(anglicky): In my thesis I analyze how Swedish verbal particles change semantics of the verb. Mainly I compare different types of verbal particles: bound and free particles, prepositional and adverbial particles. I observe how meaning of the verb + particle changes from local to metaphorical and further to lexicalized and grammaticalized meaning. Theoretical observations are based on general linguistics, particularly on premises of functional approaches. In the practical part of the thesis I analyze behavior of particles ut and av on a corpus sample. In the final part I compare conclusions made based on the literature with analysis of the language sample. The results show that most often verb + particle are lexicalized phrases. That applies even in cases, when the particle decides whether the action expressed by the verb has reached its end or not, which I considered partially grammaticalized in the theoretical part. Many of the lexicalized particle verbs have transparent meaning, which is possible to duplicate based on analogy. Such particle verbs with metaphorical, transparent meaning are source for great variability in the system of Swedish particle verbs. In the final part of the thesis I show parallels between Swedish verb particles and Czech verbal prefixes. These differ mainly in that the...

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux trois types d’expressions dont la structure s’écarte du modèle de la proposition transitive canonique, à savoir les constructions : anticausatives, à causalité interne, et impersonnelles en polonais et en russe. Leur point commun est que l’écart par rapport à une phrase transitive porte sur la référence du sujet de la proposition. Dans tous les cas, le référent du sujet est non-agentif. Dans certains cas, le marquage morphologique reflète cette absence, tant sur le prédicat qui est marqué à la troisième personne du singulier neutre que par l’absence d’un sujet nominatif. Ailleurs, la morphologie ne laisse rien, ou presque rien apparaître, le prédicat s’accordant avec l’argument Thème ou le Patient. Ces expressions feront l’objet d’une étude comparative, dans laquelle seront étudiées : la nature de chaque participant non-canonique qui apparaît dans la proposition, les caractéris¬tiques de chaque prédicat présent, et enfin, les propriétés combinatoires entre les participants et les prédicats. Il sera montré que la nature et la structure et enfin la manière dont sont légi¬timés les sujets non-canoniques ne sont pas seulement liées aux propriétés du réfé¬rent de sujet, mais aussi dépendent de la nature du prédicat. Tout comme cela a été proposé pour les constructions anticausatives et à causalité interne (cf. Alexiadou & Anagnostopou¬lou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), nous avancerons que les constructions impersonnelles comportent un prédicat Cause qui est responsable de la légitimation thématique des caus(at)eurs nominatifs et obliques. Les différences entre ces structures sont dues à la présence ou à l’absence de la tête Voice. Vues sous cet angle, les constructions impersonnelles sont une sorte de causativisation. Le caus(at)eur indéfini (cf. Kibort (2004)) présent dans les constructions impersonnelles d’une part, et la possible présence des causeurs obliques d’autre part, sont des preuves qui étaient cette hypothèse. / In this dissertation we study three kinds of expressions that deviate from the model of canonical transitive sentences, namely anticausative, internal causation and impersonal constructions in Polish and in Russian. The common point is that the deviation from a transitive sentence has to do with the subject’s reference. In all cases, the referent of the subject is non-agentive. In some cases, the morphological marking reflects this absence, both on the predicates which is frozen in the third person singular (neuter), and by the absence of a nominative subject. In the other two cases, the non-canonicity is not morpologically revealed because the inflected verb agrees with the nominative argument whose referent is the Theme or the Patient.A comparative study of these expressions will be given, in so far as the nature of the non-canonical participants that appear in the sentence, the characteristics of each predicate, and finally, the combinatorial properties between participants and predicates are concerned.It will be shown that the nature, the structure and ultimately the way that non-canonical subjects are licensed are not only related to the properties of the subject’s reference, but also depend on the nature of the predicate. Just as it was proposed for anticausatives and internal causal constructions (Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), it will be shown that impersonal constructions include a Cause predicate that is responsible for the thematical licensing of nominative and oblique causers. The differences between these structures are due to the presence or absence of a Voice head. From this perspective, impersonal constructions encode a kind of causativisation. The indefinite causer (analysed in Kibort (2004)), which is present in impersonal constructions on the one hand, and the possible presence of other oblique causer, are thus deemed to be evidence that supports this hypothesis.

Plusieurs travaux ont montré que les aires cortico-motrices, localisées dans le cortex frontal et responsables des mouvements volontaires, pouvaient être impliquées dans le processus de compréhension de mots d'action. De ce point de vue, il a été rapporté que la performance d'un acte moteur simple (e.g.: attraper un objet) pouvait être améliorée par la prononciation, la lecture ou l'écoute de mots évoquant une action. Nous avons approché la relation entre parole et action à travers l'étude de l'effet de verbes d'action ainsi que d'autres stimuli cognitifs, l'imagerie kinesthésique (IK) et la soustraction mentale (SM), sur la performance d'un acte moteur complexe, le Squat Vertical Jump (SVJ, ou saut vertical accroupi). Nous avons mesuré la hauteur du SVJ chez des hommes (7 expériences, n = 114) et des femmes (2 expériences, n = 41) à l'aide de deux systèmes de mesure, l'Optojump® et le Myotest®. Les résultats ont montré que la prononciation silencieuse et à haute voix du verbe d'action spécifique au SVJ (saute, conjugué à la première personne de l'impératif), ainsi que l'IK et la SM, améliorent significativement la performance du saut, chez les hommes (jusqu'à + 2,7 cm) et, de manière moins prononcée, chez les femmes (jusqu'à + 1 cm dans 2 expériences). Le reste des résultats obtenus avec les hommes ont indiqué que la prononciation du verbe d'action non spécifique au saut (pince) augmente également la hauteur en SVJ, alors que la prononciation ou l'écoute d'autres verbes sans lien avec le saut (lèche, bouge) n'ont pas eu d'effet significatif sur le SVJ. C'est également le cas du verbe d'état 'rêve et d'un verbe incompréhensible par les sujets (tiào : saute en Chinois) ou encore des verbes qui contredisent et/ou qui s'opposent au déroulement de l'action de sauter (tombe et stoppe). La hauteur du saut a été par ailleurs significativement impactée lorsque les sujets ont prononcé des verbes à fort attributs émotifs (gagne et son antonyme perds) / Several studies have shown that cortical motor areas, located in the frontal cortex and responsible for voluntary movement, might be involved in the process of understanding action words. From this point of view, it has been reported that the performance of a simple motor act (e.g.: catching an object) might be improved by the pronunciation, reading or listening to words referring to the action. We approached the relationship between speech and action through the study of the effect of action verbs and other cognitive stimuli, kinesthetic imagery (KI) and mental subtraction (MS), upon the performance of a complex motor act, the Squat vertical jump (SVJ). We measured the height of SVJ in young naive men (7 experiments, n = 114) and women (2 experiments, n = 41) using an Optojump® and a Myotest® apparatuses. The results showed that the silent and loud pronunciation of specific action verb to SVJ (jump), the KI and the MS improved significantly the performance of the movement, in men (up to 2.7 cm) but less in women (up to + 1 cm in the 2 experiments). The results of other experiments obtained with men indicated that pronunciation of the action verb nonspecific to the jump (pinch) increased also the SVJ performance, while the pronunciation or listening to other verbs unrelated to the jump (Jick, move) had no significant effect on the SVJ. A meaningless verb for the French subjects (tiao = jump in Chinese) showed, in turn, no effect as did dream, faJJ and stop. The verb win improved significantly the SVJ height as much as its antonym Jose, thus suggesting a possible influence of affects in the subjects' performance. It appears that the effects of the specific action verb jump did seem effective but not totally exclusive for the enhancement of the SVJ performance, since non-linguistic stimuli (IK) or unrelated to action (MS) may have had a positive effect on the improvement in motor performance. Moreover verbs referring to emotion, unrelated to action, increased the height of SVJ similarly to the specific action verb jump. The results led us to consider the hypothesis that improving the performance of a complex gesture is dependent, a minima, upon the individual's intention, attention, emotions and also, and perhaps most importantly, concepts (we call concepts, the mental representations) as they may be induced by the cerebral processing of words

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daniele_santos_lima.pdf: 878481 bytes, checksum: c1953c2ca8298793b1fd5eb22a186ade (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / This research investigated the semantic and semiotic senses of verbs in Salvador and Recife from the discussions dealt with the theory of Enunciation of Émile Benveniste. This was possible because the dialectal form brings meaning to the one who speaks. The notion of sense in Benveniste s theory example cannot be understood without being related to the notion of form. We examined the semantic relationship of verbs as dialect-index of the subject and of cultural identity based on the theory of Émile Benveniste, from brands of the subject in the language to speak in the language, that is, by placing the tongue when appropriates and uses a dialect. We emphasize that we consider the subject that is established and is in relationship with each other and with the language in the speech. The methodology used in this study was based on field research and the analysis of the qualitative type, following the instructions of the ALiB (Atlas Linguístico do Brasil). We carried out the data collection interviews with grafematic transcription that were made to the act of investigation in which the subjects were asked to answer questions about the grammatical class of verbs, since we were looking for verbs as indicators of subjectivity. In the interview, we used an adapted questionnaire which we elaborated according to the reality of each region investigated (Recife and Salvador), for we used the ALiB Morph-syntactic Questionnaire-QMS. We interviewed on the spot 40 subjects of two age groups: between 18 to 30 years and another between 50 to 65 years old, who have completed higher education or even the fifth grade of elementary school. After the analysis of the results, we verified that the subject during the speech reflects his relationship with the language coated with issues of cultural identity. The dialect forms recorded by informants in Recife and Salvador are endowed with sense, which allows us to understand that the relationship of meaning pertain for who makes use of language. / Esta pesquisa investigou os sentidos semântico e semiótico dos verbos nos dialetos soteropolitano e recifense a partir das discussões tratadas na Teoria da Enunciação de Émile Benveniste (2005; 2006). Essa relação foi possível, pois a forma dialetal traz um sentido para aquele que fala. A noção de sentido na teoria enunciativa de Benveniste não pode ser entendida sem que seja relacionada à noção de forma. Examinamos a relação semântico-dialetal dos verbos como índice do sujeito e de identidade cultural baseada na Teoria de Émile Benveniste, a partir das marcas do sujeito na língua ao enunciar-se na linguagem, ou seja, ao colocar em funcionamento a língua quando se apropria e utiliza um dialeto. Destacamos que consideramos o sujeito que se estabelece e se constitui na relação com o outro e com a língua no discurso. A metodologia usada neste trabalho foi baseada em pesquisa de campo e na análise do tipo qualitativa, seguindo as instruções do ALiB (Atlas Linguístico do Brasil). Realizamos entrevistas semidirigidas com transcrição grafemática que foram efetuadas no ato do inquérito no qual solicitamos que os sujeitos respondessem questões relativas à classe gramatical dos verbos, uma vez que procuramos trazer os verbos como indicadores de subjetividade. Na entrevista, utilizamos um questionário adaptado que elaboramos de acordo com a realidade de cada região investigada (Recife e Salvador). Para isso, nos espelhamos no Questionário Morfossintático-QMS do ALiB. Entrevistamos in loco 40 sujeitos de duas faixas etárias: uma entre 18 e 30 anos e outra entre 50 a 65 anos de idade, que tenham concluído o ensino superior ou tenham até o 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Após a análise dos resultados, comprovamos que o sujeito durante sua fala reflete sua relação com a língua revestida por questões de identidade cultural. As formas dialetais registradas pelos informantes de Recife e Salvador são dotadas de sentido, o que nos permite compreender que as relações de sentido perpassam por quem faz uso da linguagem.

Ce mémoire s’insère dans le projet GenDR, un réalisateur de texte profond multilingue qui modélise l’interface sémantique-syntaxe pour la génération automatique de texte (GAT). Dans le cadre de la GAT, les ressources lexicales sont de première nécessité pour que le système puisse transformer des données nonlinguistiques en langage naturel. Ces ressources lexicales déterminent dans une certaine mesure la précision et la flexibilité des phrases générées. En raison de l’imprévisibilité du régime des verbes et du rôle central que les verbes jouent dans un énoncé, une ressource lexicale qui décrit le régime des verbes revêt une importance particulière pour générer du texte le plus précis et le plus naturel possible. Nous avons tenté de créer un dictionnaire de régimes verbaux en mandarin. Ce genre de ressource lexicale est toujours une lacune dans le domaine de la GAT en mandarin. En nous basant sur la base de données Mandarin VerbNet, nous avons eu recours à Python pour extraire les adpositions régies et créer notre dictionnaire. Il s’agit d’un dictionnaire dynamique, dont le contenu peut être paramétré en fonction des objectifs de l’utilisateur. / This work fits into the GenDR project, a multilingual deep realizer which models the semantics-syntax interface for natural language generation (NLG). In NLG, lexical resources are essential to transform non-linguistic data into natural language. To a certain extent, the lexical resources used determine the accuracy and flexibility of the sentences generated by a realizer. Due to the unpredictability of verbs’ syntactic behaviour and the central role that verbs play in an utterance, a lexical resource which describes the government patterns of verbs is key to generating the most precise and natural text possible. We aim to create a dictionary of verbs’ government patterns in Mandarin. This kind of lexical resource is still missing for NLG in Mandarin. Based on the Mandarin VerbNet database, we used Python to extract information about adpositions and to create our dictionary. This is a dynamic dictionary whose content can be parameterized according to the user’s needs.

Cette thèse a un double objectif : 1) Étudier le comportement sémantique et syntaxique des verbes simples persans par rapport aux prédicats complexes dans les événements spatiaux respectant la typologie de Talmy sur cadrage verbal ou cadrage satellitaire ; et 2) Analyser la systématicité sémantique dans la formation des prédicats complexes basée sur une approche constructionnelle et expliquer leurs comportements exacts, à savoir leur productivité, la causalité, leur durée, et le comportement syntaxique de leurs pré-verbes en fonction de leurs significations. Dans la première partie de l’analyse, nous parlons du comportement des verbes simples par rapport aux prédicats complexes dans les événements spatiaux. Notre analyse est basée sur un vaste corpus. Les prédicats complexes expriment fréquemment le comportement et d’autres informations sémantiques tandis qu’une fréquence élevée de verbes simples apparaît comme des constructions neutres sans exprimer aucune information spécifique. La distribution syntaxique des prédicats complexes respecte la règle de l’« économie de la langue » étant donné que toutes les informations sémantiques sont aussi encodées dans la construction elles-mêmes. Par ailleurs, les verbes simples exigent, dans la majorité des cas, des clauses dépendantes pour exprimer le comportement. En outre, les prédicats complexes encodent, à la fois, le mouvement et les événements d’emplacement, tandis que les verbes simples sont pour la plupart intransitifs et se réfèrent aux événements locatifs. Les lacunes mentionnées ci-dessus sur des verbes simples ont conduit au remplacement de ces derniers par des prédicats complexes au fil du temps. Dans la deuxième partie de notre analyse, nous traitons les caractéristiques sémantiques de prédicats complexes dans des événements spatiaux à la lumière de la théorie de Grammaire de Construction et des approches fondées sur le corpus. Selon Goldberg, nous considérons des constructions de prédicats complexes à part entière. Kardan, "Faire" ; dādan, 'Donner'; zadan, 'Frapper' ; et bordan, 'Prendre', sont les verbes supports étudiés dans cette thèse. Ces verbes supports sont parmi ceux les plus fréquents ayant le plus de pré-verbes en commun dans notre corpus. Premièrement, nous avons identifié les extensions sémantiques de chaque verbe support. Cette catégorisation nous a permis de révéler un certain degré de productivité sémantique ainsi que la généralisation entre chaque verbes supports et le type de pré-verbes avec lesquels il pourrait co-se produire. Autrement dit, chaque verbe support se combine avec un type spécifique de pré-verbe. Il est à note que même des extensions métaphoriques ont un certain degré de productivité et les locuteurs peuvent ainsi les généraliser. Nous tenons également à noter que les prédicats complexes dans les événements spatiaux font partis de la famille de constructions résultatives. Certains comportements des prédicats complexes, tels que leur causalité et la durée de l’activité, sont expliqués en fonction de leur sémantique, et il est démontré que toute la construction est responsable de tels comportements. La comparaison entre les combinaisons qui ont des verbes supports différents mais des pré-verbes identiques évoque quelques différences sémantiques et syntaxiques, ce qui est la preuve de la systématicité existante dans la formation des prédicats complexes. Grâce à une analyse collostructionnelle, nous parlons du degré d’attraction de chaque verbe support par rapport aux catégories sémantiques. Enfin, le type de fréquences de prédicats complexes révèle le degré de productivité dans chaque verbe support, qui ressemble à: Kardan=Zadan > dādan > bordan. / The purpose of this dissertation is twofold : 1) to investigate the semantic and syntactic behavior of Persian simplex verbs vs. CPs in spatial events with respect to Talmy’s typology of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages ; and 2) to analyze the semantic systematicity in the formation of CPs based on a constructional approach and explain their certain behaviors, namely, their productivity, causativity, duration, and syntactic behavior of their PVs through the meaning of the construction.In the first part of the analysis, we discuss the behaviour of simplex verbs vs. CPs in spatial events. Our analysis is based on an extensive corpus. CPs express manner and other semantic information frequently while a high frequency of simplex verbs appears as neutral constructions without expressing any specific information. The syntactic distribution of CPs follow the ‘economy of language’ rule since all the semantic information is encoded in the construction itself; on the other hand, simplex verbs require dependent clauses to express manner in the majority of cases. Furthermore, CPs encode both motion and location events while simplex verbs are mostly intransitive and refer to locative events. The above-mentioned shortcomings of simplex verbs have led to the replacement of these verbs by CPs over time. In the second part of our analysis, we deal with the semantic features of CPs in spatial events in the light of Construction Grammar theory and corpus-based approaches. Following Goldberg we consider CPs constructions in their own right. Kardan, ‘do’ ; dādan, ‘give’; zadan, ‘hit’; and bordan, ‘take’, are the LVs under the study in this thesis. These LVs found to be among the most frequent ones with the most PVs in common in our corpus. Firstly, we identified the semantic extensions of each LV. This categorization reveals a certain degree of semantic productivity and generalization between each LV and the type of PVs with which it can co-occur. In other words, each LV combines with a specific type of PVs. Even metaphorical extensions have a certain degree of productivity and speakers can generalize about them. We also argue that CPs in spatial events are a family of resultative constructions. Certain behaviors of CPs, namely, their causativity, and the duration of the activity, are explained based on their semantics, and it is shown that the whole construction is responsible for such behaviors. The comparison between combinations that have different LVs but identical PVs reveals certain semantic and syntactic differences, which is evidence for the existing systematicity in the formation of CPs. Through a collostructional analysis we discuss the degree of attraction of each LV with respect to the semantic categories.

Hiponimia ni uhusiano wa kifahiwa unaodhihirika baina ya leksimu ya jumla (hipanimu) na mahususi (hiponimu). Kama vile hipanimu mzazi hujumuisha hiponimu baba na mama. Uhusiano huu wa kihiponimia ulidhukuriwa na wanaisimu wa awali kuwa unahusisha leksimu nomino pekee. Hata hivyo, tafiti za hivi punde zinadhihirisha kuwa hiponimia huweza kudhihirika pia miongoni mwa kategoria za vivumishi, vielezi na vitenzi. Ingawa kuna midhihiriko ya hiponimia za vitenzi vya Kiswahili, wataalamu kadha wameelekea kushughulikia hiponimia za nomino na kutotilia maanani vitenzi. Hivyo basi, makala hii imechanganua uhusiano wa kihiponimia unaodhihirika miongoni mwa vitenzi teule vya Kiswahili. Katika kushughulikia suala hili, hipanimu vitenzi 24 kutoka kamusi za Kiswahili zimeteuli¬wa kimakusudi na hiponimu husika kutolewa. Nadharia ya Uchanganuzi Vijenzi kwa mujibu wa Katz na Fodor imezingatiwa katika uchanganuzi wa hiponimia hizi. Katika nadharia hii, sifa bainifu za hiponimu husika huonyeshwa kwa kutumia alama maalum za [+, -]. Data kuhusu hiponimia za vitenzi ilipekuliwa kutoka kamusi za Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia mwelekeo wa kiishara au kisintaksia kwa mujibu wa Hearst, na Snow na wenzake ili kuweza kutambua hipanimu na hiponimu husika katika sentensi. Hiponimia hizi zimechanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kwa mtindo wa nadharia ya seti. / Hyponymy is a sense relation existing between general lexemes (hypernym) and the specific ones (hyponym). For instance, a hypernym parent includes hyponyms like father and mother. The hyponymy relation was regarded by earlier linguists that it could exist only amongst nouns. However, recent studies indicate that hyponymy can also be manifested in other categories such as adjectives, adverbs and verbs. Though there is hyponymy relation existing amongst Kiswahili verbs, various scho¬lars have tended to focus on nominal hyponymy and disregard verbal hyponymy. Therefore, this article has analyzed the hyponymy relation existing amongst selected Kiswahili verbs. In this regard, 24 verbal hypernyms from Kiswahili dictionaries were purposively sampled and their specific hyponyms indicated. Componential Analysis theory by Katz and Fodor has been used in the analysis of these hyponyms. The theory focuses on distinctive features of specific hyponyms that are normally shown by the use of specific signs [+, -]. The data on verbal hyponymy was observed from the Kiswahili dictionaries by the application of symbolic or syntactic approach propounded by Hearst, and Snow et al in order to identify the hypernyms and specific hyponyms in a sentence. These hyponymy relations are analyzed and presented using the set theory style.

This research aims to find out whether and to what extent the valency of psych-verbs influences the word order in the Dutch sentence. Valency is defined as the ability of a verb to bind a number of elements in order to form a grammatically correct sentence. However, valency has to be seen not only from the syntactic, but also from the semantic point of view. In other words, we are not only interested in the number of elements a verb requires, but also in the semantic features of these elements. It has been noted by a number of linguists that certain verbs allow for the nominal subject to be placed behind the nominal direct or indirect object in the middle field of the Dutch sentence, i.e. between the finite verb and the final verb cluster in the main clause or between the complementizer and the verb cluster in the subordinate clause. This is contrary to the tendency to put nominal subject before the nominal object in the middle field. Most of the verbs described to behave in this manner are called psych-verbs or psychological verbs. These verbs refer to a situation in which an animate entity is subject to a change of psychological state. The analysis of sentences with psych-verbs has shown that animacy is the most important factor to influence word order in the middle field, followed by the...

Some signs denoting substances and signs denoting events are formally and semantically related in the Czech sign language. These signs can be distinguished by different parameters. This study looked at the parameters of the relative duration of a signing, the use of mouthing, the juxtaposition of signs and the frequency and mode of motion. Signs denoting substances and signs denoting events can be clearly distinguished by those features n Czech sign language. Key words Czech sign language, sign languages, nouns, verbs, noun-verb distinction, word classes

The subject of the present study is an analysis of five ditransitive verbs: give, lend, send, offer and show. The study focuses on the position of the two objects and on the factors that have an impact on the object ordering. An attempt is here made to provide a systematic overview of the position of the two objects with respect to their realization (i.e. substantival or pronominal). As regards the realization of the two objects, four types are distinguished: i. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by nouns; ii. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by pronouns; iii. Oi /Oprep realized by a noun and Od by a pronoun; iv. Oi /Oprep realized by a pronoun and Od by a noun. The position of the objects is assumed to be associated with the distribution of communicative dynamism or in other words with the principle of end-focus, i.e. that given information tends to precede new information. The second principle that operates in the ordering the two objects is the principle of end-weight. Of the three (or four, including intonation) factors whose interplay determines the FSP function of a clause element, in the case of ditransitive complementation the most important role is played by the contextual factor. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the context-dependence / independence of the two objects. The present...