Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Therefore, numerous studies are undertaken to identify indicators which can be applied to discover cardiac dysfunctions at an early age. Among others, the fluid dynamics of the blood flow (hemodymanics) is considered to contain relevant information related to abnormal performance of the heart.This thesis presents a robust framework for numerical simulation of the fluid dynamics of the blood flow in the left ventricle of a human heart and the fluid-structure interaction of the blood and the aortic leaflets.We first describe a patient-specific model for simulating the intraventricular blood flow. The motion of the endocardial wall is extracted from data acquired with medical imaging and we use the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations to model the hemodynamics within the chamber. We set boundary conditions to model the opening and closing of the mitral and aortic valves respectively, and we apply a stabilized Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) space-time finite element method to simulate the blood flow. Even though it is difficult to collect in-vivo data for validation, the available data and results from other simulation models indicate that our approach possesses the potential and capability to provide relevant information about the intraventricular blood flow.To further demonstrate the robustness and clinical feasibility of our model, a semi-automatic pathway from 4D cardiac ultrasound imaging to patient-specific simulation of the blood flow in the left ventricle is developed. The outcome is promising and further simulations and analysis of large data sets are planned.In order to enhance our solver by introducing additional features, the fluid solver is extended by embedding different geometrical prototypes of both a native and a mechanical aortic valve in the outflow area of the left ventricle.Both, the contact as well as the fluid-structure interaction, are modeled as a unified continuum problem using conservation laws for mass and momentum. To use this ansatz for simulating the valvular dynamics is unique and has the expedient properties that the whole problem can be described with partial different equations and the same numerical methods for discretization are applicable.All algorithms are implemented in the high performance computing branch of Unicorn, which is part of the open source software framework FEniCS-HPC. The strong advantage of implementing the solvers in an open source software is the accessibility and reproducibility of the results which enhance the prospects of developing a method with clinical relevance. / <p>QC 20171006</p>

Orientadores: José Wilson Magalhães Bassani, Rosana Almada Bassani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:00:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oshiyama_NataliaFerreira_D.pdf: 4721295 bytes, checksum: 5ed8a9a173462afb13315f133bf426f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O potencial de ação (PA), variação do potencial elétrico através da membrana (Em), é gerado por fluxos iônicos através de canais e transportadores, cuja função e expressão pode ser alterada por hormônios, neurotransmissores, drogas e toxinas. Trata-se de um sistema complexo, para o qual os modelos computacionais constituem ferramenta importante de estudo. No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvido um modelo de PA e transporte de Ca2+ em células ventriculares de ratos neonatos, para o que foi necessário medir a concentração intracelular de Na+ ([Na+]i) e a corrente de Na+ (INa) em cardiomiócitos isolados, sobre as quais há pouca informação na literatura, e as correntes de Ca2+ (ICa), transiente de saída (Ito) e retificadora tardia (IK) de K+, além do próprio PA para melhorar a precisão do modelo. Medições em miócitos de ratos adultos foram realizadas para comparação. Foi observada menor excitabilidade das células de ratos neonatos, o que poderia ser explicado por um deslocamento da curva de ativação de INa de ~10 mV para a direita, i.e., a ativação dos canais de Na+ ocorreu em Em menos negativos e numa faixa mais ampla de Em em miócitos de neonatos do que em células de adultos. Outra diferença encontrada foi com relação à densidade de INa, ~2 vezes maior em células de neonatos. O maior influxo de Na+ poderia causar um aumento da [Na+]i durante a atividade em células de recém-nascidos, que foi confirmado pela medição de [Na+]i. No entanto, não houve aumento significativo quando ICa e o trocador Na+/Ca2+ (NCX) foram inibidos, o que indica que o aumento da [Na+]i se deve mais ao efluxo de Ca2+ via NCX do que ao influxo pelos canais de Na+ do sarcolema. Além disso, observou- se maior duração do PA em miócitos de neonatos, que poderia ser explicada pela menor densidade observada de correntes repolarizantes (Ito e IK). No entanto, não foi detectada diferença entre idades na densidade de ICa. Dados de simulações mostraram que o retículo sarcoplasmático (RS) é a principal fonte do Ca2+ ativador da contração e que a liberação fracional de Ca2+ do RS nos ratos neonatos é menor que nos adultos, confirmando dados experimentais deste laboratório. Portanto, o modelo poderá ser utilizado para predizer possíveis alterações eletrofisiológicas dos cardiomiócitos de ratos neonatos em diferentes condições. / Abstract: The action potential (AP), a change in electrical potential across the membrane (Em), is generated by ionic fluxes through channels and transporters, of which function and expression may be affected by hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs and toxins. Computational models constitute an important tool for the study of this highly non-linear and complex system. In this work, a model of AP and Ca2+ transport in ventricular cells of neonatal rats was developed. It was necessary to measure the intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) and the Na+ current (INa), for which information in the literature is scarce, and the Ca2+ current (ICa), as well as the outward transient (Ito) and delayed rectifier (IK) K+ currents, in addition to the AP itself, to improve the accuracy of the model. Measurements from adult rat myocytes were also made in order to compare these developmental phases. It was observed that neonatal rat cells are less excitable, which could be explained by a ~10 mV shift to the right of the channel activation curve, i.e., Na+ channels activation occured at less negative Em value and over a higher range of Em compared to adult cells. On the other hand, INa density was twice as great as that in adults. This might promote increase in [Na+]i during activity in cells from newborns, which was confirmed by measurement of [Na+]i. Nonetheless, significant Na+ accumulation was suppressed when ICa and the Na+ / Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) were inhibited, which indicates that the increase in [Na+]i probably depends more on Ca2+ efflux via NCX than on the influx through sarcolemmal Na+ channels. The longer AP duration in neonatal myocytes could be explained by the lower density of the repolarizing currents (Ito and IK). However, age-dependent difference in ICa density was not observed. Simulation data agreed with experimental data from this laboratory regarding the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as the main source of Ca2+ during excitation-contraction coupling and the lower SR fractional release in neonatal than in adult myocytes. In conclusion, the present model may be used to predict possible electrophysiological alterations in developing cardiomyocytes under different conditions. / Doutorado / Engenharia Biomedica / Doutora em Engenharia Elétrica

This thesis aims to determine the impact of slowed myocardial conduction velocity and depressed myocyte contractility on the duration of isovolumic contraction time (ICT) of the left ventricle by carrying out simulations using finite element method. A 3D finite element model enabling to simulate both physiological and pathological states of myocardium was created. The model is based on simplified ellipsoidal geometry and accounts for anisotropic behavior of myocardium, its asynchronous contraction and variations in the arrangement of muscle fibers. Slowing of conduction velocity to a half of its physiological value resulted in prolongation of ICT by 27 %; slowing of shortening velocity of myocytes by the same percentage prolonged ICT by 73 %. It is therefore concluded that ICT can be much more prolonged due to depressed contractility than due to conduction slowing. The presented results give an idea of the extent to which ICT can be prolonged due to depressed contractility and conduction slowing and therefore can be useful in identifying the causes of decreased myocardial performance in heart disease.

Les pathologies cardiovasculaires sont responsables d’un grand nombre de décès dans le monde aujourd’hui, dont plus de la moitié trouve son origine dans des anomalies rythmiques. Les phénomènes de dépolarisation et de repolarisation rythmiques des cardiomyocytes, à l’origine de l’activité contractile rythmique du myocarde, mettent en jeu des processus cellulaires consommateurs d’énergie et les mitochondries,. Dans cette thèse, la régulation de la fonction mitochondriale a été étudiée lors de l’induction d’arythmies ventriculaires sur coeurs isolés perfusés de rats. Les résultats montrent que l'évolution de la consommation d’oxygène du myocarde est un paramètre important dans la réponse aux arythmies. L’inhibition des myosines ATPases par la blebbistatine induit sur la durée une diminution de la susceptibilité vis-à-vis des arythmies. Les acteurs impliqués dans les différents types de réponses mitochondriales ont été caractérisés sur fibres perméabilisées. Nous montrons que la régulation de la fonction mitochondriale varie en fonction de la chambre cardiaque considérée. Les mesures de Km de la respiration mitochondriale, ainsi que l’étude des principaux mécanismes de transfert énergétiques, mettent en évidence des différences marquées entre les différentes chambres cardiaques. .Les résultats de nos travaux suggèrent que le remodelage myocardique observé en réponse aux modifications de charge, et/ou lors du développement des pathologies du myocarde sont susceptibles de favoriser la constitution d’un substrat arythmogène, propre à chaque chambre, et impliquant des perturbations des mécanismes de transfert énergétique. / Cardiovascular disease is the first cause of mortality in the whole world. Half of this mortality is due to heart failure, a progressive deterioration of cardiac contraction, which can be caused by electrical dyssynchrony. Implication of heart energetics on susceptibility to arrhythmia is therefore of particular interest to better understood the overall effect as well as the relative importance of the potential partners on developed pathologies. In this thesis, energetic regulation of mitochondria was studied in perfused hearts paced to induce arrhythmia. Myocardial oxygen consumption was shown as a crucial parameter in the response to rhythm troubles. Inhibitions of ATPase myofibrils by blebbistatin or AK-phosphotransfer by Ap5a did not produce same responses of mitochondrial compartment. When inhibited by Blebb, most of hearts presented less ectopic beats highlighting an anti-arrhythmic profile in this case of myofibrils inhibition. Energetic parameters involved in mitochondrial responses were characterized in skinned fibres. Mitochondria regulation was different between ventricle and atria, with a less sensitivity of mitochondria in atria compared to ventricle. Mechanisms of energy transfer between supply and demand were different between ventricle and atria. The role of AK-phosphotransfer was described as a determining parameter for atria energy maintenance, whereas ventricle presented a functional efficacy of CK pathway to regulate adenine nucleotide turnover. As suggested by these results, the role of adenylic nucleotides channeling could be considered as a mechanism used to counteract altered cardiac energetics that potentially sustained electrical pathologies.

- 4 - Abstract Adaptation to hypoxia or exercise training has cardioprotective effects against acute ischemic injury, but can potentially negatively influence heart function. Possible negative changes depend on the degree of hypoxia and exercise training intensity. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the effects of the specific adaptation protocols used. The ideal technique is echocardiography, which enables non-invasive, repeated and long-term measurements of the same individual allowing to study the development of changes in the course of adaptation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of selected protocols of adaptation to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (corresponding to the altitude of 4,000 to 8,000 meters above sea level, for 15 weeks in total) and exercise training (running speed 30 m.min-1 for 60 min a day, 4 weeks in total) on the left ventricle geometry and systolic function in rats. We assessed basic echocardiographic parameters of the ventricle geometry and function such as fractional shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output etc. The adaptation of rats to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia lead neither to the impairment of systolic function nor to the development of left ventricle hypertrophy compared to controls; signs of moderate hypertrophy were observed only...

Recently, they are examined various means for activating the endogenous signalling pathways leading to increased resistance of the myocardium from ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. One of them is the adaptation to chronic hypoxia, which has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of ventricular arrhythmias, improves the recovery of postischemic contractile function of the heart and particularly reduces the extent of myocardial infarction. Since the function of the heart depends on the maintenance of membrane integrity of cardiomyocytes there are very important phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which are involved in the repair of cellular membranes. Also they are an important component of the protective signalling pathways because they cleave membrane phospholipids to produce lipid signalling molecules. Elucidate the role of PLA2 and the precise mechanism of action of signalling pathways leading to cardioprotection could be important for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, in this thesis we examined the influence of continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH) to the relative representation of cardiac PLA2 (secretory - sPLA2IIA, calcium-independent - iPLA2, cytosolic - cPLA2α and its phosphorylated form - p-cPLA2α), and proteins involved in the activation and phosphorylation of...

Myocardial damage is one of the most serious consequences of arterial hypertension. Changes in the heart structure and function develop not only due to pressure overload itself, but many other hemodynamic and neurohumoral factors contribute to their formation. Our work has compared echocardiohraphic strucutural anf functional changes of the left ventricle, caused by essential hypertension and hypertension associated with primary aldosteronism (PA) as the most common reason for secondary hypertension. The first part of our work focused on the differences in left ventricle geometry in men with PA and essential hypertension after separating it's low-renin form (where, similarly to PA, the plasma volume expansion was considered to have the dominant effect on left ventricle remodelation). In men with low-renin forms of hypertension including PA, we observed greater both endsystolic and enddiastolic diameter of the left ventricle, lower relative wall thickness and more frequent eccentric type of hypertrophy when compared to essential hypertensives with normal renin levels. Whereas left ventricle cavity diameters were positively correlated to aldosterone levels, wall thicknesses were associated mainly with hypertension severity expressed as an average 24hour blood pressure and number of antihypertensives....

Objectif : L'hypertension est associée à une hyperplasie cardiovasculaire, un taux de renouvellement cellulaire accéléré et une diminution de la longueur des télomères. Nous avons postulé que le renversement de l’hyperplasie par apoptose sélective observé avec les inhibiteurs du système rénine-angiotensine (iSRA) chez le rat spontanément hypertendu (SHR) est associé à une modulation de la longueur des télomères cardiovasculaires. Méthodes : La mesure relative du poids du ventricule gauche (VG) et son contenu en ADN ont été mesurés. Dans l’aorte, l’hypertrophie a été mesurée histologiquement et l’hyperplasie par décompte des cellules de muscle lisse (CML). La longueur des télomères (TRF) a été mesurée par immunobuvardage de type Southern. Ces mesures ont été effectuées chez des rats SHR traités avec un placebo, un iSRA (énalapril ou losartan) ou l'hydralazine pendant 21 jours, ainsi que chez les rats normotendus Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Résultats : Les iSRA ont partiellement normalisé le contenu en ADN dans le VG et complètement normalisé le décompte cellulaire des CML dans l’aorte. Comparativement aux rats WKY, les SHR placebo ont montré un plus haut pourcentage de TRF courts dans le ventricule gauche (50,2% vs 64,6%; p<0,05) ainsi qu’une longueur moyenne des TRF plus courte (62,6 Kb vs 57,1Kb; p<0,05). Ces différences ont été abolies par l'énalapril et le losartan mais pas par l'hydralazine. Dans l’aorte, les résultats préliminaires n’ont pas révélé de différence significative. Ils suggèrent que les rats SHR-placebo ont des télomères plus longs que les rats WKY et que les inhibiteurs du SRA tendent à normaliser cette différence. Conclusion : Les iSRA ont normalisé la longueur des télomères dans le VG. Nous spéculons que les iSRA agissent comme agents sénolytiques et éliminent préférentiellement les fibroblastes cardiaques avec télomères courts. Dans l’aorte, d’autres études sont requises afin de confirmer une possible régulation différentielle spécifique à ce tissu. / Objective: Hypertension is associated with cardiovascular hyperplasia, an increased cell turnover and a decrease in telomere length. We postulated that the reversal of hyperplasia by selective apoptosis observed with renin-angiotensin inhibitors (RASi) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is associated with a modulation of cardiovascular telomere length. Methods: Relative weight of the left ventricle (LV) and its DNA content were measured. In the aorta, hypertrophy was measured histologically and hyperplasia was measured through smooth muscle cell (SMC) count. Telomere restriction fragment (TRF) length was measured using Southern blot. Those measures were taken on SHR treated with either a placebo, a RAS inhibitor (enalapril or losartan) or hydralazine for 21 days, as well as on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats. Results: RAS inhibitors partially normalized DNA content in the LV and completely normalized the SMC count in the aorta. Comparatively to the WKY rats, SHR-placebo displayed a higher percentage of short TRF in the LV (50,2% vs 64,6%; p<0,05) as well as a shorter mean TRF length (62,6 Kb vs 57,1Kb; p<0,05). Those differences were eliminated by enalapril and losartan, but not with hydralazine. In the aorta, preliminary results did not yield to significant differences. They suggest that SHR-placebo have longer telomeres than WKY rats and that RAS inhibitors tend to normalize this difference. Conclusion: RAS inhibitors normalized telomere length in the LV. We speculate that RAS inhibitors act as senolytic agents and preferentially eliminate cardiac fibroblasts with short telomeres. In the aorta, more studies are required to confirm the possible differential regulation specific to this tissue.

Au Canada, on estime que 30 000 chirurgies cardiaques sont effectuées chaque année (1). L'insuffisance ventriculaire droite demeure une complication courante chez les patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque. L'incidence de l’insuffisance ventriculaire droite périopératoire aiguë sévère peut aller de 0,1 % après une cardiotomie à 20 à 30 % après l'implantation d'un dispositif d'assistance ventriculaire gauche (2). La survenue d'une défaillance ventriculaire droite est encore plus fréquente en présence d'hypertension pulmonaire. Les conséquences de l'insuffisance ventriculaire droite en chirurgie cardiaque comprennent une détérioration périopératoire et des effets indésirables tels qu'un sevrage difficile de la circulation extracorporelle, une utilisation accrue d'agents vasoactifs intraveineux, et un risque accru de mortalité. Par conséquent, le diagnostic et le traitement de l’hypertension pulmonaire et de la dysfonction ventriculaire droite sont essentiels dans la période périopératoire pour éviter les complications. La surveillance simultanée et en continue des courbes de pression de l’artère pulmonaire et du ventricule droit à l'aide du cathétérisme de l'artère pulmonaire est un outil de surveillance important chez les patients en chirurgie cardiaque pour la détection précoce d'un dysfonctionnement du ventricule droit et pour évaluer la réponse au traitement. Les stratégies thérapeutiques dans ce contexte devraient se concentrer sur la réduction de la postcharge du ventricule droit et l'amélioration de la fonction du ventricule droit tout en évitant l'hypotension systémique. Les hypothèses de cette thèse sont les suivantes : 1) les vasodilatateurs inhalés sont supérieurs aux agents administrés par voie intraveineuse pour le traitement et la gestion de l’hypertension pulmonaire en chirurgie cardiaque, 2) la combinaison d'époprosténol inhalé et de la milrinone inhalée (iE&iM) est une stratégie efficace pour faciliter le sevrage de la circulation extracorporelle et pour réduire les besoins en inotropes intraveineux, 3) tous les patients n'ont pas une réponse vasodilatatrice positive à la combinaison de l’iE&iM, 4) la réponse à l’iE&iM est associée à des changements des courbes de pression du ventricule droit et de l’artère pulmonaire, et 5) le gradient de la chambre de chasse du ventricule droit et la vitesse d’augmentation de la pression intraventriculaire droite (dP/dt) ont le potentiel d'être des marqueurs pharmacodynamiques de la réponse au traitement. Le travail compris dans cette thèse consiste en 3 études. La première est une revue systématique et méta-analyse d'essais contrôlés randomisés démontrant que l'administration de vasodilatateurs inhalés pour le traitement de l’hypertension pulmonaire pendant la chirurgie cardiaque est associée à une amélioration de la performance du ventricule droit comparé aux agents administrés par voie intraveineuse. La deuxième étude est une analyse de cohorte rétrospective de 128 patients recevant l’iE&iM avant la circulation extracorporelle. Cette étude a démontré une réponse vasodilatatrice au traitement par l’iE&iM chez 77% des patients. Une réponse favorable était associée à un sevrage facile de la circulation extracorporelle plus fréquent et à une utilisation plus faible d'inotropes intraveineux. De plus, cette étude a également démontré qu'une hypertension pulmonaire plus sévère est prédictive d'une réponse vasodilatatrice pulmonaire positive, tandis qu'un European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score (EuroSCORE) II élevé est un prédicteur de non-réponse au traitement. La dernière étude de cette thèse est une étude de cohorte prospective incluant 26 patients recevant iE&iM avec surveillance continue de la courbe de pression du ventricule droit démontrant l'innocuité et l'efficacité de cette approche thérapeutique dans l'amélioration de la fonction ventriculaire droite. / In Canada there is an estimated 30,000 cardiac surgeries that are performed each year (1). Right ventricular failure (RVF) remains a common complication in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The incidence of severe acute perioperative RVF can range from 0.1% after cardiotomy to 20-30% after left ventricular assist device implantation (2). The occurrence of RVF is even more frequent in the presence of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Consequences of RVF in cardiac surgery include perioperative deterioration and adverse outcomes such as difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), increased use of intravenous (IV) vasoactive agents and an increased risk of mortality. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of PH and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is essential in the perioperative period to circumvent complications. Continuous and simultaneous monitoring of both pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) and RV pressure (Prv) waveforms using pulmonary artery catheterization is an important monitoring tool in cardiac surgery patients for early detection of RV dysfunction and for evaluating response to treatment. Therapeutic strategies in this context should focus on reducing RV afterload and improving RV function while avoiding systemic hypotension. The hypotheses of this thesis are the following: 1) inhaled aerosolized vasodilators are superior to IV administered agents for the treatment and management of PH in cardiac surgery, 2) the combination of inhaled epoprostenol and inhaled milrinone (iE&iM) is an effective strategy to facilitate separation from CPB and reduce the requirements for IV inotropes, 3) not all patients have a positive vasodilator response to iE&iM, 4) response to iE&iM is associated with changes in RV and PA pressure waveforms, and 5) RV outflow tract (RVOT) gradient and RV maximal rate of pressure rise during early systole (dP/dt) have the potential to be pharmacodynamic markers of response to treatment. The work comprised in this thesis consist of 3 studies. The first is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials showing that administration of inhaled vasodilators for the treatment of PH during cardiac surgery is associated with improved RV performance compared to IV administered agents. The second study is a retrospective cohort analysis of 128 patients receiving iE&iM before CPB. This study showed that 77% of patients have a vasodilator response to iE&iM treatment. A favorable vasodilator response was associated with more frequent easy separation from CPB and lower use of IV inotropes post-CPB. In addition, more severe PH at baseline is shown to be predictive of a positive pulmonary vasodilator response while high European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score (EuroSCORE) II is a predictor of non-response to treatment. The last study of this thesis is a prospective cohort study including 26 patients receiving iE&iM with continuous monitoring of Prv waveform demonstrating the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach in improving RV function.

Ten caucasian male quadriplegics were compared with eight sedentary caucasian male controls in regards to left ventricular dimensions and mass obtained from echocardiograrns. The interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) and left ventricular internal diameter (LVII) were within normal limits for both groups. However, the INS in the SCI were significantly thicker than controls (p <0.05). Myocardial thickness was larger in SCI subjects (p <0.05). Absolute left ventricular mass (LVM) and total left ventricular volume was not different ( p > 0.05), but SCI subjects had significantly greater LVM to lean body mass ratios. Echocardiographically, SCI patients demonstrate concentric hypertrophy. This suggests adaptive response to chronic increase in afterload pressure secondary to their daily activities and muscle spasticity.