O presente trabalho propõe a análise das telenovelas Escrava Isaura (Rede Globo, 1976) e Xica da Silva (Manchete, 1996) sob a perspectiva dos usos públicos do passado. Enquanto Escrava Isaura foi escrita por Gilberto Braga em um contexto ditatorial, adaptando o romance abolicionista de Bernardo Guimarães sobre uma escrava branca, Xica da Silva foi a apropriação livre de Walcyr Carrasco das diversas memórias sobre a personagem histórica Francisca da Silva e seu romance com o contratador de diamantes no Arraial do Tejuco do século XVIII. Nos vinte anos que separam estas duas telenovelas, a historiografia brasileira sobre a escravidão foi palco de transformações ao mesmo tempo em que a telenovela brasileira se desenvolveu como uma indústria com papel de crescente destaque na construção da identidade nacional, com a telenovela “de época” administrando de forma performática as relações entre passado, presente e futuro. O trabalho coloca estas questões em diálogo com as telenovelas, refletindo sobre a representação do passado escravista em cada uma; as tensões sócio-políticas refletidas nestas representações; e as formas através das quais Escrava Isaura e Xica da Silva articulam passado, presente e futuro. A partir destas análises a dissertação busca perceber de que formas as escolhas de cada telenovela administram o passado da escravidão e como elas dialogam com os contextos sociais, políticos e culturais em que elas foram escritas, produzidas e exibidas. / The purpose of this work is to present an analysis of the Brazilian soap-operas Escrava Isaura (Rede Globo, 1976) and Xica da Silva (Manchete, 1996) from the perspective of public uses of the past. Escrava Isaura was written by Gilberto Braga in a dictatorial context, adapting Bernardo Guimarães’s abolitionist novel about a white slave, while Xica da Silva was a free adaptation by Walcyr Carrasco of several memoirs about the historical character Francisca da Silva and her romance with a diamond mine owner and mining Governor of Arraial do Tejuco in the 18th century. For the twenty years between these two soap-operas, Brazilian historiography on slavery experienced many transformations while the Brazilian soap-opera developed as an industry with a increasing importance in the construction of national identity and the “Brazilian historical soap-opera” managed in a performative way the relations between past, present and future. This work poses these questions in dialogue with the soap-operas, reflecting upon the representation of the Brazilian slavery past in each one; the socio-political tensions reflected in these representations; and the ways Escrava Isaura and Xica da Silva balance and portray past, present, and future. This dissertation seeks to understand how the choices in each soap-opera convey the Brazilian slavery past and how they dialogue with the social, political and cultural contexts in which they were written, produced and broadcast.

Depuis les vingt dernières années, les techniques numériques connaissent un développement sans précédent et semblent favoriser une diversification des formes de réception des contenus audiovisuels. La délinéarisation de ces contenus, la multiplication des offres d’accès ou encore l’entrée de nouveaux acteurs industriels dans la filière audiovisuelle nous poussent à interroger ce que veut dire aujourd’hui « regarder la télévision ». Ce travail doctoral propose de dépasser la question de la pérennité de la télévision comme média de flux en interrogeant plutôt les évolutions des pratiques audiovisuelles des publics dans leurs dimensions symboliques, sociales et affectives. En s’appuyant sur une enquête menée dans plus de quarante foyers et auprès de professionnels du secteur télévisuel, cette recherche montre ainsi que les cadres de réception des publics se complètent et s’articulent plus qu’ils ne s’opposent. Par ailleurs, au travers d’une analyse des mutations des stratégies industrielles, il est également montré que les rapports de force entre chaînes de télévision et acteurs industriels de la communication (du Web, des télécommunications ou du matériel) n’impliquent pas nécessairement une remise en cause du rôle d’intermédiation des chaînes ou de la fonction structurante du modèle socio-économique de flot dans cette filière. Cette recherche souligne également la continuité de l’ancrage domestique des pratiques audiovisuelles malgré la multiplication des écrans et des formes d’accès aux contenus. Ainsi, les usages que les publics ont du numérique ne redessinent pas fondamentalement les rapports familiaux et les modes d’habiter. Au contraire, ces relations symboliques sont parfois renforcées au travers de (ré)appropriations quotidiennes des espaces-temps du foyer, dont les pratiques émergentes sont le support. Cette analyse du rôle des pratiques audiovisuelles dans la création des liens qui se tissent entre les personnes vivant sous le même toit permet ainsi de montrer en quoi ces pratiques participent à la construction du sentiment de « chez-soi » et font partie intégrante de l’économie morale du foyer. / For the last twenty years, digital technology achieved an unprecedented development and seem to accelerate a diversification of the forms of audiovisual contents reception. The delinearization of these contents, the multiplication of the access offers or the entry of new industrial actors in the audiovisual sector push us to question what "watching television" means today. This PhD tries to go beyond the question of the durability of television as a broadcast media by questioning rather the evolution of the public audiovisual practices in their symbolic, social and affective dimensions. Based on a study conducted in more than 40 homes and with professionals of the television sector, this research shows that public reception frames are complementary and articulated more than in opposition. Moreover, through an analysis of the industrial strategies mutations, it is also shown that the balance of power between television channels and communication industries (Web, telecommunications or hardware) does not necessarily put in danger the intermediation role of the channels or the structuring function of the flow model. This research also highlights the continuity of the importance of the domestic dimension in the audiovisual practices despite the multiplication of the devices and the contents offers. Therefore, the uses of the digital technology do not fundamentally redraw the family relations and the modes of living. On the contrary, these symbolic relationships are sometimes reinforced by the daily (re)appropriations of the household spaces-times, through the emerging practices. This analysis of the linking role between people living under the same roof that the audiovisual practices perform shows how they contribute to the construction of the feeling of "home" and are an integral part of the household moral economy.

xiii, 79 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The role of humor among teachers in schools has not received much research attention. The purpose of this study was to explore teachers' perceptions of the uses and effects of humor in the naturalistic setting of an elementary school. A qualitative exploratory case study was conducted. Twenty participants from one school completed a survey on uses and effects of humor, and a focus group was conducted with five of the survey participants. Results were transcribed and coded using the constant comparative coding methods, and themes were developed and compared to the scant prior research findings on the topic. Findings identified a group of teachers who used humor mostly to provide stress relief for themselves and each other and to alleviate some of the stresses associated with teaching young children. Participants also reported the use of humor in sharing stories and events that occurred in the school workplace. Findings also included consistent perceived positive effects from the use of humor in building collegial relationships, in providing rejuvenation, and in preventing burn-out. Teachers reported using humor in positive and productive ways and enjoying positive and productive results. Overall, study participants were in strong agreement in regards to uses and effects of humor in their school workplace. As this was an exploratory study, further research is needed in additional school settings to explore reliability in regards to uses and effects of humor in other schools and with other mixes of teachers. As the scant previous research has shown a correlation between positive collegial relationships and good school climate and improved student learning, it would also be beneficial to conduct additional studies on the role of humor among staff in regards to student achievement. / Adviser: Diane M. Dunlap

Os rios, enquanto produtos da interação entre os agentes internos e externos da Terra, são elementos da paisagem em constante mutação ao longo do tempo e do espaço, sujeitos aos fenômenos da erosão e da sedimentação (assoreamento). Contudo, o homem ao interagir de forma negligente com o meio, no caso, os diferentes cursos de água, intensifica o processo natural de degradação ambiental. Estes impactos variam de lugar para lugar, em função de diferentes fatores, dentre eles o clima, o tipo de solo, resistência geomecânica dos materiais, condições geomorfológicas e estruturais da drenagem, entre outros. Por conta disto, este trabalho propõe um sistema de avaliação geoambiental para rios, cuja aplicação ocorreu em um curso d´água de segunda ordem, localizado na porção noroeste do Estado de Estado de São Paulo, com área de 7,81 \'KM POT.2\'. O desenvolvimento deste sistema deu-se a partir da compartimentação de sete grupos distintos (Climático, geomorfológico, geológico, hidráulico, físico-químico para água e sedimentos, biológico e uso e ocupação, contendo 33 parâmetros). A atribuição dos pesos teve como base, o potencial que uma determinada variável tem em contribuir no processo degradação ambiental, vista isoladamente mas integrada ao sistema classificatório em questão. No caso de existir limites apoiados pela comunidade científica, os mesmo foram adotados, embora a forma de apresentação dos mesmos foi adaptada à lógica adotada nesta tese. Vale ressaltar que o limite atribuído para cada variável apresentou valores distintos, onde o menor valor foi atribuído, como sendo peso 1 (muito estável) e máximo de peso 9 (muito instável), onde quanto menor a pontuação, melhor a classificação. Após a definição dos pesos, foram delimitados cinco intervalos de classes distintos, cujos valores das classificação - natural, alterado e degradado - partiram do somatório de todas variáveis agrupadas por pontuação (natural = peso < 5; alterado = peso 5-7; degradado = peso > 8). Intermediariamente a estas classes, foram definidas as subclasses cujos valores estivessem entre os limites atribuídos pelas classes (levemente alterado = 84 - 141 pontos e muito alterado = 194 - 234 pontos. Os resultados apresentados pelo conjunto de dados expostos separadamente foram satisfatórios, pois permitiram compreender a correlação entre as condições geoambientais e a participação destas no processo de degradação ambiental, onde conclui-se que o Córrego das Cruzes possui características que o torna susceptível à erosão, especialmente no que diz respeito as condições pedológicas e geotécnicas, ademais que a constituição topográfica (morfologia da drenagem) por meio da inclinação das vertentes propicia processos erosivos como tombamento, erosão marginal e feições lineares (erosão linear, ravinas e voçorocas). As diferentes abordagens relacionadas à análise ambiental (técnicas investigativas em geociências), , podem ser empregadas, embora possuam limitações entre si como a comparação do objeto de estudo apontando os agentes causadores do processo de degradação do ambiente. No caso em questão, trata-se de um córrego localizado no interior do Estado de São Paulo que padece de problemas diversos. Através do sistema de avaliação proposto e da comparação dos resultados obtidos pelo mesmo, com técnicas investigativas vigentes, conclui-se que: 1) Apesar da difusão destas técnicas no meio acadêmico e técnico, as mesmas mostraram-se ineficientes para inserir o fator social como agente causador de perturbações ambientais, já que o homem/sociedade exerce um agressivo papel como deflagrador ou facilitador da degradação ambiental nos diversos ambientes/ecossistemas; 2) na abordagem feita pelos parâmetros morfométricos, a mesma tem um papel extremamente físico do ambiente fluvial, sendo adequado seu emprego no caso de um determinado curso dágua sofrer influência dos elementos geomorfológicos e geológicos, e; 3) a cartografia temática de cunho geológico-geotécnico é uma importante ferramenta avaliativa, embora seja um pouco limitada por questões que transcendem ao arcabouço teórico e geológico-geotécnico, seja ele baseado em dados de campo e/ou investigados por meio de ensaios laboratoriais. Neste sentido, o uso combinado destas técnicas, como o sistema de avaliação em foco, teve um papel importante para corroborar os dados do meio físico e demais variáveis expostas. O Sistema de Avaliação Geoambiental mostrou-se flexível quanto às diferentes combinações de problemas de natureza sócio-econômico-ambiental, apesar de ter um significativo número de variáveis que permitem descobrir ou mesmo apontar o(s) agente(s) transformador(es) do meio; pelo menos nas variáveis que comumente ocorrem; apesar de que as ações caóticas não tenham sido colocadas neste sistema, a fim de não dificultar a aplicação por parte de pessoas de outras áreas da ciência, no caso destas utilizarem esta ferramenta. Devido ao fato deste sistema ser de cunho quali-quantitativo, o conjunto de parâmetros aqui proposto, seguido de suas variáveis, facilita comparar rios de natureza distintas, como se fossem uma forma de \"check list\". Os documentos cartográficos foram realizados em estaca distinta, visando expor os dados levantados de forma global (1:10.000) e de detalhe (1: 2.500), conforme a técnica de detalhamento progressivo. / The rivers, as products of interaction between internal and external earth agents are landscape elements constantly changing during the time, and they are subject to the erosion and sedimentation (siltation) phenomena. However, the mankind negligently when interacting with the environment, in this case, the different streams, it enhances the natural process of environmental degradation. These impacts vary from place to place, depending on different factors, including climate, soil type, strength of materials geomechanics, structural and geomorphological conditions of drainage, etc. Due to these factors, the present PHD Thesis proposed a system of geoenvironmental assessment for rivers, to make this task more simple, where it was tested on stream of 1st order, located in the northwestern portion of the State of São Paulo, with 7,81 \'KM POT.2\' of area. This system was partitioned on seven distinct groups (climatic, geomorphological, geological, hydraulic, physical-chemical water and sediment, biological, and use and occupancy) totalizing 33 parameters. The assignment of weights based on the potential that a particular variable contributes to the erosion or correlated with this environmental problem. It is noteworthy that the limit was adopted for each variable from 1 (very stable) to 10 (very unstable). After the scores definition, five distinct classes intervals were limited, which values of classifications: natural, modified and degraded, came from sum of all variable grouped by punctuation (natural = score <5; modified = score 5-7; degraded = score >8). Between these classification, two subclasses were defined (slightly altered = 84-141 points e very altered = 194-234 points. The results presented by the set of data were satisfactory. It was because of their ability of understanding geo-environmental features and their participation on the environmental degradation process. It was concluded that the stream in focus has aspects that present it high susceptibility to erosion, especially regarding soil and geotechnical conditions, not to mention that the constitution topographic (drainage morphology) by means of the inclination of the slopes and tipping provides erosion, bank erosion and the linear (linear erosion, ravines and gullies). The different approaches related to environmental analysis (geosciences investigation techniques), although they have limitations between them, they could be employed, besides the difficult of comparison to different rivers and hability to indicate the main degradation agents, in this case, a stream located within the State of Sao Paulo/Brazil that has serious environmental problems. Through the proposed evaluation system and comparison of obtained results by some of existing investigation techniques, it concluded that: 1) Despite the spread of these techniques in the academic and technical environment, they proved to be inefficient to insert the social factor as causative an environmental perturbations agent, since man / society plays an aggressive role as a trigger off or facilitator of environmental degradation in different ecosystems; 2) the approach taken by the morphometric parameters, it plays a physical perspective of river environment and its use is more appropriated for water course under influence of geomorphologic and geological elements, and 3) the thematic mapping of geotechnical focus is an important evaluative tool, although it is somewhat limited by issues that transcend geological and geotechnical field, even if it is based on field data and / or tested on laboratorial analysis. In this direction, the combination of different tools, as a system of evaluation focus, played an important role to corroborate the data of the physical environment with the other variables exposed. The Geoenvironmental Evaluation System proved to be flexible about different combinations of socio-economic and environmental problems, although a significant number of variables that allows you to find out agent(s) modifiers of environment, at least the most usual variables that occur, although chaotic actions have not been placed on this system, in order not to hamper the implementation by people from other areas of science, if they try to apply this technique. Due the nature of the proposition technique (qualitative and quantitative tool), the set of parameters proposed here and followed by its variables, facilitate to compare rivers of different nature, like a form of \"check list\". Cartographic documents were made on different scales to express data survey on global aspects (1:10.000) and detailed (1: 2.500), according to the Progressive Detailing Technique.

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating and is known to be reduced when the dopamine D2 receptor is activated. We used a rodent model of psychosis in which increases in dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity are produced through neonatal quinpirole (a dopamine D2 / D3 agonist) treatment to rats. Rats were administered quinpirole (1mg/kg) or saline from postnatal day (P) 1-21. Rats were raised to adulthood and tested on PPI. Results showed that neonatal quinpirole treatment produced a significant reduction in PPI, and nicotine exacerbated this reduction. This reduction was partially blocked by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine. Brain tissue was analyzed for regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) and results showed that neonatal quinpirole significantly decreased RGS9, but increased RGS17 as compared to controls. These results appear to indicate that the G-protein couples more efficiently to the D2 receptor, and nicotine exacerbates PPI deficits in D2 receptor-primed rats.

The current paper addresses the associations between video game content (i.e., physically aggressive, relationally aggressive, and prosocial) and physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in two distinct developmental periods. The purpose of the paper is to test whether playing video games with a particular type of content influences behaviors over time, or whether individuals who have higher levels of physical aggression, relational aggression, or prosocial behavior prefer to play games with similar content. Two theories will be simultaneously examined and tested in order to determine the relative merit in using each in research examining the relationships between video game content and positive and negative behaviors. More specifically, this paper will address the General Aggression Model/General Learning Model (GAM/GLM) and the Uses and Gratification Theory. The GAM/GLM, at their core, predict that exposure to video game content will build a cognitive schema which will guide how an individual should behave when confronted with a later social encounter (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Contrarily, Uses and Gratification would suggest that a person chooses to play video games with a particular type of content, and that video games should not influence behavior. Specifically, according to the theory, individuals should seek out video games in order to fulfill their inward feelings and motivations (e.g., an individual with aggressive tendencies would play games with more violent and aggressive content) (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1973; Whiting & Williams, 2013). A careful analysis showed a significant relationship between each type of video game content and its' corresponding behavior among adolescents, which supports the assumptions of the GAM and GLM. There was no relationship between video game content and behavior among preschoolers. With the exception of relational aggression of physically aggressive content, there was no support for Uses and Gratification Theory, in that preschoolers' and adolescents' levels of physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior were not related to the preference for video games with different types of content. The analysis adds significantly to the current literature by showing a relationship between video game content and behavior over a four year period.

No description available.

Malgré l’impact économique et les enjeux environnementaux liés à la production d’énergie renouvelable par combustion de la biomasse de canne à sucre, les systèmes de culture canniers ne sont optimisés que pour maximiser la production de sucre. Ce travail contribue à l’élaboration d’un module de simulation de l’évolution des composantes du rendement énergétique (CRE) de la biomasse de canne à sucre qui à terme servira à la conception et l’optimisation de systèmes de culture innovants visant une production multi-usages. Les deux critères retenus dans le cadre de ces systèmes de culture sont les rendements énergétique (MJ m-2) et sucrier (kg m-2). En préalable à la formalisation des dynamiques d’évolution des CRE(fractions anatomiques, structures et lignocelluloses) dans la biomasse de canne à sucre, l’influence de facteurs de variations agro-climatiques sur ces dynamiques d’évolution a du être testé. La vérification de cette hypothèse supposant la collecte massive de données au champ, un modèle proche infrarouge de prédiction des CRE dans la biomasse de canne à sucre a été développé. Ce modèle a permis de quantifier les CRE et de suivre leurs évolutions pour 3 cultivars de canne à sucre (R570, R579 et R585) cultivés dans des environnements contrastés (4 sites) durant deux cycles de culture (vierge et première repousse). Cette étude a révélé des différences significatives entre cycles de culture, sites, cultivars, méthodes coupe et composantes anatomiques pour les CRE et le rendement énergétique. Cependant, lerendement en biomasse aérienne de canne à sucre explique 97% de la variabilité du rendement énergétique à la récolte. La maximisation du rendement en biomasse aérienne s’avère être le principal paramètre à optimiser pour maximiser le rendement énergétique de la production. Toutefois, ces nouveaux objectifs de production peuvent être à l’origine de diminution importantes des rendements en sucre par pertes lors du procédé d’extraction. Ces antagonismes doivent être quantifiés et pris en compte dans l’évaluation de performances de système de culture tant que le sucre sera la principale source de rémunération. / In spite of economical impact and environmental challenge linked to renewable energy production from sugarcane biomass combustion, sugarcane cropping system are still optimized for sucrose mass production only. This work aims to build a module for simulation of energetic yield components (CRE) of the sugarcane biomass which will be of interest in future conception and optimization of innovative sugarcane cropping system focusing on multi-uses production objectives. Both energetic yield (MJ m-2) and sucrose mass (kg m-2) are kept for those cropping system. However, checking effects of agro-climatic factors before to formalize the evolution of CRE of the sugarcane biomass (anatomical parts, fiber and lignocellulosic compounds) is required. In parallel a large amount of data from field study is needed. Thus we developed a near infrared model to predict CRE of sugarcane biomass samples from 3 cultivars (R570, R579 et R585) planted in 4 contrasted environments during 2 crop cycles (plat crop and first ratoon). It results from this study that there were significant differences between crop cycles, sites, cultivars, method of harvest and anatomical parts for CRE and energetic yield. Nevertheless, aboveground biomass of sugarcane explains more than 97% of the variability of energetic yield at harvest. Rise in aboveground biomass appears to be the main parameter target to reach rise in energetic yield. However, news production objective can cause important decrease in sugar extracting yield because of sugar looses during extraction process. These antagonisms must be identified, quantified and taking into account for sugarcane cropping system performance evaluation and especially as long as sucrose remains the main source of money.

<p>This thesis explores content design – an area which encompasses the practices and the conceptions of the description, organisation and manipulation of digital content. The overall aim was to identify and examine principles, methods and tools appropriate for content design within the humanities and the social sciences. Another purpose was to investigate the limitations and opportunities of the identified methods and tools by means of modelling and applications of prosopographical materials, designed for research and teaching in history of education.</p><p>The prosopographical collection consists of three different kinds of sources: transcriptions from biographical reference books, written biographical accounts and digitalised archival sources, such as enrolment registers. These resources were encoded according to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) guidelines with the purpose to denote specific structures and semantic features of the content. The thesis demonstrates how the prosopographical collection, stored in a master file in TEI/XML format, was encoded and organised and then further transformed, migrated and manipulated by other tools and to other platforms. This resulted in several examples of applications demonstrating a broad range of uses for research and teaching in history of education and alike.</p><p>One conclusion is that the TEI guidelines serve well as a valuable tool for the markup of rather complex historical materials designed for multiple purposes: for qualitative analyses, and as input to multivariate statistical analyses, and for migration into relational databases. Another conclusion is that such digital collections, provided with markup, could be treated as research tools themselves, because they lend themselves much more than simply access, retrieval or reading. In this prosopographical collection, the markup contributes to make explicit the underlying theories and thus provides scholars, teachers and students with tools to reuse and rearrange the content for other kinds of uses in other areas. </p>

Undersökningens avsikt är att granska video-centric webbplatsers användning bland Karlstads universitets studenter, varför och hur studenter använder webbplatserna. Undersökningen är baserad på Uses and Gratifications modellen.