less access overall to bus public transit in 2011 than in 1994; (ii) impoverished dependent riders have lost access to transit service over time, whereas choice dependent riders increased their access to public transit; (iii) low income groups have been "forced" into greater car-ownership, in part due to the lower access to public transit; (iv) women in Portland have shorter journey-to-work trips than men; (v) Blacks have longer journey-to-work trips than Whites and Latinos; (vi) low-income individuals have shorter journey-to-work trips than higher income individuals; and (vii) women with children make more household-serving trips than men in similar family structures.

Over the last 100 years technological improvements in urban travel in terms of reliability and speed, has meant increased mobility for residents. This was accelerated with the advent of the automobile. It allowed many to move to the suburbs that were typified by less expensive lower density housing, and commute longer distances to their place of work. Today, in urban areas, cars are the main means of urban transport. The problem arises in major urban areas across North American when everyone tries to travel at the same time (usually during to trip to and from work). Urban areas are faced with problems of congestion (during rush hour) along with the lack of attractive transit alternatives. One aspect of this problem is examined in terms commuting habits. The purpose of this exercise is to examine the commuting habits of Justice Institute employees whose place of work moves from the West Side of Vancouver to New Westminister. In the postmove period employees made a number of decisions regarding their modal-type and residential location. These decisions may have a significant impact on their activities and travel patterns in the city. The goal is to collect data that would indicate the place of residence of employees before and after the Justice Institute move. It should also include employee modal-type in the pre and postmove periods of the move. Such information is important in the understanding the changes' employees make regarding their residential location and modal-type and the reasons for these changes. As well, employee characteristics such as income can influence these decisions. Such decisions are based on employee's preferences, likes and dislikes regarding their neighbourhood and modal-type. Within this framework, it is the goal of this analysis to understand how employees make trade-offs between where they live and the time they spend commuting to and from work. The correlation parameter may describe the tendency for some commuters to locate themselves close to their employment. The analysis of the survey results will help planners understand more about the urban transport problem. Within this framework, planners can learn why people choose to travel by car instead of transit. This may be related to choice of neighbourhood. It may be that employees choose neighbourhoods that they like to live in regardless of their place of work. Thus, to understand more about the transport problem planners need to know what kinds of neighbourhoods attract people. If the quality of neighbourhoods is an important factor regarding employees' choice of residential location, any transport plan must include land-use initiatives that attempt to create neighbourhoods that attract people. The idea is to bridge the two; otherwise conflicting land-use policies could easily undermine any transport plan. Within this framework, policy must be geared to bring home and places of work closer together. This means creating vibrant neighbourhoods that contain a variety of land-use that could create more employment opportunities closer to home. Neighbourhoods should not only create just residential uses alone. That would mean people would have less distance to travel. This would also mean creating pedestrian and transit friendly neighbourhoods. Less emphasis would be given to the car and more to alternative methods of transport. Such policies can go along way in reducing the dependence on the car.

Over the last 100 years technological improvements in urban travel in terms of reliability and speed, has meant increased mobility for residents. This was accelerated with the advent of the automobile. It allowed many to move to the suburbs that were typified by less expensive lower density housing, and commute longer distances to their place of work. Today, in urban areas, cars are the main means of urban transport. The problem arises in major urban areas across North American when everyone tries to travel at the same time (usually during to trip to and from work). Urban areas are faced with problems of congestion (during rush hour) along with the lack of attractive transit alternatives. One aspect of this problem is examined in terms commuting habits. The purpose of this exercise is to examine the commuting habits of Justice Institute employees whose place of work moves from the West Side of Vancouver to New Westminister. In the postmove period employees made a number of decisions regarding their modal-type and residential location. These decisions may have a significant impact on their activities and travel patterns in the city. The goal is to collect data that would indicate the place of residence of employees before and after the Justice Institute move. It should also include employee modal-type in the pre and postmove periods of the move. Such information is important in the understanding the changes' employees make regarding their residential location and modal-type and the reasons for these changes. As well, employee characteristics such as income can influence these decisions. Such decisions are based on employee's preferences, likes and dislikes regarding their neighbourhood and modal-type. Within this framework, it is the goal of this analysis to understand how employees make trade-offs between where they live and the time they spend commuting to and from work. The correlation parameter may describe the tendency for some commuters to locate themselves close to their employment. The analysis of the survey results will help planners understand more about the urban transport problem. Within this framework, planners can learn why people choose to travel by car instead of transit. This may be related to choice of neighbourhood. It may be that employees choose neighbourhoods that they like to live in regardless of their place of work. Thus, to understand more about the transport problem planners need to know what kinds of neighbourhoods attract people. If the quality of neighbourhoods is an important factor regarding employees' choice of residential location, any transport plan must include land-use initiatives that attempt to create neighbourhoods that attract people. The idea is to bridge the two; otherwise conflicting land-use policies could easily undermine any transport plan. Within this framework, policy must be geared to bring home and places of work closer together. This means creating vibrant neighbourhoods that contain a variety of land-use that could create more employment opportunities closer to home. Neighbourhoods should not only create just residential uses alone. That would mean people would have less distance to travel. This would also mean creating pedestrian and transit friendly neighbourhoods. Less emphasis would be given to the car and more to alternative methods of transport. Such policies can go along way in reducing the dependence on the car. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Cette thèse s’intéresse particulièrement à un aspect de la durabilité sociale des transports urbains à Cotonou au Bénin :la mobilité des populations pauvres. L’objectif global est de contribuer à l’amélioration des transports à Cotonou en faveur des populations pauvres de la ville. De façon spécifique, la thèse se propose de mettre en lumière le processus de mise à l’écart des citadins pauvres depuis les origines de la ville jusqu’à la formation des quartiers précaires, et d'en observer les ruptures et continuités. Dans un deuxième temps, elle ambitionne analyser l’offre de transport à Cotonou et étudier fondamentalement la mobilité des citadins pauvres. Elle propose enfin des solutions de politiques améliorantes afin de mieux intégrer la satisfaction des besoins de mobilité et d’accessibilité des populations défavorisées dans le système de transport urbain et d’y assurer plus d’équité. <p>Le recours à l'approche historique a permis d'analyser le processus de mise à l'écart des pauvres, tandis qu'une enquête individuelle de mobilité a permis d'étudier leurs habitudes de déplacement. Cette enquête a pris en compte un échantillon représentatif de 660 personnes pauvres âgées de 15 à 59 ans, issus de 4 quartiers très pauvres de Cotonou. Elle a été complétée par une démarche plus qualitative par l'administration de questionnaires semi-structurés à 20 enquêtés. La dernière démarche a consisté à investiguer le système de transports urbain dans ses trois dimensions (infrastructures, services de transport et aspects institutionnels) afin d'en saisir les contraintes et réalités.<p>Cette étude montre une expression de mobilité atypique des citadins pauvres. Les analyses entreprises sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques de cette population pauvre montrent un sous équipement en moyens de transport dans un contexte de difficulté d’accès aux transports publics. On note de rares utilisations du transport public, les déplacements sont courts, rares et s’inscrivent dans l’utile, il s’agit prioritairement des déplacements contraints. Mais ces habitudes coopèrent également avec des stratégies d’auto-emploi à domicile ou dans le quartier qui permettent ainsi à beaucoup de pauvres d’éviter les dépenses en transport. Les témoignages permettent de lire également les stratégies de gestion à moindre coût des déplacements lorsque les populations se résolvent à les mener :combinaison de la marche avec d’autres moyens, aides de proches, etc. D’autres logiques gouvernent également à certaines habitudes et qui sont plus culturelles avec des orientations liées au genre. Dans cette même mouvance, on note différents rapports des individus à l’espace et qui participent de la logique des courts déplacements dans les environs du domicile. Les habitudes de déplacement des pauvres participent d’un isolement qui n’autorise que fort peu leur contribution à la vie de la cité et à son développement. Dans ces conditions, leur sortie du cercle vicieux de la pauvreté est mise à l'épreuve.<p>D’un autre côté, le système de transport à Cotonou révèle des défaillances qui, à l’analyse, renforcent la pénibilité des déplacements des citadins pauvres. L’offre de transport évolue dans un désordre favorisé par la démission des puissances publiques et l’afflux dans le secteur de milliers d’opérateurs artisanaux qui gèrent en partie, exploitent et régulent le système. Le réseau routier est dégradé et faiblement revêtu alors que l’aménagement des routes bitumées et pavées n’intègre guère leur exploitation aisée et planifiée, par des services de transport public structurés. <p>L’ampleur des défaillances dans les divers compartiments de l’offre de transport ainsi que la pénibilité des conditions de déplacement des pauvres nécessitent impérativement un remède adapté. De là vient la prospection de plusieurs pistes pour l’amélioration du système de transport. Mais le fonctionnement de ces pistes nécessite à la fois un effort d’organisation et de régulation du système. D’où des analyses et suggestions pour un portage institutionnel adéquat. Mais l’opérationnalisation d’une telle option équivaut au réglage d’une suite de complexes défis.<p> / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In South Africa, non-motorised transport (NMT) modes such as cycling and walking are generally used by poor people to access centres of employment, public services (for example, library, educational institutions, public transport) and other amenities as well as for recreational activities. Notably, the lack of integration among the different public transport modes (namely, NMT, bus, train and minibus) creates a major obstacle in the provision of an integrated, sustainable and effective public transport system. Likewise, the absence of proper recognition of NMT in government and social strata creates a problem in the supply of a satisfactory public transport service, that is, a public transport service that meets the needs of all users. Motivated by the gap in NMT integration with the overall public transport system, the study was undertaken to explore enabling factors to integrate NMT as a key element of the Integrated Rapid Public Transport Network (IRPTN). Social and political factors were explored, specifically, post-modern theory in urban transport planning and policy. In addition, the study explored enabling factors to integrate NMT as a feeder service and key element of an IRPTN from the perspectives of the participants of the study. The results of the study showed that infrastructure, the environment, promotion, and safety and security were identified as enabling factors to integrate NMT as a key element of an IRPTN. According to the results, government needs to promote NMT use. Subsequently, construction and the repair or widening of sidewalks and roads needs to be done. The results also showed that attractive NMT environments are necessary as well as adequate safety and security measures along NMT routes. It is suggested that a seamless, safe, inclusive, affordable, effective and reliable public transport system could be provided once these enabling factors are in place. Further research is advised, within the wider public transport population in eThekwini, as well as other NMT and public transport systems. The emphasis of this research should be on finding out whether the broader public transport population responds in the same way to the idea of integrating NMT and public transport. / Transport Economics, Logistics and Tourism / M. Com. (Transport Economics)

A mobilidade urbana tem na bicicleta o seu símbolo de meio de transporte ecologicamente mais sustentável do planeta, título conferido pelas Organizações das Nações Unidas (ONU). No entanto, as cidades sofrem com congestionamentos decorrentes do crescimento da frota automobilística, que ocasiona um tempo maior de deslocamento, prejuízos para o meio ambiente, financeiros e de qualidade de vida. A fim de moldar de forma sustentável a mobilidade urbana, fazem-se necessárias políticas públicas que incentivem a sociedade a utilizar, preferencialmente, o transporte coletivo ou o não motorizado. No intuito de colaborar com o poder público e com a sociedade civil, intenta-se neste estudo, por meio de análise sobre o Programa de Extensão Universitária da UFPR – Ciclovida, propor a elaboração de uma política pública de mobilidade urbana sustentável, com ênfase no uso da bicicleta. Referencialmente, discutem-se os conceitos de Sociedade, Estado e Governo, bem como as políticas públicas, que vão das responsabilidades do Estado e Governo aos ciclos, e apresentam-se as Políticas Públicas de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (PPMUS) no Brasil. Aborda-se também o transporte cicloviário como opção de mobilidade sustentável. Metodologicamente, o estudo é de cunho empírico-social, com emprego do método qualitativo e observacional, caracterizando-se, ainda, quanto ao nível de pesquisa como exploratório, tendo o envolvimento da pesquisadora na forma participante, haja vista sua atuação no Programa objeto. Quanto ao delineamento da pesquisa, deu-se de forma bibliográfica, documental e estudo de caso, utilizando-se da amostragem não paramétrica por acessibilidade ou conveniência. Quanto à técnica de coleta de dados, fez-se uso de entrevistas estruturadas com questionário autoaplicado e observação participante natural. Consoante ao objetivo e à questão de pesquisa, o resultado confirmou que o Programa Ciclovida da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) pode contribuir efetivamente na formulação de uma proposta de PPMUS com ênfase no uso da bicicleta. Assim, construiu-se uma proposta de política com redação de forma livre, a fim de subsidiar políticas tanto institucionais quanto públicas de MUS por meio do uso da bicicleta e assim auxiliar na mobilidade, contribuindo, também, com a sustentabilidade e com o planejamento de desenvolvimento público. / The urban mobility has in the bicycle its symbol of the most environmentally sustainable modal of transportation of the planet, title conferred by the United Nations Organization (ONU). Nevertheless, the cities suffer with the traffic jam caused by the automobile fleet growth, what implies in a larger displacement time, injuries to the environment, to financials and to the quality of life. In order to build in a sustainable way the urban mobility, public policies are necessary to encourage the preferential usage, by the society, of the mass transit or the non-motorized type of transportation. Objecting cooperate with the public power and the civil society, this study intents to, through an analysis about the UFPR Extension Program - CICLOVIDA, propose a sustainable urban mobility public policy development, with emphasis in the bicycle´s usage. eferentially, it is discussed concepts such as Society, State and Government as well as public policies, which go in cycles to the State´s and Government´s responsibilities; and are presented the Sustainable Urban Mobility Public Policies (PPMUS) in Brazil. Also, it is debated about the transport by bicycle as an option to the sustainable mobility. Methodologically, the study is of an empiric-social nature, with the application of both qualitative and observational methods, what characterizes as an exploratory level of research, with the researcher´s involvement in the participant form, due to her acting on the Program. Regarding the research lineation, it was used the bibliographic and documental form as well as case study, by means of the nonparametric sampling by accessibility or convenience. Related to the data collection technique, it was used structured interviews with self-applied questionnaires and natural participant observation. Aligned with the research´s objective and matter, the outcome confirmed that the Extension Program CICLOVIDA of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) may effectively contribute in the development of a PPMUS proposal with emphasis in the bicycle usage. Thus, it was built a political proposal with a free form writing, objecting subsidize policies both institutional as public MUS through the bicycle usage and therefore, support the mobility, also contributing to the sustainability and to the public development planning.

Com base na teoria de redes complexas, este trabalho analisa as características das redes de sistema transporte público (STPs) de duas grandes cidades brasileiras (Curitiba e São Paulo) usando a representação do tipo Espaço-L e Espaço-P, através de métricas não ponderadas e ponderadas (distância geográfica entre as paradas de veículos e frequência dos veículos nos pontos de paradas). É proposta uma nova forma de classificar as métricas de redes complexas (orientadas a congestionamento e acessibilidade) aplicadas exclusivamente aos STPs. Também é proposta uma nova forma de interpretar resultados baseados em distância geográfica e frequência através do inverso da distância e inverso da frequência. Através da classificação das métricas também são propostas duas novas métricas para identificação de congestionamento em STP, além de uma nova forma de utilizar a representação utilizando mapas geográficos baseado em curvas de dispersão para identificar regiões de congestionamento e de acessibilidade do STP. Para a cidade de Curitiba é realizado um estudo que analisa o STP ao longo da semana (dia útil, sábados e domingos) e ao longo do dia útil através de 14 intervalos de horários com a finalidade de avaliar a rede de forma dinâmica. Com os resultados foi possível identificar comportamentos em regiões geográficas dos STP de Curitiba e São Paulo que podem auxiliar aos planejadores do STP a entenderem e realizar mudanças em busca de melhorias. Para os usuários é possível utilizar os resultados para buscar alternativas na utilização do STP. Outra contribuição é a interpretação e visualização dos resultados das métricas de redes complexas para avaliação de STPs. / Abstract (parágrafo único): Based on the theory of complex networks, this work analyzes the characteristics of public transport networks (PTNs) of two large Brazilian cities (Curitiba and São Paulo). Using the L-space and P-space representation, through unweighted and weighted metrics (geographical distance between vehicle stops and vehicle frequency at stop points) a new way of classifying the complex network metrics (congestion and accessibility oriented) applied exclusively to PTNs is proposed. It is also proposed a new way of interpreting results based on geographic distance and frequency by inverse distance and inverse frequency. Through the classification of the metrics also two new metrics for congestion identification in PTN are proposed, as well as a new way of using the representation using geographic maps based on dispersion curves to identify congestion and accessibility regions of the PTN. For the city of Curitiba a study is carried out that analyzes a PTN throughout the week (weekday, Saturdays and Sundays) and throughout the business day through 14 time intervals in order to evaluate the network dynamically evaluate. With the results it was possible to identify behaviors and geographic regions of the PTNs of Curitiba and São Paulo that can help the PTN planners to understand and make changes in the PTN seeking improvements. For users it is possible to use the results to find alternatives in the use of PTN. Another contribution is the way of interpreting and visualizing the results of complex network metrics for PTN evaluation, which allows the evaluation of networks through a PTN.

Com base na teoria de redes complexas, este trabalho analisa as características das redes de sistema transporte público (STPs) de duas grandes cidades brasileiras (Curitiba e São Paulo) usando a representação do tipo Espaço-L e Espaço-P, através de métricas não ponderadas e ponderadas (distância geográfica entre as paradas de veículos e frequência dos veículos nos pontos de paradas). É proposta uma nova forma de classificar as métricas de redes complexas (orientadas a congestionamento e acessibilidade) aplicadas exclusivamente aos STPs. Também é proposta uma nova forma de interpretar resultados baseados em distância geográfica e frequência através do inverso da distância e inverso da frequência. Através da classificação das métricas também são propostas duas novas métricas para identificação de congestionamento em STP, além de uma nova forma de utilizar a representação utilizando mapas geográficos baseado em curvas de dispersão para identificar regiões de congestionamento e de acessibilidade do STP. Para a cidade de Curitiba é realizado um estudo que analisa o STP ao longo da semana (dia útil, sábados e domingos) e ao longo do dia útil através de 14 intervalos de horários com a finalidade de avaliar a rede de forma dinâmica. Com os resultados foi possível identificar comportamentos em regiões geográficas dos STP de Curitiba e São Paulo que podem auxiliar aos planejadores do STP a entenderem e realizar mudanças em busca de melhorias. Para os usuários é possível utilizar os resultados para buscar alternativas na utilização do STP. Outra contribuição é a interpretação e visualização dos resultados das métricas de redes complexas para avaliação de STPs. / Abstract (parágrafo único): Based on the theory of complex networks, this work analyzes the characteristics of public transport networks (PTNs) of two large Brazilian cities (Curitiba and São Paulo). Using the L-space and P-space representation, through unweighted and weighted metrics (geographical distance between vehicle stops and vehicle frequency at stop points) a new way of classifying the complex network metrics (congestion and accessibility oriented) applied exclusively to PTNs is proposed. It is also proposed a new way of interpreting results based on geographic distance and frequency by inverse distance and inverse frequency. Through the classification of the metrics also two new metrics for congestion identification in PTN are proposed, as well as a new way of using the representation using geographic maps based on dispersion curves to identify congestion and accessibility regions of the PTN. For the city of Curitiba a study is carried out that analyzes a PTN throughout the week (weekday, Saturdays and Sundays) and throughout the business day through 14 time intervals in order to evaluate the network dynamically evaluate. With the results it was possible to identify behaviors and geographic regions of the PTNs of Curitiba and São Paulo that can help the PTN planners to understand and make changes in the PTN seeking improvements. For users it is possible to use the results to find alternatives in the use of PTN. Another contribution is the way of interpreting and visualizing the results of complex network metrics for PTN evaluation, which allows the evaluation of networks through a PTN.