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Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that causes disease in humans and equines eliciting both an agricultural and public health threat. In humans, the disease typically presents as a febrile illness with common signs of fever and malaise. Four to fourteen percent of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) cases are associated with severe neurological complications due to encephalitis caused by VEEV's propensity to infect the brain. Public health concerns are exacerbated by VEEV's aerosolization capabilities, low infectious dose and affordability to mass produce. These qualities drove interest in the pathogen as a bioweapon by the US and the former Soviet Union during the cold war. As a precautionary response to VEEV's notoriety as a biothreat, the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases has classified VEEV as a category B priority pathogen, and the Human Health Services and United States Department of Agriculture list live virulent strains of VEEV as a select agent and require the pathogen to be manipulated in highly regulated biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facilities. There are currently no FDA approved vaccines or antivirals to target VEEV or other closely related alphaviruses associated with clinical disease in humans. The research performed in this dissertation aimed to elucidate new antiviral targets and treatments to help bridge gaps in current understanding of alphaviruses. The current market lacks available antibodies for E1 specific isolation. In response, a recombinant VEEV TC-83 was produced with a V5 tag at the C-terminal of the E1 sequence to enable VEEV E1 detection. Sequencing was used to verify V5 insertion in the plasmid and immunoprecipitation was used to verify V5 insertion within the E1 glycoprotein. Replication kinetics experiments verified the virus replicated similarly to the parental VEEV TC-83 strain, while passaging experiments verified the tag was highly stable for up to 10 passages. This research produced a cost-effective and highly efficient means to probe and isolate the E1 glycoprotein without modifying the viability of the virus. Knowledge of host protein interactions with VEEV E1 glycoprotein has been limited, with most E1 research focusing on its fusion capabilities. Utilizing 293-T cells infected with E1-V5 TC-83, co-immunoprecipitation was performed to isolate E1 and associated interactors. A total of 486 host and 5 viral protein interactors of E1 were discovered after normalization to the negative control. The top peptide spectrum matches (PSMs) revealed a number of chaperone proteins and ubiquitin proteins as top interactors of VEEV E1. These results effectively revealed a number of previously unknown alphavirus interactions that can be targeted by antivirals and explored further for implications in viral replication. LC-MS/MS results showed that protein disulfide isomerase family A member 6 (PDIA6) interacted with E1. High PSMs, presence in all 3 replicates, similar cellular localization to E1 and known associations between other viruses and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members made this protein an optimum target for further analysis. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization experiments were used to validate the LC-MS/MS results. Involvement of PDIs in VEEV replication were explored utilizing two known PDI inhibitors, LOC14 and Nitazoxanide. LOC14, a non-FDA approved broad-spectrum PDI inhibitor, showed broad-spectrum alphavirus antiviral potential, decreasing titers of VEEV TC-83, VEEV Trinidad Donkey strain, eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Sindbis (SINV) virus in a dose dependent manner. Nitazoxanide, an FDA approved drug known to inhibit PDIA3, was shown to have minimal toxicity and effectively reduced VEEV TC-83 and EEEV titers at concentrations with 100% cell viability. Time of addition assays, E1 expression time course studies, and early event assays showed PDI inhibition with these drugs effects early viral production events. RNA quantification, confocal microscopy and biotin switch assay experiments show that the drugs also prevented proper folding of the E1 glycoprotein and decreased expression of E1 on the peripheral membrane. With no current treatments for alphaviruses, these data provide an effective broad-spectrum target that affects viral replication at multiple stages in-vitro. Nitazoxanide also presents as a promising, non-toxic drug that could be repurposed to combat a number of clinically relevant alphaviruses. Valosin containing protein (VCP) was also shown to interact with the E1 glycoprotein. Exploration of VCP's interaction with alphavirus E1 has never been explored, yet it was previously shown to be involved in alphavirus replication. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed validating the interaction between VCP and E1. siRNA knockdown of VCP in 293-T cells and U87-MG cells showed a significant reduction in VEEV TC-83 titers. The allosteric VCP inhibitor, NMS-873, also reduced VEEV TC-83 titers, but was shown to be less effective against CHIKV, SINV and EEEV, suggesting the NMS-873 mechanism is more selective for VEEV. Mechanism experiments showed that reduction of VCP with NMS-873 inhibits early events of VEEV replication. These results elucidate VCP's association with E1 and show that VCP can be targeted to decrease VEEV viral replication. / Doctor of Philosophy / Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) causes disease in humans, as well as horses, donkeys and other closely related animals. In humans, the virus causes a flu-like disease and sometimes swelling of the brain. This can be associated with symptoms such as light sensitivity, confusion and sometimes coma. Prior to the Cold War, VEEV was researched by the US and previous Soviet Union's militaries in hopes to deploy the virus as a bioweapon. Current treaties prevent active production of such weapons, yet allows for defensive research to continue in preparation for a worst-case scenario. Currently no FDA approved medications or vaccines exist to combat the virus further exacerbating concerns. In order to protect laboratorians and prevent unintentional or intentional introduction of the virus into the community, the virus is only manipulated in highly secure facilities with barriers that separate the virus from personnel and the outside environment. A component of the virus called E1, allows for the virus to be released from a structure, called an endosome, that transports the virus into the cell. Currently, E1 is mostly known for this function, yet our research found that E1 interacts with 486 protein components of the host cell, suggesting a more elaborate role of E1 than previously understood. This list of interactors provides numerous new targets for potential medications to combat VEEV and other closely related viruses. Discovered E1 interactors, protein disulfide isomerase family A member 6 (PDIA6) and valosin containing protein (VCP), were validated through extensive experimentation and their function in viral replication was further explored. Protein disulfide isomerases (PDI), such as PDIA6, play an important role in folding proteins, which are cellular components made of organic building blocks called amino acids. PDIs do so by creating organic pillars, called disulfide bonds, between two cysteine amino acid residues. These disulfide bonds contribute to the 3D shape of the proteins they fold which are essential for the protein's function. E1 of VEEV has a total of eight disulfide bonds within its structure, highlighting that disulfide bonds are likely essential for the protein's structure, and therefore, function. We verified that E1 could not properly fold without PDI function by using two compounds that prevented PDI from forming or breaking disulfide bonds, specifically LOC14 and FDA approved drug nitazoxanide. Cells treated with one of either compound before and after infection with VEEV, were found to produce E1 protein with significantly less disulfide bonds therefore producing less viable virus. Further experiments also showed that the compounds also affected early stages in the virus production cycle. These two mechanisms explain the significant reduction in production of VEEV and related viruses when PDI is inhibited. These results provide a new VEEV drug target, PDIs, as well as two compounds that can potentially be used to combat VEEV and other related viruses that have no current treatment options. Another host interactor, VCP, functions throughout the cell and is known for unfolding of numerous substrates, including proteins. It is involved in numerous cellular functions thus making this interactor a promising target for drug treatment. Cells with reduced VCP function were shown to produce less progeny VEEV. Cells treated with NMS-873, a compound that reduces VCP function was also shown to reduce VEEV production. NMS-863 inhibition of VCP was shown to effect early events in VEEV replication. These results further emphasize the E1 interactors discovered are invaluable novel targets for VEEV drug treatment.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o processo de aproximação diplomática empreendido pelos governos do Brasil e da Venezuela entre os anos de 1983 e 1998. Esse período foi marcado por forte crise econômica na América Latina, decorrente da elevação dos juros da dívida externa e da interrupção dos fluxos de financiamento. A situação de crise provocou reconfiguração de políticas econômicas e estruturas políticas nos dois países: os contextos similares permitiram o estreitamento de relações entre eles, mesmo a despeito das turbulências da crise. Procuraremos mostrar como se desenvolveram essas relações de natureza política e econômica, e suas relações com as estruturas de poder no sistema internacional. / The object of the present dissertation is to analyze the process of diplomatic approximation undertaken by the governments of Brazil and Venezuela between the years of 1983 and 1998. This period was marked by the profound economic crisis in Latin America, due to the rise of the interest rates of the external debt and the interruption of the finance flows. The critical situation led to the reconfiguration of economic politics and political structures in both countries: the similar contexts allowed the development of closer relations between them, in spite of the disturbances of the crisis. We seek to demonstrate how these relations of political and economic nature developed, and their relations with the power structures of the international system.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o processo de aproximação diplomática empreendido pelos governos do Brasil e da Venezuela entre os anos de 1983 e 1998. Esse período foi marcado por forte crise econômica na América Latina, decorrente da elevação dos juros da dívida externa e da interrupção dos fluxos de financiamento. A situação de crise provocou reconfiguração de políticas econômicas e estruturas políticas nos dois países: os contextos similares permitiram o estreitamento de relações entre eles, mesmo a despeito das turbulências da crise. Procuraremos mostrar como se desenvolveram essas relações de natureza política e econômica, e suas relações com as estruturas de poder no sistema internacional. / The object of the present dissertation is to analyze the process of diplomatic approximation undertaken by the governments of Brazil and Venezuela between the years of 1983 and 1998. This period was marked by the profound economic crisis in Latin America, due to the rise of the interest rates of the external debt and the interruption of the finance flows. The critical situation led to the reconfiguration of economic politics and political structures in both countries: the similar contexts allowed the development of closer relations between them, in spite of the disturbances of the crisis. We seek to demonstrate how these relations of political and economic nature developed, and their relations with the power structures of the international system.

Le Venezuela est un pays d'une grande diversité culturelle. La population a des origines indigènes, africaines et européennes. Cette diversité a longtemps été ignorée. Depuis le début des années 2000, et dans le contexte du processus politique de la Révolution Bolivarienne d'Hugo Chávez, la diversité culturelle du peuple vénézuélien est mise en valeur. En effet, l'objectif est de définir et consolider l'identité nationale à partir de cette diversité.Les Afro-vénézuéliens ont longtemps souffert d'une certaine discrimination. Au début du XXe siècle, de nombreux descendants d'esclaves africains, originaires des campagnes migrent vers Caracas. La majorité s'installe dans les quartiers populaires (barrios) et se retrouve dans une situation d'exclusion et de marginalisation. A cela il faut ajouter une certaine perte des repères. Au début des années 80, la culture populaire et les traditions afro-vénézuéliennes apparaissent comme une manière de construire une nouvelle identité. Des groupes culturels afro-vénézuéliens décident de réinterpréter une fête populaire traditionnelle dans ces barrios, la fête de la Saint Jean. A partir de l'étude de cette fête de 2006 à 2012, nous avons essayé de déterminer dans quelles mesures les actions de ces groupes culturels afro-vénézuéliens peuvent contribuer à l'affirmation et la reconnaissance de l'identité afro-vénézuélienne et permettre une meilleure cohésion sociale et intégration de la population de ces quartiers. / Venezuela is a country with an important cultural diversity. The population has Indigenous, African and European origins, though this diversity has long been ignored. Since the beginning of the 2000's, within the political process of the Bolivarian Revolution led by President Hugo Chavez, the cultural diversity of Venezuelans has begun to be recognized. The objective has been to define and reinforce national identity based on cultural diversity. Afro-Venezuelans have been victims of discrimination. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many descendants of African slaves migrated from the countryside to urban Caracas. The great majority settled in barrios and lived in a situation of exclusion and marginalization and, in addition, lost a great deal of their references. At the beginning of the eighties, popular culture and Afro-Venezuelan traditions appeared as a way to construct a new identity. Afro-Venezuelan cultural groups decided to reinterpret a traditional popular festival in these barrios, the Festival of San Juan. By the study of this festival, from 2006 to 2012, we studied how the actions of Afro-Venezuelan cultural groups can contribute to affirm and recognize Afro-Venezuelan identity and lead to an increase in social cohesion and integration of the population in these barrios.

La migración venezolana es parte de los numerosos problemas por los que atraviesan los países de Latinoamérica. Venezuela se sumergió en una gran crisis política y recesión económica, luego de la muerte del presidente Hugo Chávez (2013). Nicolás Maduro, el actual presidente, no ha sabido cómo salir de esta hiperinflación, que este año llegará a rondar el 10.000.000%, según el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). Por eso, cerca de tres millones de llaneros han escapado de su país porque no tienen empleo o el sueldo no les alcanza para sobrevivir. Cerca de un millón de venezolanos han ingresado al Perú en busca de nuevas oportunidades y un futuro mejor. Pero, algunos de ellos han cometido y cometen delitos en el país, que ha sido muy sonado en todos los medios y ha generado una opinión negativa en una parte de la población. El siguiente trabajo de investigación trata sobre el análisis del manejo de la información (la cobertura periodística) de los artículos web de los diarios El Comercio y La República sobre migrantes venezolanos en el Perú. Me he enfocado a estos medios masivos, pues considero que estos actúan como sistemas de transmisión de mensajes y símbolos para el ciudadano promedio. Es por ello que los objetivos de este trabajo de investigación son el análisis crítico de los discursos periodísticos, como representaciones que construyen una realidad, sobre los migrantes venezolanos en el Perú. / Venezuelan migration is part of the numerous problems that Latin American countries are going through. Venezuela was immersed in a great political crisis and economic recession, after the death of President Hugo Chávez (2013). Nicolás Maduro, the current president, has not known how to get out of this hyperinflation, which this year will reach around 10,000,000%, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Therefore, about three million llaneros have escaped from their country because they have no employment or their salary is not enough to survive. Nearly one million Venezuelans have entered Peru in search of new opportunities and a better future. But, some of them have committed and commit crimes in the country, which has been widely heard in all media and has generated a negative opinion in a part of the population. The following research work deals with the analysis of information management (journalistic coverage) of the web articles of the newspapers El Comercio and La República about Venezuelan migrants in Peru. I have focused on these mass media, because I consider that these act as systems of transmission of messages and symbols for the average citizen. That is why the objectives of this research work are the critical analysis of journalistic discourses, as representations that build a reality, about Venezuelan migrants in Peru. / Trabajo de investigación

Introducción: Además de tener acceso limitado a los servicios de salud, la población migrante es vulnerable a problemas de salud tales como enfermedades crónicas. Considerando la masiva migración venezolana al Perú se evaluó la asociación entre factores sociodemográficos y recibir tratamiento para enfermedades crónicas en pacientes migrantes venezolanos según la “Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País” - ENPOVE 2018. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico basado en un análisis secundario de ENPOVE 2018. El estudio incluyó a todo migrante venezolano con 18 años a más que tuvieran enfermedades crónicas de cualquier tipo. El desenlace fue haber recibido tratamiento para la enfermedad crónica que padece. Se usó Regresión de Poisson para obtener razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RPa) considerando el muestreo complejo. Resultados: Un total de 865 personas con enfermedades crónicas fueron incluidas; de estos 21.98% recibió tratamiento. La media de edad fue 36.6 años, 41.8% fueron hombres, y 92.7% no tenían seguro de salud. Recibir tratamiento se asoció a ser viudo/divorciado/ex conviviente (RPa:1.87; IC95%:1.16-3.03) respecto a los convivientes/casados. Estar afiliado a cualquier tipo de seguro de salud aumentó la probabilidad de recibir tratamiento (RPa:1.85; IC95%:1.19-2.88). Para enfermedad crónica metabólica, solo se encontró asociación con estar afiliado a cualquier tipo de seguro (RPa:2.26; IC95%:1.17-4.39). Conclusión: El estar afiliado a cualquier seguro de salud estuvo asociado tanto a recibir tratamiento para cualquier enfermedad crónica como para enfermedad crónica metabólica. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de brindar aseguramiento en salud a las poblaciones vulnerables, como migrantes. / Background: Migrants have limited access to healthcare and are particularly vulnerable to health problems like chronic diseases. Considering the massive migration from Venezuela to Peru, the aim of this study is to assess the association of sociodemographic factors with receiving treatment for chronic diseases among Venezuelan migrants according to “Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País” - ENPOVE 2018. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis from ENPOVE 2018 was conducted. We included all Venezuelan migrants ≥18 years old with chronic diseases of any kind. The outcome was to receive treatment for the chronic disease that the patient suffers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were obtained using Poisson regression corrected by complex sampling. Results: We included 865 migrants with chronic diseases; from whom, 21.98% received treatment. Mean age was 36.6 years old, 41.8% were male, and 92.71% did not have health insurance. Receiving treatment was associated with being widow/divorced/ex-partner (aPR:1.87; 95%CI:1.16-3.03) compared with being married or in a partnership. Having health insurance increased the probability of receiving treatment (aPR:1.85; 95%CI:1.19-2.88). For chronic metabolic diseases, receiving treatment was only associated with having health insurance (aPR:2.26; 95%CI:1.17-4.39). Conclusion: Having health insurance was associated with receiving treatment for any chronic disease and for metabolic chronic diseases. These results highlight the need of offering health insurance to vulnerable populations, like migrants. / Tesis

La presente tesis aspira a demonstrar que, ante la afluencia masiva de personas venezolanas a territorio peruano, sobre todo en los años 2017, 2018 y 2019, el Estado peruano debería haber aplicado la Declaración de Cartagena de 1984, conforme está transcrita a su normativa interna, en la Ley N°27891 y su Reglamento. Para ello, se presenta primero el marco legal internacional y nacional del Derecho de Refugiados; para luego apreciar estadísticamente los movimientos migratorios sucesivos de más de un millón de venezolanos hacía el Perú. Investigamos, al detalle, el actuar del Estado peruano ante esta situación. Analizamos rigorosamente cada uno de los elementos constitutivos, que habrían justificado el otorgamiento del asilo, a los migrantes venezolanos, en base a la definición ampliada de refugiado, tal como está estipulada en la Declaración de Cartagena de 1984 y recogida en el literal b) del Artículo 3.- de la Ley peruana del Refugiado, Ley N°27891, y en aplicación del mecanismo de acogida grupal o prima facie. Se consideran las objeciones del Perú frente a esta constelación, para refutar sus argumentos y demostrar los beneficios que le resultarían de la aplicación de la Declaración de Cartagena de 1984 y de su propia normativa sobre refugio. Comprobamos la validez de esta afirmación, al observar la complejidad de una regularización ex post de la presencia venezolana en el Perú, a la cual finalmente, se ha visto obligado el Estado peruano. / This thesis aims to demonstrate that, given the massive influx of Venezuelan people into Peruvian territory, especially in 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Peruvian State should have applied the Cartagena Declaration of 1984, as transcribed into its internal Law No. 27891 and Regulation. For this, we first present the international and national legal framework of Refugee Law, and then statistically appreciate the successive migratory movements of more than one million Venezuelans to Peru. We investigate, in detail, the Peruvian State´s response to this situation. We rigorously analyze each of the constituent elements that would have justified the granting of asylum to Venezuelan migrants, based on the expanded definition of refugee, as stipulated in the Cartagena Declaration of 1984 and included in Article 3 (b) of the Peruvian Refugee Law, Law No. 27891, and in application of the group or prima facie reception mechanism. Peru's objections to this constellation are considered in order to refute its arguments and demonstrate the benefits that would result from the application of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration and its own internal refugee regulations. We verify the validity of this statement by observing the complexity of an ex post regularization of the Venezuelan presence in Peru, which the Peruvian State has finally been forced to undertake. / Tesis

[pt] A presente tese investiga o deslocamento forçado e a ressignificação de vida em narrativas de refugiadas venezuelanas, com formação universitária e ex-alunas do curso de Português para refugiados do PARES Caritas-RJ, lócus em que a pesquisadora atuou como professora voluntária. Os objetivos consistem em analisar as narrativas e indicar as motivações que essas participantes tiveram para deixar a Venezuela, as condições da travessia para o Brasil, a inserção na sociedade brasileira e o processo de ressignificação de suas vidas no Rio de Janeiro. A fundamentação teórica situa-se na análise de narrativas, na ordem micro e macro, em que são sinalizadas avaliações e construções identitárias de refugiadas venezuelanas, na interação com a pesquisadora, incluindo o uso de diálogo construído. A metodologia é de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, através da observação participante, mediante realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, gravadas remotamente em plataforma de videoconferência. As entrevistas foram realizadas em Português, língua escolhida pelas participantes. Nas transcrições, foi necessário estabelecer convenções que destacassem a prosódia do Espanhol no uso do Português ao longo de todas as falas. As entrevistadas fazem o relato de suas trajetórias, sempre marcadas por contínuos recomeços que as obrigam a se ressignificarem emocional, identitária e profissionalmente, tanto na sociedade de acolhida quanto no país natal. Além de apontar para as dificuldades de comunicação nas interações com os brasileiros não falantes de Espanhol, as narrativas expõem a dificuldade das entrevistadas em relação à falta de assistência e de políticas públicas que mulheres em situação de refúgio enfrentam no Brasil, principalmente devido a este conjunto de vulnerabilidades: serem mulheres, refugiadas, latino-americanas, não-falantes do Português. Suas falas revelam, ainda, o doloroso percurso para o estabelecimento e a sobrevivência no Rio de Janeiro e a consequente, e forçada, ressignificação de vida no âmbito familiar, social e profissional. Os resultados da análise indicam que a principal razão de deslocamento do país de origem é, 7 sobretudo, de ordem social, econômica e política, agravada pela crise humanitária e pela violação dos direitos humanos na Venezuela. A pesquisa possibilitou, ainda, importantes reflexões sobre a necessidade de se pensar nos impactos desse deslocamento na sociedade brasileira, assim como na urgência de políticas governamentais voltadas para o acolhimento, a garantia de direitos e a reinserção social de vidas forçadamente deslocadas. / [en] The present thesis investigates forced displacement and life resignification in narratives of Venezuelan women refugees, undergraduate and former students of the Portuguese Course for Refugees at PARES Caritas-RJ, where the researcher worked as a volunteer teacher. The objectives consist in indicating in which motivations these women had to leave Venezuela, the conditions of the crossing to Brazil, how was their ways into Brazilian society and the resignification process of their lives in Rio de Janeiro. The theoretical foundation lies in the analysis of narratives, in the micro and macro-orders; in which assessments and identity constructions of Venezuelan women refugees are highlighted; in the interaction with the researcher; including the use of constructed dialogue. The methodology is qualitative and interpretive, through participative observation of semi-structured interviews, remotely recorded on a videoconference platform. All the interviews were held in Portuguese - language chosen by the participants. Conventions were necessary to be established to highlight the Spanish prosody in the use of Portuguese throughout all speeches. The interviewed reported their trajectories, always marked by continuous new beginnings that force them to resignify their identities as well as themselves emotionally and professionally, both in the welcoming society and in their native country. These narratives expose difficult communication during interactions with Brazilians who are not Spanish speakers, as the lack of assistance and public policies experienced in Brazil, mainly due to these vulnerabilities: as women, refugees, Latin American and non-Portuguese speakers. Their narratives also reveal the painful journey of settlement and survival in Rio de Janeiro, the consequent, and forced, life resignification in the family, social and professional contexts. The result of this analysis indicates that the main reason for displacement from the country of origin is, above all, social, economic and political, aggravated by the humanitarian crisis and the violation of human rights in Venezuela. The research also enabled important reflections about impacts of this displacement on Brazilian society, as well as the urgency of government policies aimed at welcoming, guaranteeing rights and social reintegration of forcibly displaced lives. / [es] La presente tesis investiga el desplazamiento forzado y la resignificación de la vida en narrativas de refugiadas venezolanas, con formación universitaria y exalumnas del Curso de Portugués para Refugiados de PARES Cáritas-RJ, locus en el que la investigadora actuó como profesora voluntaria. Los objetivos consisten en analizar las narrativas e indicar las motivaciones que tuvieron las participantes de la investigación para salir de Venezuela, las condiciones de la travesía hasta Brasil, la inserción en la sociedad brasileña y el proceso de resignificación de sus vidas en Río de Janeiro. El enfoque teórico-metodológico es el análisis de narrativas, de orden micro y macro, en que son indicadas evaluaciones y construcciones identitarias de refugiadas venezolanas, en la interacción con la investigadora, incluyendo el uso de diálogo construido. La metodología es de carácter cualitativo e interpretativo, a través de la observación participante, mediante la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas de forma remota en una plataforma de videoconferencia. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas en portugués, idioma escogido por las participantes. En las transcripciones, fue necesario establecer convenciones que destacasen la prosodia del español en el uso del portugués, a lo largo de todos los discursos. Las entrevistadas relatan sus historias, siempre marcadas por continuos reinicios que las obligan a resignificarse en los campos emocional, identitario y profesional, tanto en la sociedad de acogida como en su país natal. Además de señalar las dificultades de comunicación en las interacciones con brasileños no hispanohablantes, las narrativas exponen las dificultades de las entrevistadas en relación con la falta de asistencia y de políticas públicas que enfrentan las mujeres en situación de refugio en Brasil, principalmente debido a este conjunto de vulnerabilidades: ser mujeres, refugiadas, latinoamericanas, no hablantes de portugués. Sus discursos también revelan el doloroso camino de implantación y supervivencia en Río de Janeiro y la consecuente y forzada resignificación de la vida en los ámbitos familiar, social y profesional. Los resultados del análisis indican que el principal motivo del desplazamiento del país 11 de origen es, sobre todo, social, económico y político, agravado por la crisis humanitaria y la violación de los derechos humanos en Venezuela. La investigación también permitió importantes reflexiones sobre la necesidad de pensar en los impactos de este desplazamiento en la sociedad brasileña, así como en la urgencia de políticas gubernamentales destinadas a acoger, garantizar los derechos y la reintegración social de las vidas desplazadas por la fuerza.