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Mot bakgrund av den rådande bostadsbristen infördes 2006 presumtionshyra, ettkostnadsbaserat hyressystemet för nyproduktion. Systemet har utvecklats och diskuteratslivligt de kommande åren och 31 maj 2021 ska även en ny utredning offentliggöra gällandefri hyressättning och då även eventuell utfasning av presumtionssystemet. Syftet med studien är att genom en kartläggning av litteraturen undersöka hur inställningarnatill presumtionssystemet har förändrats sedan införandet av presumtionshyra 2006, vad detfinns för åsikter kring övergångsfasen från presumtionshyra till bruksvärdeshyra och varförman väljer en hyresreglering över en annat vid nyproduktion. Uppsatsen har genomförts som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie där tidigare arbeten, lagtexter ochutredningar används för att bygga en databas med material från samtliga källor. Resultat ochanalyser bygger på uttalanden från regering, Hyresgästföreningen och fastighetsföretagen. Uppsatsen finner att regeringen och fastighetsföretagen inställning till presumtionshyra blivitallt sämre då fri hyressättning ses som ett bättre alternativ. Hyresgästföreningen harfortfarande en positiv syn på systemet. Aktörerna är överen om att det förstapresumtionshyror som infasas till bruksvärdeshyra kommer genomförs utan större problemdock ser man risk för senare övergångar. Fastighetsföretag väljer hyressystem främst eftervilket system som ger högst hyra men andra faktorer som säkerheten med en förhandladhyran spelar även in. / In light of the current housing shortage, a presumptive rent was introduced in 2006, acost-based rental system for new production. The system has since been developed anddiscussed intensely in the following years, and on 31 May 2021, a new investigation will bepublished regarding market rent and the possible end of the presumption system. The purpose of this study is to examine through a literature review how approaches to thepresumption system have changed since its introduction in 2006, what opinions there areabout the transition phase from presumption rent to utility value rent and why one chooses arent regulation over another during new production. The thesis was carried out as a qualitative literature study where previous thesis, legal textsand investigations were used to build a database with material from all sources. Results andanalyzes are based on statements from the government, the Tenant union and the real estatecompanies. This thesis finds that the government and the real estate companies' approach to presumptiverent has become worse and worse as market rent is seen as a better alternative. The Tenantunion still has a positive view of the presumption system. The participant on the marketagrees that the first presumptive rents that will be phased in to utility value rent will beimplemented without major problems, however, there is a risk for later agreements. Realestate companies choose rental systems primarily according to which system provides thehighest rent, but other factors such as the security of a negotiated rent also play a role.

<p>Design of products permits to yield goods and services to produce satisfaction on customers, which is measured as value. However, it is at this stage in which most of the environmental impact, from a lifecycle perspective, is added to the product. Eco-design aims at increasing value of products while reducing the burdens on the environment by means conscious design towards efficient use of resources. That efficiency, referred to as eco-efficiency, can be increased in a number of manners within environmental engineering. Traditionally, different fields have tackled materials, energy flows and products from different angles or approaches. In this thesis we describe Functional Sales (FS) and Industrial Ecology (IE) as examples of these. Within this latter, we put emphasis on Industrial Symbiosis (IS) and Eco-effectiveness. We consider these approaches are suitable to work in the framework of eco-design to increase ecoefficiency. By adding services to material products, and managing material and energy flows with a more ecological consciousness, we expect to increase value of products while reducing the impact on the environment.</p><p>To analyse this potential improvement, we developed a method involving a new eco-efficiency index (VERI), that recursively intends to ease decisions on possible eco-efficient alternatives. This index and its method are applied to a case study on management of olive oil supply in region of Murcia, Spain. Here, we propose three scenarios that will involve the implementation of FS and IE to compare the outcomes in value and environmental performance against an idealised current supply chain. The results obtained, although not accurate, suggest that FS and EI should be more taken into account in eco-design and, this latter, to also consider holistic viewpoints to find more eco-efficient alternatives for a product development.</p>

Design of products permits to yield goods and services to produce satisfaction on customers, which is measured as value. However, it is at this stage in which most of the environmental impact, from a lifecycle perspective, is added to the product. Eco-design aims at increasing value of products while reducing the burdens on the environment by means conscious design towards efficient use of resources. That efficiency, referred to as eco-efficiency, can be increased in a number of manners within environmental engineering. Traditionally, different fields have tackled materials, energy flows and products from different angles or approaches. In this thesis we describe Functional Sales (FS) and Industrial Ecology (IE) as examples of these. Within this latter, we put emphasis on Industrial Symbiosis (IS) and Eco-effectiveness. We consider these approaches are suitable to work in the framework of eco-design to increase ecoefficiency. By adding services to material products, and managing material and energy flows with a more ecological consciousness, we expect to increase value of products while reducing the impact on the environment. To analyse this potential improvement, we developed a method involving a new eco-efficiency index (VERI), that recursively intends to ease decisions on possible eco-efficient alternatives. This index and its method are applied to a case study on management of olive oil supply in region of Murcia, Spain. Here, we propose three scenarios that will involve the implementation of FS and IE to compare the outcomes in value and environmental performance against an idealised current supply chain. The results obtained, although not accurate, suggest that FS and EI should be more taken into account in eco-design and, this latter, to also consider holistic viewpoints to find more eco-efficient alternatives for a product development.

Augmented reality (AR) has emerged as a new interactive technology that enables marketers to craft an immersive experience for customers. The technology complaints the physical environment with virtual objects, and thus have the unique power to put the (virtual) product in the hands of the consumer. This provides marketers with a new option for reaching out and engaging with customers. Although the AR market is estimated to grow exponentially by the year 2023, little is known about how AR-applications on smart devices influence customer experience. This thesis addresses the research gap by exploring how IKEA Place, an AR-application, influences customer experience. By using a conceptual framework of online customer experience we explore how different antecedents influence the experience with AR. Furthermore, the study also highlight the differences between a website and an AR-application, and thus give a more nuanced understanding about AR. As the majority of the research on AR-technology has a quantitative approach, this study was done through a qualitative study using a quasi-experimental design. The empirical result indicates that aesthetics, ease-of-use, telepresence and assortment influence customer experience extensively. Moreover, the result also suggests that hedonic value influences the augmented experience more than the utilitarian, and thus customers do not perceive the application to fulfil their utility needs.

Studiens syfte är att utreda och jämföra olika hyressättningsmodeller i olika delar av Sverige med fokus på Göteborg, Umeå och Malmö. Dessutom kommer hyrornas uppbyggnad från två kommunala bostadsbolag att uppvisas för att se hur hyrorna påverkas av olika boendekvalitetsvariabler. En jämförelse med bostadsrättsmarknaden kommer också att utföras för att se skillnaderna på hur priset på lägenheter är uppbyggt jämfört med hur hyrorna är uppbyggda. Majoriteten av alla hyror bestäms genom årliga förhandlingar mellan fastighetsägarna och hyresgästföreningen där hyrorna baseras på lägenhetens läge, standard och driftkostnader. Vid de årliga hyresförhandlingarna justeras hyrorna för att de ska spegla hyresgästernas värderingar och åsikter bättre [1]. I den här studien används hedoniska regressioner för att analysera data från två kommunala bostadsbolag i Malmö och Göteborg. Resultaten visar på att lägenheternas hyror till största del är uppbyggd av dess storlek, läge, köksstandard samt byggår. Resultaten visar att läget till viss del är felvärderat för båda företagen samt att läget generellt har en liten påverkan på hyresnivåern / The purpose of the study is to investigate and compare different rental models in different cities in Sweden, focusing on Gothenburg, Umeå and Malmö. In addition to this the composition of two rental models of two municipal housing companies will be shown to see how different accommodation quality variables affect the rental levels. A comparison with the co-operative apartments market will also be conducted to compare the differences in which variables the price consists of compared to the rental levels. The majority of all rents in tenancies are determined by the annual negotiations between the property owners and the tenant organization where the rents are based on the location of the apartment, the standard and its operating costs. In the annual rental negotiations the rent is adjusted to better reflect the tenant’s values In this study I’ve used hedonic regressions to analyze data from two municipal housing companies in Malmö and Gothenburg. The results shows that the rental levels of the apartments mainly are based on its size, location, kitchen standard and year of construction. The results show that the location variables in some cases are wrongly valuated for both companies and that the location variable has a small impact on the rental levels.

Bostadshusen från miljonprogrammet är i behov av genomgripande renoveringar. Samtidigt riskerar detta att medföra omfattande hyreshöjningar för hyresgästerna som utgör en socioekonomiskt utsatt grupp i samhället. De hyreshöjningar som hyresgästerna står inför, och som har stöd i rådande lagstiftning, kan resultera i en renovräkning som innebär att ett flertal hyresgäster behöver lämna sina hem.  Syftet med detta arbete är att erhålla en djupare förståelse för hur hyressättningssystemet i samband med renovering fungerar för att undersöka dels rimligheten i de hyreshöjningar som sker, dels om rådande lagstiftning skyddar hyresgästen i samband med detta. Främst fokus har riktats mot hyreslägenheterna som tillhör miljonprogrammet. Tre centrala frågeställningar har väglett arbetet: Vilka lagar och regler styr hyreshöjningar vid renoveringar av lägenheter inom miljonprogrammet? Hur bedöms rimligheten i en hyreshöjning efter renoveringar ur ett juridiskt perspektiv? Skyddar dagens lagstiftning hyresgäster från markanta hyreshöjningar? För att besvara samtliga frågeställningar har en rättsdogmatisk ansats tillämpats, där utgångspunkten har tagits i lagstiftning, rättspraxis, lagförarbeten, viss rättshistoria och doktrin. Vidare har tillhörande litteratur samt rättsfall studerats för att undersöka hur hyressättningssystemet kring renoveringar ter sig i praktiken.  Arbetet konstaterar att hyreshöjningar följt av renoveringar kan få betydande konsekvenser för hyresgästerna, speciellt i områden som tillhör miljonprogrammet, som präglas av socioekonomisk utsatthet. Rådande regelsystem möjliggör betydande hyreshöjningar där hyresgäster har ett begränsat inflytande trots de skyddsregler som idag finns för att tillgodose ett skydd för dem. Dagens lagstiftning står därmed inför stora utmaningar, inte minst när det gäller att tillgodose behovet av en rimlig bostadsstandard samtidigt som hyresgästens ekonomiska situation ska beaktas. / The residential buildings from the Million program are in need of extensive renovation. This can lead to substantial rent increases for the tenants, who represent a socio-economically vulnerable group in society. The rent increases, which are supported by current legislation, may result in renovation eviction, where several tenants are forced to leave their homes due to rent increase. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how the rent setting system during renovation works, in order to examine both the reasonableness of the rent increases and whether current legislation protects the tenant in such cases. The focus has been on rental apartments from the Million program. Three central questions have guided this work: What laws and regulations govern rent increases when renovating apartments from the Million program? How is the reasonableness of a rent increase after renovations assessed from a legal perspective? Does current legislation protect tenants from significant rent increases? To answer the questions presented, different methods, including a legal-dogmatic approach, have been applied, where the current legislation, case law, selective legislative history and doctrine have been studied. Other literature on the subject have also been studied, in order to obtain an insight of the rent setting system during renovation, both from a theoretical and practical perspective.  This work finds that rent increases followed by renovation can have significant consequences for tenants, especially in areas belonging to the Million program with high socio-economic vulnerability. The current legislation allows for extensive rent increases where tenants have limited influence despite the current influence that is supported by law to provide protection for them. Today's legislation thus faces major challenges, not least when it comes to meeting the need for a reasonable standard of housing while taking into account the tenant's financial situation.

State of Objectives: This paper addresses the question of how the presumption-rent system has developed during ten years of its introduction to the rental market, with a particular emphasis on the investors’ perspective. The study has three focus areas, firstly an emphasis on how the real estate investors within the private and public sectors reacted to the introduction of the presumption-rents. Secondly, it examines whether the trends have changed during the course of these ten years. Finally, it observes how the presumption-rent system, as a rent-setting method for new residential rental constructions, is perceived and evaluated by the investors. Methodology: The empirical study focuses on the rent market in Stockholm, and it is articulated through a holistic multiple case-study of six public-and private real estate companies with rental dwellings in Stockholm. In order to examine the developments of the presumption-rent structures in these companies, a numerical analysis of the rent structures through a quasi-experimental design is as well conducted. Empirical Findings: The results in general prove that the rent-setting within the presumption rent system is unpredictable and subjective, because it is influenced by conflicting interests and different perceptions. The implication of this for the application of the presumption-rents is that it is depended on a complex, ambiguous and vague negotiation structure, rather than being based on a systematized rent-setting procedure. Furthermore, it is noted that the collective bargaining system, which sets the standards for the rent negotiations, is undergoing a slow process of change, as the law amendment in 2011 has caused paradigm-shits within the rental market. One dimension of this is that the rent-negotiations noticeably do not influence the investment decisions anymore, but the rent negotiations certainly have an impact on the rent-setting method. The implication for the application of the presumption-rentsystem, including its negotiation framework, is that it is applied when it meets the criteria for the investment decision, otherwise it is ignored. Finally, it is showed that nor the public neither the private companies perceive the presumption-system as a long-term and sustainable solution to the prevailing challenges with the Swedish rent-setting system. What is clear is that the system is mainly considered as a temporality solution to a course of disorders that have emerged from prolonged institutional negligence and error that have impaired the rental markets.

Selon la théorie des buts d’accomplissement, il est possible que les attitudes et les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants d’éducation physique influencent la motivation de leurs élèves. Dans cette étude, les objectifs étaient d’abord de documenter l’évolution annuelle de la motivation pour l’éducation physique au début du secondaire en considérant le sexe et le niveau scolaire et de vérifier ensuite la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement induits par les enseignants d’éducation physique et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves sur la motivation de ces derniers, puis d’évaluer l’effet modérateur du sentiment de compétence et du sexe des élèves sur la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement. Les résultats montrent qu’en général les filles sont moins motivées que les garçons dans leurs cours d’éducation physique et que cette motivation diminue avec l’âge, et ce, peu importe le sexe des élèves. Ensuite, nos résultats montrent que les attitudes et les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants ainsi que la perception des élèves du climat induit par l’enseignant sont en mesure d’influencer certaines caractéristiques motivationnelles des élèves telles que l’adoption de buts de maîtrise et de performance-approche, la motivation intrinsèque, la motivation extrinsèque (par introjection et par régulation externe), l’amotivation et la valeur utilitaire que les élèves accordent à leurs cours d’éducation physique. Puis, il a été montré que la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves était modérée par le sentiment de compétence des élèves pour les variables motivationnelles suivantes : buts de maîtrise, motivation intrinsèque, amotivation et valeur utilitaire. Ainsi, les attitudes des enseignants, leurs pratiques pédagogiques et la perception du climat de classe n’ont une incidence significative que lorsque le sentiment de compétence des élèves est faible. La valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves était aussi modérée par le sexe des élèves pour les variables motivationnelles suivantes : buts de performance-approche, buts de performance-évitement et amotivation. Quand le sexe des élèves modifie la relation, celle-ci est généralement inversée selon le sexe des élèves : elle est positive pour les garçons et négative pour les filles. Suite à cette étude, nous constatons que les enseignants d’éducation physique gagneraient à instaurer un climat de maîtrise tout en laissant place aux défis personnels des élèves et en insistant sur l’utilité de la tâche. Afin de répondre aux besoins particuliers de chacun des élèves, il serait intéressant de mettre en place des regroupements selon la compétence sportive des élèves. Ainsi, l’enseignant serait en mesure d’instaurer un climat motivationnel adapté. / According to achievement goal theory, physical education teachers may influence the motivation of their students with their attitudes and the teaching practices they use. The goals of this study were first to document the annual evolution of motivation in physical education students at the beginning of their secondary education according to gender and school level; then to verify the predictive value of the achievement goals induced by physical education teachers as well as the perception of these goals by the students themselves; and finally to evaluate the moderating effect of the perceived competence and student gender on the predictive value of the achievement goals. The results show that female students are generally less motivated than male students in physical education classes and that motivation decreases as the students age, regardless of gender. Our results also show that the attitudes and teaching practices of the teachers as well as the students' perception of the climate induced by the teachers can influence certain motivational characteristics of students like adopting mastery and performance-approach goals, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation (through introjection and external regulation), amotivation and the utility value they give to their physical education classes. The research also demonstrates that the predictive value of the achievement goals and of the perception of these goals by the students was moderated by the students' perceived competence for the following motivational variables: mastery goals, intrinsic motivation, amotivation and utility value. Thus, the teachers’ attitudes and teaching practices as well as the perception of the class climate have a significant effect only if the perceived competence of the students is low. The predictive value of the achievement goals and of the perception of these goals by the students was also moderated by the gender of the students for the following motivational variables: performance-approach goals, performance-avoidance goals and amotivation. When student gender changes the relation, this is generally reversed according to the gender of the students: it is positive for male students and negative for female students. The results of this study lead us to believe that physical education teachers would be well advised to implement a mastery climate in their classes and to allow students to meet personal challenges, insisting on the value of the task. In order to satisfy the special needs of every classmate, it would be interesting if students could be grouped according to their abilities in sports. By doing so, the teachers would be able to establish a motivational climate better suited to the class.

Selon la théorie des buts d’accomplissement, il est possible que les attitudes et les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants d’éducation physique influencent la motivation de leurs élèves. Dans cette étude, les objectifs étaient d’abord de documenter l’évolution annuelle de la motivation pour l’éducation physique au début du secondaire en considérant le sexe et le niveau scolaire et de vérifier ensuite la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement induits par les enseignants d’éducation physique et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves sur la motivation de ces derniers, puis d’évaluer l’effet modérateur du sentiment de compétence et du sexe des élèves sur la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement. Les résultats montrent qu’en général les filles sont moins motivées que les garçons dans leurs cours d’éducation physique et que cette motivation diminue avec l’âge, et ce, peu importe le sexe des élèves. Ensuite, nos résultats montrent que les attitudes et les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants ainsi que la perception des élèves du climat induit par l’enseignant sont en mesure d’influencer certaines caractéristiques motivationnelles des élèves telles que l’adoption de buts de maîtrise et de performance-approche, la motivation intrinsèque, la motivation extrinsèque (par introjection et par régulation externe), l’amotivation et la valeur utilitaire que les élèves accordent à leurs cours d’éducation physique. Puis, il a été montré que la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves était modérée par le sentiment de compétence des élèves pour les variables motivationnelles suivantes : buts de maîtrise, motivation intrinsèque, amotivation et valeur utilitaire. Ainsi, les attitudes des enseignants, leurs pratiques pédagogiques et la perception du climat de classe n’ont une incidence significative que lorsque le sentiment de compétence des élèves est faible. La valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves était aussi modérée par le sexe des élèves pour les variables motivationnelles suivantes : buts de performance-approche, buts de performance-évitement et amotivation. Quand le sexe des élèves modifie la relation, celle-ci est généralement inversée selon le sexe des élèves : elle est positive pour les garçons et négative pour les filles. Suite à cette étude, nous constatons que les enseignants d’éducation physique gagneraient à instaurer un climat de maîtrise tout en laissant place aux défis personnels des élèves et en insistant sur l’utilité de la tâche. Afin de répondre aux besoins particuliers de chacun des élèves, il serait intéressant de mettre en place des regroupements selon la compétence sportive des élèves. Ainsi, l’enseignant serait en mesure d’instaurer un climat motivationnel adapté. / According to achievement goal theory, physical education teachers may influence the motivation of their students with their attitudes and the teaching practices they use. The goals of this study were first to document the annual evolution of motivation in physical education students at the beginning of their secondary education according to gender and school level; then to verify the predictive value of the achievement goals induced by physical education teachers as well as the perception of these goals by the students themselves; and finally to evaluate the moderating effect of the perceived competence and student gender on the predictive value of the achievement goals. The results show that female students are generally less motivated than male students in physical education classes and that motivation decreases as the students age, regardless of gender. Our results also show that the attitudes and teaching practices of the teachers as well as the students' perception of the climate induced by the teachers can influence certain motivational characteristics of students like adopting mastery and performance-approach goals, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation (through introjection and external regulation), amotivation and the utility value they give to their physical education classes. The research also demonstrates that the predictive value of the achievement goals and of the perception of these goals by the students was moderated by the students' perceived competence for the following motivational variables: mastery goals, intrinsic motivation, amotivation and utility value. Thus, the teachers’ attitudes and teaching practices as well as the perception of the class climate have a significant effect only if the perceived competence of the students is low. The predictive value of the achievement goals and of the perception of these goals by the students was also moderated by the gender of the students for the following motivational variables: performance-approach goals, performance-avoidance goals and amotivation. When student gender changes the relation, this is generally reversed according to the gender of the students: it is positive for male students and negative for female students. The results of this study lead us to believe that physical education teachers would be well advised to implement a mastery climate in their classes and to allow students to meet personal challenges, insisting on the value of the task. In order to satisfy the special needs of every classmate, it would be interesting if students could be grouped according to their abilities in sports. By doing so, the teachers would be able to establish a motivational climate better suited to the class.