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This project aims towards offering people with vulva an insight in their vaginal bacterial flora through vaginal discharge. Together with users, experts and collaboration partners, a problem space is defined. There are tabooin the society concerning how we relateto female genitalia which creates issues regarding shame and obstacles in seeking medical care when its needed. This is what the project hopes to contribute a small change to. Throughout this project process there is a sense of working together and creating together. The result is a vaginal discharge tracking device that offers peoplea visualization of their discharge in theform of colored light. The aim is to bring the conversation of vulvae, vaginal discharge and vaginal problems to a tangible space in order to normalize and actively work against shame connected to female genitalia. The concept also aims to enncourage people to be more open to talking to other people about the subject and seek medical care when needed. / Det här projektet är riktat mot att erbjuda personer med vulva insyn i sin vaginala bakterieflora genom flytningar. Tillsammans med användare, experter inom området och samarbetspartner, har en problemfromulering definierats. I samhället vi lever i råder mycket tabu kring hur vi relaterar till feminin intimbiologi vilket skapar problem i form av skam och hindrar personer med vulva frånatt söka vård då de behöver det. Detta är vad projektet hoppas kunna bidra med förändring till. Genom hela projektprocessen har fokus varit på gemenskap, att arbeta och skapa tillsammans. Resultatet är en produkt för att dokumentera och följa sina vaginala flytningar, som erbjuder personer med vulva en visualisering av flytningar i form av ljus. Syftet är att ta konversationen rörande underlivet, flytningar och vaginala problem till ett fysiskt utrymme för att normalisera och aktivt arbeta emot skam kopplat till kvinnliga könsorganet. Konceptet är också riktat åt att uppmuntra personer med vulva att vara mer öppna om att prata med andra om sitt underliv och att söka vård då de behöver det.

Les incidences de l’écoulement vaginal purulent (EVP) et de l’endométrite cytologique (EC) sont élevées dans les exploitations laitières à cause des contaminations utérines associées à l’immunosuppression péripartum. Le pegbovigrastim (bG-CSF) a été approuvé dans la prévention de la mammite clinique chez les vaches en postpartum. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’efficacité du bG-CSF dans la prévention de l’EVP et de l’EC chez les vaches laitières en postpartum. Dans un essai contrôlé randomisé, 60 vaches laitières en postpartum ont été enrôlées et réparties dans deux groupes (saline, n = 29 ; bG-CSF, n = 31) où chaque vache a reçu deux injections de traitement en sous-cutané aux 14e et 21e jours en lait (JEL) au creux de la croupe. L’EVP et l’EC ont été diagnostiqués chez les vaches ayant des scores de pus ≥ 3, d’estérase leucocytaire ≥ 1 ou de neutrophiles ≥ 6%. Toutes les réponses immunitaires utérines et les prévalences de l’endométrite étaient plus importantes numériquement dans le groupe bG-CSF, mais ne différaient pas statistiquement de celles du groupe saline. Les résultats étaient aussi non-différents statistiquement pour les performances subséquentes en reproduction et survie dans le troupeau. En conclusion, le traitement au bG-CSF ne semble pas efficace pour prévenir l’EVP et l’EC. Cependant, pour des raisons d’absence de différence significative constaté dans nos résultats, nous recommandons la poursuite de l’étude avec au moins une puissance statistique de 80% et un niveau de confiance de 95% afin de mieux conclure sur l’efficacité de bG-CSF contre l’endométrite. / The incidences of purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) and cytological endometritis (CE) are high in dairy farms because of uterine contamination associated with peripartum immunosuppression. Pegbovigrastim (bG-CSF) has been approved for the prevention of clinical mastitis in postpartum dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bG-CSF in the prevention of PVD and CE in postpartum dairy cows on the 35th day postpartum. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 postpartum dairy cows were enrolled and divided into two groups (saline, n = 29; bG-CSF, n = 31) where each cow had received two injections subcutaneously on the 14th and 21st days postpartum at the base of the tail. PVD and CE were diagnosed in cows at with scores of pus ≥ 3 and leukocyte esterase ≥ 1 or neutrophils ≥ 6%, respectively. bG-CSF group but did not differ statistically from those of the saline group (p>0.05). Differences were also not significant for subsequent performance of cows in reproduction parameters and survival in the herd. In conclusion, bG-CSF treatment did not seem effective in preventing PVD and CE in dairy cows. However, for reasons of absence of significant difference observed in our results, we recommend the continuation of the study with at least a statistical power of 80% and a level of confidence of 95% in order to better conclude on the effectiveness of bG-CSF against endometritis.

This study is about evaluating the effectiveness of training in syndromic management ofSTDs. The purpose of this study was to fmd out to what extent the STD training programme had been implemented. A stratified sample of twenty-two primary health care clinics in the Port Shepstone region was used. Twenty-two professional nurses rendering STD management in the clinics were observed. Data-gathering was done through a clinic inventory obtained by interviewing the sister-incharge, observation of professional nurses providing treatment to STD patients, interviews with professional nurses to assess their knowledge of the syndromic approach, and exit interviews with patients treated at the clinic. The fmdings suggest that certain areas in the STD training need to be emphasized, such as vaginal speculum and bi-manual examinations. It is recommended that certain negative aspects which hinder effective STD management, like staff shortages and lack of equipment be given attention. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Les cellules dendritiques présentes dans les muqueuses comme les cellules de Langerhans, sont capables de présenter le Virus d'Immunodéficience Humaine (VIH) aux lymphocytes T CD4+, aboutissant à l'infection par le VIH lors de contacts hétérosexuels non protégés. Le recrutement des cellules de Langerhans dans la muqueuse vaginale est assuré par la chimiokine Quimiocin C-C motif ligant 20 (CCL20) produite par les cellules épithéliales de la muqueuse. L'objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier la capacité du plasma séminal, de la salive et de la sécrétion vaginale à stimuler la production de CCL20 par les cellules de l’épithélium endocervical (cellules HEC-1A), et de corréler cette production avec la présence de la lactoferrine (LF) et de ses produits de clivage dans ces différents fluides biologiques. Des cellules HEC-1A ont été cultivées avec les plasmas séminaux, les salives et les sécrétions vaginales de patients séronégatifs et séropositifs pour le VIH, et la production de CCL20 a été mesurée dans les surnageants cellulaires en ELISA. Le dosage de la Lf par ELISA a été réalisé sur tous les échantillons. La présence d’un petide de clivage de la Lf (G-12-I) a été analysée en western blot. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les plasmas séminaux des patients séropositifs ont une plus grande capacité à stimuler la sécrétion de CCL20 que les patients séronégatifs pour le VIH. La concentration de la Lf dans le plasma séminal est corrélée à la stimulation de cette sécrétion par les cellules HEC-1A. Il semble que les échantillons ayant la plus grande capacité à stimuler la sécrétion de CCL20 possèdent une plus forte concentration en petide de clivage de la Lf (G-12-I), bien que ce résultat, obtenu en western blot. La salive est également capable de stimuler de la production de CCL20 par les cellules HEC-1A, mais cette stimulation n'est pas corrélée avec sa concentration en Lf. Nous concluons que la sécrétion de CCL20 par l’épithélium génital féminin induite par le plasma séminal est corrélée à la présence de la Lf dans ce fluide. Bien que les mécanismes puissent être différents, la salive peut également induire la production de CCL20 par les cellules épithéliales de la muqueuse génitale féminine / Dendritic cells, among them Langerhans cells, are recognized as presenters of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to CD4 + T lymphocytes. The recruitment of Langerhans cells in the vaginal mucosa is modulated by Chemokine CC motif ligand 20 (CCL20) produced by epithelial cells of the female genital mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluated the capacity of seminal plasma, saliva and vaginal secretions to induce the production of CCL20 by monostratified endocervical epithelium cells culture (HEC-1A), also, the relation of this production with the presence of lactoferrin and its cleavage products (G- 12-I) in seminal plasma and saliva. Cultures of HEC-1A cells were stimulated with seminal plasma, saliva and vaginal secretions of HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive participants, and the CCL20 production measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in its cellular supernatant. ELISA for Lf was performed on all samples, and the peptide cleavage Lf (G-12-I) observed in the samples which more and less induced the CCL20 secretion on western blot. We observed that the seminal plasma of seropositive participants were responsible for a higher stimulation of CCL20 production by HEC-1A cells, when compared to the seminal plasma of HIV-seronegative participants. Lf concentration in seminal plasma was positively related to the CCL20 production by HEC-1A cells, the higher production of CCL20 was also more associated with Lf peptide cleavage Lf (G-12-I), on western blot. Saliva stimulated CCL20 production by HEC-1A cells, and such stimulation was not correlated to Lf concentration. In conclusion, the presence of Lf in seminal plasma positively related to the production of CCL20 by HEC-1A cells, and saliva may induce the production of CCL20 in the female genital mucosa / As células dentríticas, dentre elas as células de Langerhans, são capazes de apresentar o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) aos linfócitos T CD4+, cujo processo culmina com a infecção por esse vírus. O recrutamento das células de Langerhans na mucosa vaginal é modulada pela Quimiocin C-C motif ligant 20 (CCL20), produzida pelas células epiteliais da mucosa genital feminina. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a capacidade do plasma seminal, da saliva e do conteúdo vaginal de induzir a produção de CCL20 pela cultura de células do epitélio monoestratificado endocervical (HEC-1A), relacionando tal produção com a presença da lactoferrina (Lf) e de seu produto de clivagem (G-12-I) nestes fluidos. Culturas de células HEC-1A foram estimuladas com plasmas seminais, salivas e conteúdos vaginais de participantes soronegativos e soropositivos para o HIV, visando avaliar a produção de CCL20, a qual foi mensurada utilizando-se o Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A dosagem de Lf (ELISA) foi realizada em todas as amostras estudadas e a presença do peptídeo de clivagem da Lf (G-12-I) observada nas amostras que mais e que menos induziram a secreção de CCL20 pelas células HEC-1A por Western blot. Verificou-se que os plasmas seminais de participantes soropositivos foram responsáveis por maior estimulação da produção de CCL20 pelas células HEC-1A, quando comparados aos plasmas seminais de participantes soronegativos para o HIV. A concentração de Lf no plasma seminal associou-se à indução na produção de CCL20 pelas células HEC-1A, assim como as amostras que mais induziram a produção de CCL20 apresentaram presenças mais evidentes do peptídeo de clivagem da Lf (G-12-I). A saliva foi responsável pela estimulação na produção de CCL20 pelas células HEC-1A, no entanto, tal estimulação não se associou à concentração de Lf salivar. Concluímos que a presença de Lf no plasma seminal esteve correlacionada à produção de CCL20 pelas células HEC-1A, e que a saliva pode induzir a produção da CCL20 pelas células epiteliais endocervicais

This study is about evaluating the effectiveness of training in syndromic management ofSTDs. The purpose of this study was to fmd out to what extent the STD training programme had been implemented. A stratified sample of twenty-two primary health care clinics in the Port Shepstone region was used. Twenty-two professional nurses rendering STD management in the clinics were observed. Data-gathering was done through a clinic inventory obtained by interviewing the sister-incharge, observation of professional nurses providing treatment to STD patients, interviews with professional nurses to assess their knowledge of the syndromic approach, and exit interviews with patients treated at the clinic. The fmdings suggest that certain areas in the STD training need to be emphasized, such as vaginal speculum and bi-manual examinations. It is recommended that certain negative aspects which hinder effective STD management, like staff shortages and lack of equipment be given attention. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)