För att klara klimatmålen i Sverige och som EU-land behövs det genomföras fler energieffektiviseringar. Syftet med detta arbete har därför varit att jämföra två olika ventilationssystem,VAV-system och CAV-system inför en ombyggnation i Björkhöjdskolan som befinner sig i Borås kommun. Jämförelsen omfattas av en energi- och kostnadsanalys på de olika systemen föratt se vilket som drar mest energi och vilket som är mest kostnadseffektivt. Metodiken för att lösa arbetets frågeställningar har varit genom informationssamling från projektets deltagare och beräkningsgång i Microsoft Excel och Google kalkyl. Resultatet visar att VAV-system är den mest energieffektiva valet av ventilationssystem. Den har en årlig energianvändning på 7984 kWh/skolår medan CAV-systemet använder 22 087kWh/skolår. Den ekonomiska analysen visar att VAV-systemet har en högre LCC-kostnad jämfört med CAV-systemet. Den totala LCC-kostnaden för VAV-systemet är 2 128 045 kr och 2 027 494kr för CAV-systemet. Däremot har VAV-systemet en lägre nuvärdeskostnad än CAV-systemet. Om verksamheten hade omfattats av en säker beläggningsgrad skulle det totala luftflödet varit lägre och ett mindre luftbehandlingsaggregat hade kunnat väljas. Om kalkylräntan sjunker någon procent och energiprishöjningen höjs någon procent hade skillnaden i pris mellan systemen varit närmare noll. Förslag på framtida analys kan vara att göra en driftoptimering när en beläggningsgrad finns, då kan det framföras en tydlig motivering till att välja VAV-system som är bäst ur miljösynpunkt. / In order to reach the climate goals in Sweden that the EU has set, energy efficient solutions in buildings are required all around the country. The purpose of this report has therefore been to compere two different ventilations systems, VAV-system (variable air velocity) and CAV(constant air velocity) in a reconstruction of an a school buiding that is located in Borås. The comparison has involved both an energy- and economic analysis of the two different ventilation systems. The method to complete this report has been through gathering information from the project participants and calculations using Microsoft Excel and Google calculation. The result of this study makes it clear that a VAV-system is the best energy efficient choice of ventilation system. The yearly energy use of the VAV-system is 7984 kWh/school year while CAV-system uses 22087 kWh/school year. The economic analysis shows that the VAV-system has a higher LCC-cost due to the high investment sum. The total LCC-cost for VAV-system is 2128 045 SEK and 2 027 494 SEK for the CAV-system, however the present value for the VAVsystemis lower than the CAV-system. If the school could secure an occupancy the total air flow of the air handling unit (AHU) could be reduced. This could potentially lead to a change to a lower sized AHU that gives a lower cost of the AHU and further energy savings. A suggestion is to evaluate this further in a later stage of the project in order to optimize the AHU when the occupancy is given and more certain. In addition this could motivate to choice of the more energy efficient VAV-system.

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A building must meet requirements related to energy usage and good indoor environment. The building ́s ventilation system aims to maintain optimal air quality, thermal condition, and efficient energy usage. By being able to control and adjust airflow as needed with a Variable Air Volume (VAV) system, energy usage of the ventilation system can be reduced without sacrificing indoor air quality. The VAV system operates with a variable airflow, so the accuracy of the VAV terminal at low flows is important. The study aims to verify the accuracy of three different methods for measuring airflow: iris damper, hot- wire anemometer, and volume flow hood. Data collection was carried out through measurements in a laboratory environment. The collected data were managed in the Excel spreadsheet program. The three methods were tested on a prototype consisting of a supply airline and an exhaust airline, each equipped with a VAV unit that varied the airflow through a potentiometer, allowing different airflow values to be obtained for the experiment. The results of the iris damper method were chosen as reference for the other methods due to its ability to predict results using manufacturer tables, which provide useful information about airflow values when varying pressure drop and the iris damper loss k-factor. In this way, set points were stablished for all tests. Two experiments were conducted with different set points. In retrospect it is acknowledged that an air flow meter of higher accuracy had been needed to ascertain the results of the study. That said, the attained results indicate the following: In the experiments, measurements were taken for 12 different airflow values, ranging from 200 l/s to 20 l/s. The test results showed that the most inaccurate method was the volume flow hood, with an average error ranging from ±19% to ±49%, followed by the hot wire anemometer, which had a measurement error between ±15% to ±18%. The high inaccuracy of the volume flow hood was due to a lack of instrument recalibration, resulting in highly inaccurate measurements. All methods showed lower uncertainty between 20 l/s and 50 l/s. Finally, it was verified that the iris damper method improved its average reading error by increasing the pressure drop across the damper and reducing its loss k-factor, achieving the lowest error of the entire experiment at ±12%.

Denna rapport är ett examensarbete på C-nivå som görs i sammarbete med teknikkonsulten Ramböll. Det vanligaste sättet att ventilera en byggnad idag är med så kallad CAV-ventilation (Constant Air Volume). Denna metod bygger på att ett luftflöde bestäms för rummet och upprätthålls med konstant flöde. En annan metod är så kallad VAV (Variable Air Volume) som bygger på att flödet varierar efter behovet. Anledningen till varför man väljer VAV istället för CAV är att med CAV finns det ofta en stor risk att man överventilerar ett rum eller byggnad, just på grund av att flödet är konstant. Problemet med VAV är att det är en högre investeringskostnad än för CAV så metoden lämpar sig bara där energibesparingen är så stor så den täcker mellanskillnaden i pris. Denna utredning visar i vilka typer av rum som det kan löna sig att installera VAV istället för det traditionella CAV-systemet. För att undersöka detta sker simuleringar av fiktiva modeller i programmet IDA Indoor Climate & Energy (IDA). IDA är ett simuleringsverktyg som används till att simulera den termiska komforten i byggnader samt byggnadens energianvändning. De olika rumstyperna som simuleras är: klassrummet, kontoret och mötesrummet. De olika fallen är utformade så att de liknar så som de ser ut i verkligheten både till geometri och nyttjandegrad. Om något av fallen visade sig vara en bra kandidat för att förse med VAV fortsätter utredningen med att fastställa hur stort bör flödet vara för att energibesparingen ska bli så stor så att det täcker investeringskostnaden. Den ekonomiska kalkyleringen sker både med en livscykelkostnadsanalys och med en enklare återbetalningstidskalkyl. Resultatet för simuleringarna visade att den enda rumstypen i denna utredning som var lönsam var mötesrummet. Klassrummet och kontoret visade sig båda ge en förlust. Detta var eftersom nyttjandegraden för dessa rum var så pass hög så att ventilationen med VAV var igång nästan lika mycket som för CAV. För mötesrummet var nyttjandegraden betydligt lägre vilket innebar att energibesparingen blev så pass hög att den täckte den höga investeringskostnaden. För mötesrummet gjordes sedan en flödesanalys som visade att rummets luftflöde bör vara dimensionerat för mellan omkring 20 – 30 personer för att vara en lönsam investering.

The UK building stock accounts for about half of all energy consumed in the UK. A large portion of the energy is consumed by nondomestic buildings. Offices and retail are the most energy intensive typologies within the nondomestic building sector, typically accounting for over 50% of the nondomestic buildings’ total energy consumption. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the largest energy end use in the nondomestic sector, with energy consumption close to 50% of total energy consumption. Different HVAC systems have different energy requirements when responding to the same building heating and cooling demands. On the other hand, building heating and cooling demands depend on various parameters such as building fabrics, glazing ratio, building form, occupancy pattern, and many others. HVAC system energy requirements and building energy demands can be determined by mathematical modelling. A widely accepted approach among building professionals is to use building energy simulation tools such as EnergyPlus, IES, DOE2, etc. which can analyse in detail building energy consumption. However, preparing and running simulations in such tools is usually very complicated, time consuming and costly. Their complexity has been identified as the biggest obstacle. Adequate alternatives to complex building energy simulation tools are regression models which can provide results in an easier and faster way. This research deals with the development of regression models that enable the selection of HVAC systems for office buildings. In addition, the models are able to predict annual heating, cooling and auxiliary energy requirements of different HVAC systems as a function of office building heating and cooling demands. For the first part of the data set development used for the regression analysis, a data set of office building simulation archetypes was developed. The four most typical built forms (open plan sidelit, cellular sidelit, artificially lit open plan and composite sidelit cellular around artificially lit open plan built form) were coupled with five types of building fabric and three levels of glazing ratio. Furthermore, two measures of reducing solar heat gains were considered as well as implementation of daylight control. Also, building orientation was included in the analysis. In total 3840 different office buildings were then further coupled with five different HVAC systems: variable air volume system; constant air volume system; fan coil system with dedicated air; chilled ceiling system with embedded pipes, dedicated air and radiator heating; and chilled ceiling system with exposed aluminium panels, dedicated air and radiator heating. The total number of models simulated in EnergyPlus, in order to develop the input database for regression analysis, was 23,040. The results clearly indicate that it is possible to form a reliable judgement about each different HVAC system’s heating, cooling and auxiliary energy requirements based only on office building heating and cooling demands. High coefficients of determination of the proposed regression models show that HVAC system requirements can be predicted with high accuracy. The lowest coefficient of determination among cooling regression models was 0.94 in the case of the CAV system. HVAC system heating energy requirement regression models had a coefficient of determination above 0.96. The auxiliary energy requirement models had a coefficient of determination above 0.95, except in the case of chilled ceiling systems where the coefficient of determination was around 0.87. This research demonstrates that simplified regression models can be used to provide design decisions for the office building HVAC systems studied. Such models allow more rapid determination of HVAC systems energy requirements without the need for time-consuming (hence expensive) reconfigurations and runs of the simulation program.

Western developed countries economies suffer for relocation of majority of production in developing countries. Technology transfer and R&D results commercialization at universities in western countries is highly important to keep and strengthen competitiveness in global environment. Technology transfer is incoming field in the Czech Republic. Though it has been rapidly developed in last several years, lot of things must be done to improve effectivity of the process. This work focuses on initial phase of technology transfer process, which is process of recognition and evaluation of technology commercial potential at Czech universities in the field of Life sciences. This work is divided in two parts. First sums international literature in the field, second contains data and results of survey made by interviews held with employees of the two Czech biggest universities and some other research institutions. Important finding were verified by other experts interviews. Czech universities pay little attention to the process of recognition and evaluation of technology commercial potential, although it is highly important to practice technology transfer effectively. Universities used to try to find an industry partner first and then they let the partner to recognize potential of the technology in the partner's point of view. Time and effort devoted by universities' technology-transfer offices (TTOs) to encouragement of technology transfer processes is affected by persistent instability of TTOs funding and pronounced intellectual property rights (IPR) education focus of TTOs. In this work we identified several challenges for future development of technology transfer in Czech universities. Among others, it is the introduction of effective recognition and evaluation system to validate the new technology commercial potential, build up a sufficient large formal and informal networking, gaining of experience in setting up spin-off companies, or shift to market orientation of TTOs.

Single Duct Variable Air Volume (SDVAV) systems use series and parallel Fan Powered Terminal Units to control the air flow in conditioned spaces. This research developed a laboratory verified model of SDVAV systems that used series and parallel fan terminal units where the fan speeds were controlled by either Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) or Electronically Commutated Motors (ECM) motors. As part of the research, the model was used to compare the performance of the systems and to predict the harmonics generated by ECM systems. All research objectives were achieved. The CFD model, which was verified with laboratory measurements, showed the potential to identify opportunities for improvement in the design of the FPTU and accurately predicted the static pressure drop as air passed through the unit over the full operating range of the FPTU. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of typical a FPTU were developed and used to investigate opportunities for optimizing the design of FPTUs. The CFD model identified key parameters required to conduct numerical simulations of FPTU and some of the internal components used to manufacture the units. One key internal component was a porous baffle used to enhance mixing when primary air and induced air entered the mixing chamber. The CFD analysis showed that a pressure-drop based on face velocity model could be used to accurately predict the performance of the FPTU. The SDVAV simulation results showed that parallel FPTUs used less energy overall than series systems that used SCR motors as long as primary air leakage was not considered. Simulation results also showed that series ECM FPTUs used about the same amount of energy, within 3 percent, of parallel FPTU even when leakage was not considered. A leakage rate of 10 percent was enough to reduce the performance of the parallel FPTU to the level of the series SCR system and the series ECM FPTUs outperformed the parallel FPTUs at all weather locations used in the study.

<p>Stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous intracellular proteins, leading to activation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene in T lymphocytes. Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein, with the ability to associate with the T cell receptor and several signaling proteins in T cells, including: the TCR ζ-chain, LAT, PLC-γ1, Vav, SLP-76 and Gads. Jurkat T cells expressing Shb with a mutation in the SH2 domain, exhibited reduced phosphorylation of several proteins and abolished activation of the MAP kinases ERK1, ERK2 and JNK, upon CD3 stimulation. The TCR induced Ca²⁺ response in these cells was abolished, together with the activation of the IL-2 promoter via the transcription factor NFAT. Consequently, IL-2 production was also perturbed in these cells, compared to normal Jurkat T cells. Shb was also seen to associate with the β and γ chains of the IL-2 receptor, upon IL-2 stimulation, in T and NK cells. This association occurred between the Shb SH2 domain and Tyr-510 of the IL-2R β chain. The proline-rich domains of Shb were found to associate with the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3, which are important for STAT-mediated proliferation of T and NK cells upon IL-2 stimulation. Shb was also found to be involved in IL-2 mediated regulation of apoptosis. These findings indicate a dual role for Shb in T cells, where Shb is involved in both T cell receptor and IL-2 receptor signaling. </p><p>A Shb homologue, Shf was identified, and seen to associate with the PDGF-α-receptor. Shf shares high sequence homology with Shb and a Shd (also of the Shb family) in the SH2 domain and in four motifs containing putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites. When Shf was overexpressed in fibroblasts, these cells displayed significantly lower rates of apoptosis than control cells in the presence of PDGF-AA. These findings suggest a role for the novel adapter Shf in PDGF-receptor signaling and regulation of apoptosis.</p>

Stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous intracellular proteins, leading to activation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene in T lymphocytes. Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein, with the ability to associate with the T cell receptor and several signaling proteins in T cells, including: the TCR ζ-chain, LAT, PLC-γ1, Vav, SLP-76 and Gads. Jurkat T cells expressing Shb with a mutation in the SH2 domain, exhibited reduced phosphorylation of several proteins and abolished activation of the MAP kinases ERK1, ERK2 and JNK, upon CD3 stimulation. The TCR induced Ca2+ response in these cells was abolished, together with the activation of the IL-2 promoter via the transcription factor NFAT. Consequently, IL-2 production was also perturbed in these cells, compared to normal Jurkat T cells. Shb was also seen to associate with the β and γ chains of the IL-2 receptor, upon IL-2 stimulation, in T and NK cells. This association occurred between the Shb SH2 domain and Tyr-510 of the IL-2R β chain. The proline-rich domains of Shb were found to associate with the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3, which are important for STAT-mediated proliferation of T and NK cells upon IL-2 stimulation. Shb was also found to be involved in IL-2 mediated regulation of apoptosis. These findings indicate a dual role for Shb in T cells, where Shb is involved in both T cell receptor and IL-2 receptor signaling. A Shb homologue, Shf was identified, and seen to associate with the PDGF-α-receptor. Shf shares high sequence homology with Shb and a Shd (also of the Shb family) in the SH2 domain and in four motifs containing putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites. When Shf was overexpressed in fibroblasts, these cells displayed significantly lower rates of apoptosis than control cells in the presence of PDGF-AA. These findings suggest a role for the novel adapter Shf in PDGF-receptor signaling and regulation of apoptosis.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14830号 / 工博第3127号 / 新制||工||1468(附属図書館) / 27236 / UT51-2009-F472 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 治典, 教授 髙橋 大弐, 教授 鉾井 修一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当