A utilização da técnica da substituição tributária “para frente” no imposto sobre as operações relativas à circulação de mercadorias e sobre prestações de serviços de transporte interestadual e intermunicipal e de comunicação (ICMS) e sua conformação com o princípio da capacidade contributiva são os objetos de estudo deste trabalho. Buscar-se-á, então, no primeiro momento, traçar os contornos da substituição tributária “para frente”, dentro das hipóteses de sujeição passiva tributária, bem como compor um histórico dos antecedentes legislativos e jurisprudenciais a respeito do tema. O segundo capítulo dedicar-se-á ao exame do princípio da capacidade contributiva, especialmente no que concerne a sua eficácia e aplicabilidade no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Na última parte do trabalho, perscrutar-se-ão os pressupostos e limites para a tributação da capacidade contributiva na substituição tributária “para frente” no ICMS. Neste intuito, serão examinadas a necessidade de vinculação do substituto legal tributário com o fato imponível e com o destinatário legal do tributo, para que ocorra a repercussão do ônus tributário dos valores recolhidos em substituição, e as restrições impostas ao legislador para presunção de base de cálculo na substituição tributária “para frente”. / The use of the forward taxation substitution technique in the state value-added tax on services and circulation of goods (“ICMS”) – and its conformity with the Ability-to-pay Principle are the aim of this paper. Firstly, this study attempts to trace the outlines of the progressive taxation substitution within the assumptions of passive tax subjection, also composing a history of legislative and jurisprudential precedents on the matter. The Second chapter is intended to examine the Ability-to-pay Principle, especially regarding its effectiveness and enforcement under the Brazilian Legal System. In the last part of the work, the assumptions and the limits regarding the ability to pay taxes are analyzed in relation to the progressive taxation substitution on state value-added tax on services and circulation of goods (ICMS). To this end, this study examines the need to link the tax legal substitute with the enforceable fact and the tax legal recipient, so that the impact of the tax burden of the amounts paid in substitution occurs, as well as the need to link the restrictions imposed on the legislator for the presumed calculation basis on the progressive taxation substitution.

Submitted by Filipe Reis Araújo (filipereisaraujo@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T18:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1286138 bytes, checksum: 8fd983e27af965ee2f725640cf10b1f6 (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Felipe, Recebemos a postagem do seu trabalho na biblioteca digital e para ser aprovado serão necessários alguns ajustes: 1º CAPA: 1.1 FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS, não tem acento no “U” 1.2 Nome vem acima do título 1.3 O Título é em letra MAIÚSCULA e subtítulo em minúsculo 2º FOLHA DE ROSTO: Correto é Linha de pesquisa: Finanças e Controladoria 3º Folha de aprovação: falta colocar a Instituição de cada professor. Ex: EAESP 4º AGRADECIMENTOS: a palavra de AGRADECIMENTOS deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado. 4.1 AGRADECIMENTO, vem antes do RESUMO 5º RESUMO: a palavra RESUMO deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado. E se possível aplicar o espaçamento de 1,5. Lembrando que o resumo vem antes do ABSTRACT. Obs. como você fez o trabalho em inglês, é necessário fazer o resumo em português. 6º ABSTRACT: palavra ABSTRACT deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado. E se possível aplicar o espaçamento de 1,5. Lembrando que o ABSTRACT vem após ao RESUMO. 7º Lista de ilustrações, tabelas, listra de abreviaturas e siglas e símbolos 8º SUMARIO: a palavra SUMÁRIO deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado e deve constar na página. Por favor, faça as alterações necessárias e post o trabalho na biblioteca. Atenciosamente Simone de A L. Pires SRA on 2018-06-16T00:44:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by Filipe Reis Araújo (filipereisaraujo@gmail.com) on 2018-06-16T16:16:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291126 bytes, checksum: 9dff01d1443fa68f33d1d48ca1f3ffbd (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Filipe, Recebemos a postagem do seu trabalho na biblioteca digital e para ser aprovado serão necessários alguns ajustes: 1º numeração das paginas deve aparecer somente a partir da introdução. Atenciosamente, Simone de A Lopes Pires SRA on 2018-06-18T17:17:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by Filipe Reis Araújo (filipereisaraujo@gmail.com) on 2018-06-18T17:53:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T00:25:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T15:31:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T15:31:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-15 / The inconsistencies commonly found in the design of the Brazilian tax legislation and framework, allied to the specificities of the financial services industry, has led to very different approaches to the accounting treatment of PIS / COFINS. For instance, whilst some multinational banks and insurance companies with operations in Brazil have categorised and reported PIS / COFINS as income tax for IFRS purposes, Brazilian private insurance regulatory rules require PIS / COFINS to be accounted for as administrative expenses. An investigation of the nature of taxes on consumption and value-added taxes (VAT) has shown that PIS / COFINS are essentially taxes on consumption, which share the same economic base as IPI, ICMS and ISS. By comparing the Brazilian PIS / COFINS model with the Australian Goods and Services Tax (GST) model for general insurance (GI) companies, it becomes more evident that there are similarities in both approaches for estimating the value added in this financial services segment. Therefore, it becomes necessary to recognize in the Brazilian tax legislation the consumption nature of PIS /COFINS and this would not necessarily require very significant alterations to the way the current PIS / COFINS methodology operates for general insurers in Brazil. Nonetheless, accounting standards and practices as well as the regulatory framework should be adjusted to ensure that general insurance revenues would be recognised net of PIS / COFINS, resulting in a more consistent approach to the accounting treatment of PIS / COFINS by general insurance organizations in both Brazilian GAAP and IFRS. Treating the company's revenue without considering taxes and other values that will simply be passed on to the government increases the quality of the accounting information. A tax reform in Brazil is required to simplify not only the tax system but also to address some inadequate Brazilian accounting practices such as the consideration of some consumption taxes as part of the accounting revenue. / As inconsistências encontradas entre o desenho da legislação fiscal e estrutura tributária brasileira, aliadas às especificidades da indústria de serviços financeiros, levaram a abordagens muito diferentes no tratamento contábil do PIS / COFINS. Por exemplo, enquanto alguns bancos e seguradoras multinacionais com operações no Brasil categorizaram e reportaram o PIS / COFINS como imposto de renda para fins de IFRS, as normas regulatórias de seguros privados brasileiras exigem que o PIS / COFINS sejam contabilizados como despesas administrativas. Uma análise da natureza dos impostos sobre o consumo e sobre os impostos sobre valor agregado (IVA) mostrou que o PIS / COFINS são essencialmente impostos sobre o consumo, que compartilham a mesma base econômica do IPI, ICMS e ISS. Ao comparar o modelo brasileiro de PIS / COFINS com o modelo do Imposto sobre Mercadorias e Serviços (GST) australiano para empresas de seguros gerais (GI), fica mais evidente que há similaridades em ambas as abordagens para estimar o valor agregado nesse segmento de serviços financeiros. Portanto, torna-se necessário reconhecer na legislação tributária brasileira a natureza de consumo do PIS / COFINS e isso não necessariamente exigiria alterações muito significativas na forma como a atual metodologia de PIS / COFINS opera para seguradoras gerais no Brasil. No entanto, as normas e práticas contábeis, bem como o os requereimentos regulatórios, deveriam ser ajustados para garantir que as receitas provindas das atividades do setor de seguros gerais sejam reconhecidas líquidas de PIS / COFINS, resultando em uma abordagem mais consistente do tratamento contábil de PIS / COFINS em ambos BR GAAP e IFRS. Tratar a receita da empresa sem considerar impostos e outros valores que serão simplesmente repassados ao governo aumenta a qualidade das demonstrações financeiras das empresas. Dessa forma, uma reforma tributária no Brasil se torna necessária nao somente para simplificar o sistema tributário, mas também para permitir tratamentos e práticas contábeis mais coerentes e alinhadas ao IFRS, como a exclusão de impostos sobre o consumo como parte da receita contábil das empresas.

隨著科技的進步和普及，電子商務的發展日益蓬勃，帶動商業模式的多元化，使得電子商務的商品不僅限於實體貨物也包含數位化商品及線上提供服務等電子勞務交易。將跨境電商納入課稅規範已是全球趨勢，日前台灣也已通過並發布針對跨境電子勞務交易之營業稅法修法，明定跨境銷售電子勞務予我國自然人買家之外國業者，應自行或委託報稅之代理人於我國辦理稅籍登記及報繳營業稅，旨在維護租稅公平並掌握稅源。本文擬以文獻探討法、比較研究法及個案研究法，以跨境電商營業人為主體，探討電子勞務交易之營運模式，深入了解業者透過跨境電子商務平台銷售電子勞務在我國目前稅制下之課稅議題，並以國際性之知名訂房網站-Agoda.com進行個案分析。最後針對我國電子勞務課稅現況提出政策之建議。 / Rapid development in technology has resulted in the prosperity of e-commerce and the variety of business models. The products of e-commerce are not only physical commodities but also electronic services like digital products and online services. With the global trend of taxation on cross-border electronic services, Taiwan government has announced an amendment to Value-added and Non-value-added Business Tax. The amendment specifies the tax obligation of cross-border business entities which sells electronic services to domestic individuals shall apply for taxation registration in order to uphold tax fairness and ensure tax revenue for the country. This study discussed the business models of electronic services and its tax issues ,adopting document method, comparative analysis method and case study on Agoda. The last chapter concluded the results from the aforementioned research methods and proposed ways to improve the current tax collection system on cross-border electronic services.

The thesis focuses on the accounting and tax perspective of employee benefits. The opening section of the work contains basic definitions of terms related to renumeration of employees and describes legal regulations of benefits especially within the Labour Code and Act on Income Tax. The part dedicated to tax solution of employee benefits examines possibilities of tax optimization for employees and employers. Further it includes also an analysis of judicial decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court related to tax disputes between the tax authorities and employers. The final part focuses on comparison of financial reporting according to the International Accounting Standards specifically IAS 19 and Czech accounting legislation.

The diploma thesis points out the problem of higher than necesary compliance costs of taxation on income tax and value added tax in the proofing process and it provides an analysis of the causes of this indirect administrative costs. The thesis is focused on difficult proofing process in tax proceedure and provides most frequently required proper evidence by tax authories. Methods of analysis and synthesis from is used in the diploma thesis. These are the findings from literature, questionnaire and archive survey. The outcome of the thesis is that by consistent archiving of all proper evidence used on income tax, can significantly improve the proofing proces used on value added tax and vice versa. The recommendation is to create an separate archive where the tax entity keeps the all primary documents and proper evidence, which would also have the effect on reduction the compliance costs incurred in the tax proceeding.

The aim of diploma thesis is to guarantee all requirements, which are necessary for providing a correct service of tax advisory. The main aim is devided into three parcial aims: description of development proces, analysis of related tax issues and to provide a development trends estimation. Methods used in this paper are recherche of related sources, interview with overal 13 consultants, analysis and folowing synthesis of reached knowledge. In comparison with another papers on similar topic, this text puts accent on practical aspects of development company taxation. Because of more precise understanding of commented issues, thesis provides chronological structure instead of classic thematical structure, used in most of similar papers. Thesis accomplished all the established objectives so it is efficient educational instrument mainly for a bookkeeperes and tax advisors, who needs to gain a knowledge of development as such, and it´s taxation.

This thesis deals with an issue of indirect taxes evasion and analyzes how to fight them. The aim of this piece of work is to provide basic insight into the issue of indirect tax evasion and also to describe and evaluate some of the latest tools used in the fight against them. I have no intention to analyze the topic in detail as the possibility to do so is limited by the extent of the diploma thesis. The thesis itself is divided into three parts. In the introductory part, a term tax is defined and a system of indirect taxes is briefly described. Moreover, specific indirect taxes in the Czech Republic are defined with the respect to their legal construction and regulation. To demonstrate the importance of indirect taxes, the first chapter of the thesis covers also information about the revenue of each indirect tax for the state budget. The second chapter deals with theoretical background of the taxes evasion issue and ways of their realisation. Firstly, the term tax evasion is defined as a technical term and then it is compared to tax optimisation as described. To make the theoretical picture complete, psychological and economical aspects of the issue are mentioned as models describing factors influencing origin of tax evasions. Another part of the thesis is focused on ways of realisation of tax...

Value-Added Tax (VAT) was introduced in South Africa in 1991 by the Value Added Tax Act No. 89 of 1991 (the VAT Act). The South African VAT system is based on the destination or consumption of the goods or service supplied. The initial place where these goods and services are supplied is not taken into consideration. As a result, non-residents in some instances will be liable to register as VAT vendors and account for VAT even if they are not physically present in South Africa. The absence of place of supply rules therefore impacts on determining where a supply takes place and on the VAT registration of for example non-residents. This study aims to determine whether the South African VAT legislation, to some extent, makes provision for place of supply rules, to establish whether general place of supply rules for certain African and developed countries exist, to draw a comparison between these countries and to determine the possibility of implementing similar rules for South Africa. The study concludes that although not sufficient, the South African VAT legislation provides for certain inferred VAT place of supply rules. Worldwide, different countries apply place of supply by different means, and it is therefore not viable to combine all the various countries’ rules into one set of rules for implementation in South Africa. However, in order for South African VAT legislation to be in line with international trends, the study suggests that South Africa should investigate and determine whether place of supply rules should not formally be introduced in its legislation. VAT place of supply rules is important, as introducing same will equip South Africa to better align itself with its international trading partners. It will enable the supplier and consumer to determine whether a person should register for VAT in South Africa, clarify where a supply takes place and at what rate VAT should be charged. It will also minimise confusion as to the application of VAT treatment of certain transactions and eliminate or limit the possibility of double or non-taxation that can arise. AFRIKAANS : Belasting op toegevoegde waarde (BTW) het in Suid Afrika in werking getree in 1991 deur die implementering van die Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde Wet No. 89 van 1991 (die BTW Wet). Die Suid Afrikaanse BTW sisteem is van so aard dat BTW betaalbaar is by die uiteindelike bestemming of finale gebruik van goedere en dienste wat gelewer word. Die oorsprongklike plek van lewering word nie in ag geneem nie. Die gevolg hiervan is dat nie-inwoners in sommige gevalle aanspreeklik sal wees om te registreer vir BTW ondernemers en om BTW te betaal, selfs al is hulle nooit fisies in Suid Afrika teenwoordig nie. Die afwesigheid van plek van lewering reëls het ‘n invloed op die bepaling van die plek van oorsprong van die lewering asook die BTW registrasie van byvoorbeeld, nie-inwoners. Die studie het ten doel om te bepaal of Suid Afrikaanse wetgewing tot ‘n seker mate plek van lewering reëls insluit, om te bepaal of algemene plek van lewering reëls vir sekere Afrika en ontwikkelde lande in werking is, om ‘n vergelyking tussen hierdie lande se reëls te trek en om die moontlike implementering van soorgelyke reëls in Suid Afrika te ondersoek. Die slotsom van die studie is dat alhoewel nie voldoende, die Suid Afrikaanse BTW wetgewing wel voorsiening maak vir toevallige plek van lewering reëls. Verskillende lande hanteer plek van lewering reëls op verskillende wyses en dit is dus nie moontlik om een stel gekombineerde reëls op te stel en toe te pas in Suid Afrika nie. Om die Suid Afrikaanse BTW wetgewing egter in lyn met internasionale tendense te bring, stel die studie voor dat Suid Afrika ondersoek instel en bepaal of plek van lewering reëls nie formeel ingesluit moet word in diewetgewing nie.BTW plek van lewering reëls is belangrik omdat die implementering daarvan Suid Afrika beter sal toerus om in lyn te wees met sy internasionale handelsvennote. Dit sal ook die verskaffer en verbruiker in staat stel om te bepaal of ‘n persoon in Suid Afrika moet registreer vir BTW, duidelikheid verskaf rakende die oorsprong of plek van lewering en teen watter koers BTW gehef moet word. Dit sal ook die verwarring rondom die korrekte hantering van BTW op spesifieke transaksies verminder en die potensiaal van dubbel of geen belasting beperk of elimineer. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Janse van Rensburg, Z 2011, An explorative study : place of supply rules for Value-Added Tax in South Africa, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03192012-163350 / > F12/4/171/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the impact of the reduction of VAT on selected groceries in Slovakia in 2016. I am comparing the composition of the consumer basket and shopping lists of end-consumers before this legislative amendment and thereafter and consumer preferences, on which products they would like to have reduced VAT rate. Then I am also analysing the impact on the consumer prices of groceries with recured tax rate and on the groceries, which composition is similar, but they are encumbered with standard tax rate. The comparative analysis has shown that the tax reduction is reflected in the final price of approximately 96 %. The theoretical part deals with the characteristics and the system of value added tax, historical development in Slovak law and impacts of the tax rate cut abroad. Conclusion interprets the results of comparative analysis and questionnaire.

Harmonization of tax systems of the European Union member states has been going on since 1950s. This trend is followed to this day in order to achieve one of the primary objectives of the European Union, single domestic market. The harmonization of tax systems allows free movement of capital, goods, and services. Value added tax is harmonized through the EU Directives that have unified tax object, tax base and partly tax rates. The Court of Justice of the European Union also plays a vital role in the harmonization, because the European case law complements the interpretation of the directives and creates a comprehensive impact throughout the harmonization. This thesis analyses the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which have been implemented in the VAT Act, and examines at the same time impact of the implementation. The first implementation took place in the amendment of the VAT Act in 2006. The biggest changes occurred in the amendment of the VAT Act in 2012 and it was mainly in the realm of the conditions for exemption from VAT without deduction and the possibility of claiming a deduction. Finally, time frame of the implementation was also researched, judging from the outcomes of the research, one can say that the Czech Republic responds quite flexibly to the publication of the European case of law and the implementation takes place shortly following verdict of The Court of Justice of the European Union.