This diploma thesis addresses a range of issues concerning leases in terms of the New Civil Code (NCC). The first part of the work introduces the changes in NCC, as well as taxes affecting leases. The remainder of the study provides an analysis, solutions, and application of the changes to selected case studies, while the final outcome of the study is the actual analysis of the selected points of the tax issues.

South Africa’s VAT legislation has specific value and time of supply rules. It does not have a specific section for place of supply rules, but this is however incorporated within the various sections of the Act. Still, there is sometimes uncertainty regarding what the place of supply would be, especially when it comes to telecommunication services across borders. Some foreign countries, like European countries, have specific place of supply rules. However, South Africa does not specify where the specific place of supply of telecommunication services should be. International roaming complicates matters as a South African resident can visit a foreign country and make calls from the foreign country to yet another country, but is then billed in South Africa at a rate including VAT at 14%. One could argue that this is not the correct treatment as it could be deemed an export of services, which would generally be zero-rated. During the interviews it was discovered that the foreign network operator billed the South African network operator for the services rendered to the South African operator’s customer in the foreign country. Some operators levy VAT on this charge at that country’s VAT rate, whereas other countries’ operators will levy at a rate of zero percent. However, the South African resident is levied at a charge including VAT at 14%, regardless of whether the operator was charged VAT by the foreign operator or not. Costs of international roaming are already high and, therefore, international roaming can become very expensive for customers. The researcher suggests that the agreement be revisited and that VAT is only charged in the country where the consumption of the supplies takes place, or in the case of a service, where the service is utilized. It is however much more complex with telecommunication services as there are various networks that go through numerous countries, and can include the customer’s home country. AFRIKAANS : Suid-Afrika se BTW-wetgewing het reëls wat spesifieke waarde en tyd van lewering bepaal. Hoewel dit nie 'n spesifieke artikel het met reëls wat handel oor die plek van lewering nie, is dit egter in die verskillende artikels van die wet geïnkorporeer. Tog is daar soms onsekerheid oor waar die plek van lewering is, veral wanneer dit telekommunikasiedienste raak wat oor grense verskaf word. Sommige lande, byvoorbeeld Europese lande, het spesifieke reëls wat plek van lewering bepaal. Suid-Afrika spesifiseer egter nie die spesifieke plek van lewering van telekommunikasiedienste nie. Internasionale selfoon swerwery kompliseer sake omdat 'n Suid-Afrikaanse inwoner die buiteland kan besoek en oproepe van daar na nog 'n ander land maak, maar steeds in Suid-Afrika gefaktureer word teen 'n koers insluitend BTW teen 14%.’n Mens kan argumenteer dat dit nie die regte hantering is nie omdat dit 'n uitvoer van dienste geag kan word, wat gewoonlik genulkoers word. Daar is tydens die onderhoude ontdek dat die buitelandse netwerk-operateur die Suid- Afrikaanse netwerk-operateur faktureer vir die dienste aan die Suid-Afrikaanse operateur se kliënte in die buiteland. Sommige operateurs hef BTW op hierdie koste teen die koers van daardie land se BTW, terwyl ander lande se operateurs teen 'n koers van nul persent sal hef. Die Suid-Afrikaanse inwoner word egter teen ‘n koste insluitend BTW van 14% gefaktureer, ongeag of die operateur deur die buitelandse operateur teen ’n koste insluitend BTW van 0% of ‘n ander persentasie gefaktureer is. Koste van internasionale selfoon swerwery word gehef in die land waar die voorrade gebruik word, of in die geval van 'n diens, waar die diens gebruik word. Die koste kan baie hoog wees. Dit is egter baie meer kompleks met telekommunikasiedienste omdat daar verskeie netwerke is wat deur talle lande kan gaan. Dit kan moontlik in die kliënt se land van herkoms ook wees. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

Short term assignments to other countries are increasing and it is important to take note of the associated potential tax compliance requirements. South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose main objective is to advance the development and economic growth of the member countries through regional integration. It is difficult for persons with limited or no international tax background to identify potential taxes when going on short term assignments to other SADC countries as very little has been published with regard to the procedure to follow. The procedure to follow and the main tax concepts (corporate tax, personal tax, VAT and withholding tax) have not been published in a user friendly, holistic format to enable such persons to identify potential tax implications. In this research a conceptual tax-compliance framework was created and tested to enable persons to follow the procedure to identify potential taxes that could be triggered when going on short term assignments. It also enables them to have an understanding of the concepts of the main tax principles applicable in SADC countries that have double tax agreements in place with South Africa. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmchunu2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

The urgency of the master's thesis is that the value added tax is one of the main federal taxes, and plays a significant role in the formation of the revenue side of the budget of the Russian Federation. The aim is to study the problems of collection and the development of ways to improve the value added tax in the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that provided a transition to the use of a single VAT rate of 18% in the Russian Federation and developed list of socially important goods subject dating from the budget during the transition to a single rate of 18%. The practical significance of the study is to increase the revenue of value added tax. / Актуальность магистерской диссертации заключается в том, что налог на добавленную стоимость является одним из основных федеральных налогов и играет значительную роль в формировании доходной части бюджета Российской Федерации. Целью работы является изучение проблем взимания и разработка направлений совершенствования налога на добавленную стоимость в Российской Федерации. Научная новизна исследования состоит в том, что предложен переход к применению единой ставки НДС в размере 18% в РФ и разработан перечень социально значимых товаров, подлежащих датированию из бюджета при переходе на единую ставку 18%. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в увеличении поступлений в бюджет налога на добавленную стоимость.

Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of the organization of control activities of the Federal Tax Service for the calculation and payment of value added tax. The subject of the work is financial relations arising between the tax authority and economic entities regarding the organization of the control activities of the Federal Tax Service of Russia in the process of calculating and paying VAT. The purpose of the thesis is based on a study of the theoretical principles on tax control over the calculation and payment of VAT, an analysis of the effectiveness of control measures conducted by the FTS of Russia, to identify problems in the organization of the tax inspectorate’s activities on the calculation and payment of VAT and develop recommendations for solving them. On the basis of the study, directions were developed for improving the control activities of the tax authorities in terms of calculating and paying VAT. / Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию вопросов организации контрольной деятельности федеральной налоговой службы за исчислением и уплатой налога на добавленную стоимость. Предметом работы выступают финансовые отношения, возникающие между налоговым органом и экономическими субъектами по поводу организации контрольной деятельности ИФНС России в процессе исчисления и уплаты НДС. Цель диссертации – на основе изучения теоретических основ по вопросам налогового контроля за исчислением и уплатой НДС, анализа эффективности проводимых ФНС России контрольных мероприятий, выявить проблемы в организации деятельности ИФНС за исчислением и уплатой НДС и разработать рекомендации по их решению. На основе проведенного исследования были разработаны направления совершенствования контрольной деятельности налоговых органов в части исчисления и уплаты НДС.

Master's thesis is devoted to the improvement of the tax on value added tax in China and Russia. Final qualifying work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of references. The first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of value added tax. In the second chapter a comparative analysis of VAT receipts in the budgets of China and Russia is carried out. In the third chapter proposed directions for improving models of VAT taxation in China and Russia. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена совершенствованию налогообложения налога на добавленную стоимость в Китае и в России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты налога на добавленную стоимость. Во второй главе проведён сравнительный анализ поступлений НДС в бюджеты Китая и России. В третьей главе предложены направления совершенствования моделей налогообложения НДС в Китае и в России.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена разработке методов совершенствования камерального контроля налога на добавленную стоимость на примере ИФНС по Кировскому району г. Екатеринбурга. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты камерального налогового контроля и налог на добавленную стоимость. Во второй главе проводится анализ и оценка камеральной налоговой проверки и контрольной работы ИФНС России по Кировскому району г. Екатеринбурга. Третья глава посвящена разработке рекомендаций по совершенствованию камерального налогового контроля по налогу на добавленную стоимость. Работа выполнена на 68 листах, содержит 10 таблиц и 3 рисунков с использованием 60 источников информации. / The master's thesis is devoted to the development of methods for improving cameral control of value added tax by the example of the IFTS in the Kirovsky district of Yekaterinburg. Final qualification work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of sources used. The first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of cameral tax control and value added tax. The second chapter analyzes and evaluates the desk tax audit and the audit work of the IFTS of Russia in the Kirov district of Yekaterinburg. The third chapter is devoted to the development of recommendations for improving cameral tax control on value added tax. The work was performed on 68 sheets, contains 10 tables and 3 figures using 60 sources of information.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию проблем и разработке путей совершенствования налога на добавленную стоимость в Китае и России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка использованных источников и приложений. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты налога на добавленную стоимость. Во второй главе проведен сравнительный анализ поступлений налога на добавленную стоимость в России и Китае. Третья глава посвящена направлениям совершенствования налога на добавленную стоимость в Китае и России. / The master's thesis is devoted to researching problems and developing ways to improve value added tax in China and Russia. The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and applications. The first chapter examines the theoretical aspects of value added tax. The second chapter provides a comparative analysis of value added tax revenues in Russia and China. The third chapter is devoted to the directions for improving value added tax in China and Russia.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию проблем внедрения цифровых технологий в налоговом администрировании России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка использованных источников и приложений. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты цифровизации процесса налогового контроля. Во второй главе проведен анализ эффективности внедрения цифровизации налогового контроля по налогу на добавленную стоимость в аспекте собираемости этого налога. Третья глава посвящена направлениям совершенствования процессов цифровизации налогового контроля в России. / The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the problems of introducing digital technologies in the tax administration of Russia. The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and applications. The first chapter examines the theoretical aspects of digitalization of the tax control process. The second chapter analyzes the effectiveness of the implementation of digitalization of tax control on value added tax in terms of the collection of this tax. The third chapter is devoted to the directions of improving the processes of digitalization of tax control in Russia.

It is a truism that the legal system lags behind societal and technological developments. The common system of VAT is no exception. The objective of this thesis is to examine how the existing VAT rules applies to virtual assets, in particular NFTs and purchasable collectibles in computer games. The aim is to study how transactions with these assets are classified from a VAT perspective and to evaluate whether this classification is compatible with the VAT neutrality principle and the function of VAT as a general tax on final consumption.  One finding related to the classification part of this thesis is that these transactions, which often involve a token and an underlying asset, are treated as a composite supply of services and not a supply of goods for VAT purposes. This implies that the special scheme for second-hand goods cannot be applied. Other classification aspects to assess whether the supply falls within the scope of VAT and whether the supply is taxed or exempt, are also analyzed. There is no ground for NFTs or other virtual assets to be exempt generally. Though, certain types or functions for NFTs may be exempt as financial transactions. The evaluation concludes that the existing rules are partly adapted to handle transactions with these types of virtual assets conducted in a virtual environment. However, the existing rules could lead to an unmotivated double taxation, which may preclude the pursuit of economic activities.