The Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP) and Verbal Report Framework (VRF) have demonstrated that both explicit (Explicit Adaptation, EA) and implicit processes (Implicit Adaptation, IA) contribute to visuomotor adaptation. However, the definition of EA is inconsistent across the two paradigms, such that the PDP refers to EA as reflecting one’s knowledge regarding how they have to reach in the novel visuomotor environment, while the VRF refers to EA as reflecting pre-planned aiming strategies. The objective of the current experiment was to compare EA as assessed via the PDP and VRF and hence provide insight into if they are assessing similar explicit processes. Sixty-one participants were evenly divided into three groups (PDP, VRF and VRF-No Cursor) and trained to reach in a virtual environment with an aligned cursor (1 block of 45 trials) and then a cursor rotated 40° clockwise (CW) relative to hand motion (3 blocks of 45 trials). EA and IA were assessed immediately following each block of rotated reach training trials, and again 5-minutes later. In the assessment trials, the PDP group reached while using any learned strategy (EA+IA), or while not engaging in a strategy (IA) and the VRF group reported their planned aiming direction by picking a number from an array of numbers surrounding the target (EA), before reaching to the target (EA+IA) with visual feedback. The VRF-No Cursor group completed the same assessment trials as the VRF group, but no visual feedback was presented during assessment of EA and IA. Following this, participants completed a post-experiment questionnaire and a drawing task to assess their awareness of the visuomotor rotation and changes in their reaches respectively. We found that all groups adapted their reaches to the 40° CW cursor rotation. As well, averaged across participants, the magnitude and retention of EA and IA were similar between the PDP and VRF groups. However, the magnitude of EA established via the VRF was not related to participants’ post-experiment awareness of the visuomotor distortion and how they had changed their reaches, as observed in the PDP and VRF No-Cursor groups. Together, these results indicate that, while the PDP and VRF suggest similar contributions of EA and IA to visuomotor adaptation, the methods of assessment engage different explicit processes. EA assessed within the VRF does not reflect one’s awareness of the visuomotor distortion at the end of the experiment or how they changed their reaches.

Paraphrasing is taught to postsecondary students to help them avoid plagiarism in their academic essays, but it can be challenging for native speakers (L1) as well as nonnative speakers (L2) of English. To examine these challenges I analyzed 35 paraphrases written by 4 English-Canadian students and 5 Japanese international students at an English-medium community college in Ontario. I evaluated paraphrase quality through a modified replication of Keck’s (2006) analytic method, and I analyzed paraphrase appropriateness through a set of criteria I developed and verified with a second rater. I then analyzed 6 concurrent and post-task reports of 3 L1 and 3 L2 students, who used a variety of paraphrasing strategies. All participants wrote relatively inappropriate paraphrases which did not always correspond with perceived appropriateness. L1 students tended to copy directly from the original text excerpts more often than the L2 students did. Implications for teaching and further research are discussed.

Paraphrasing is taught to postsecondary students to help them avoid plagiarism in their academic essays, but it can be challenging for native speakers (L1) as well as nonnative speakers (L2) of English. To examine these challenges I analyzed 35 paraphrases written by 4 English-Canadian students and 5 Japanese international students at an English-medium community college in Ontario. I evaluated paraphrase quality through a modified replication of Keck’s (2006) analytic method, and I analyzed paraphrase appropriateness through a set of criteria I developed and verified with a second rater. I then analyzed 6 concurrent and post-task reports of 3 L1 and 3 L2 students, who used a variety of paraphrasing strategies. All participants wrote relatively inappropriate paraphrases which did not always correspond with perceived appropriateness. L1 students tended to copy directly from the original text excerpts more often than the L2 students did. Implications for teaching and further research are discussed.

Although sensation-seeking status is associated with age of initiation and amount of drug use among adolescents, and sensitivity to the behavioral and reinforcing effects of drugs among young adults, it is unclear whether sensation-seeking status among adolescents is predictive of sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of drugs (i.e. abuse potential) as adults. This study examined the acute behavioral effects of oral diazepam and d-amphetamine in young adults, ages 18-21 years, who had consistently scored in the highest or lowest third of their grade-based cohort on a modified Sensation Seeking Scale that was completed annually between ages 10 and 14 years. Healthy participants completed 16 7.5-h test days, with test days separated by a minimum of 48 h. Each day, assessments consisting of computer task performance, verbal report of drug effects, and cardiovascular measures were completed 0, 50, 110, 170, 230, and 290 min after drug administration. Placebo and three active doses of diazepam and d-amphetamine (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/70 kg) were tested under double-blind conditions according to a randomized-block design. Typical stimulant and sedative effects were obtained with d-amphetamine and diazepam, respectively. Drug effects varied as a function of sensation-seeking status, with magnitude of effects on cardiovascular function, task performance, and report of positive drug effects being greater among high sensation seekers, and report of negative drug effects being greater among low sensation seekers. Adolescents who report high levels of sensation seeking on a consistent basis are more sensitive to pharmacological effects of stimulant and sedative drugs that are associated with abuse potential as young adults.

As alteracoes na percepcao da passagem do tempo dos seres humanos tem sido investigadas em relacao as caracteristicas de diversos estimulos, condicoes corporais ou determinados tipos de tarefa. Porem, pouco se sabe sobre essas alteracoes como funcao das contingencias reforcadoras ou punitivas que controlam o comportamento. Este estudo visou investigar essa questao experimentalmente atraves do uso de um jogo virtual em computador simulando percursos de um avatar em um labirinto com 36 situacoes de escolha entre esquerda e direita. Pontos poderiam ser ganhos ou perdidos, sendo a pontuacao final convertida em titulos de nobreza hipoteticos dentro de um ranking previamente estabelecido. Tres contingencias foram manipuladas: sob Punicao (P) escolhas erradas entre direita e esquerda produziam perda de pontos; sob Reforcamento (R) escolhas certas produziam ganho de pontos; na condicao Controle (C) nao havia alteracao nos pontos. No Experimento 1 (n=60), tres grupos foram manipulados, cada um exposto a uma dessas contingencias; no Experimento 1A (n=40) novos participantes passaram pelas condicoes P e R, porem com uma alteracao na instrucao explicitando o nao perigo de morte do avatar; no Experimento 2 (n=6), cada participante foi exposto as tres condicoes experimentais, sendo manipulada a ordem de exposicao: C-P-R e C-R-P. Cada participante foi solicitado a estimar o tempo que permaneceu jogando: nos dois primeiros estudos essa solicitacao foi feita apenas apos o termino do jogo (estimativa retrospectiva); no ultimo os participantes foram informados ao inicio da primeira sessao experimental que essa solicitacao lhes seria feita ao final de cada sessao (estimativa prospectiva). Da mesma forma, ao final da sessao no Experimentos 1 e 1A, e ao final de cada sessao no Experimento 2, foi solicitada aos participantes uma avaliacao do jogo, com pontuacoes crescentes proporcionais ao grau de diversao em joga-lo. Os resultados mostraram que no Experimento 1 a condicao P produziu tempo de sessao maior que na condicao C e a condicao R produziu tempo de sessao menor do que na condicao C, sendo que no Experimento 1A as diferencas se reduziram; no Experimento 2 esse tempo foi sendo reduzido na sucessao das contingencias, independente da ordem utilizada. Nos experimentos 1 e 1A os participantes superestimaram a duracao da sessao de jogo na condicao R, e as condicoes C e P produziram estimativas proximas a duracao real. No Experimento 2 a condicao R tambem esteve associada a superestimativas na maioria dos participantes, porem sua relacao com os resultados obtidos em C e P varia entre os participantes. A magnitude da consequencia se mostrou uma variavel relevante no efeito da punicao, que foi menos acentuado no Experimento 1A. A apreciacao do jogo pelos sujeitos foi, no geral, mais positiva para a condicao P. Esses resultados apontam a interacao das contingencias operantes na percepcao temporal, sendo discutida tambem a aparente independencia entre o efeito operante da punicao e o relato verbal sobre a diversao inerente a atividade consequenciada / Alterations in the perception of the passage of time in humans have been investigated in relation to the characteristics of several stimuli, bodily conditions and certain types of task. However, little is known about these alterations as a function of reinforcing or punishing contingencies that control behavior. This study aimed to investigate this question experimentally by using a virtual computer game simulating a maze in which an avatar was faced with 36 choice situations between left and right. Points could be won or lost, the final score being converted into hypothetical titles of nobility within a predetermined ranking. Three contingencies were manipulated: under Punishment (P) \"wrong \" choices between right and left produced loss of points; under Reinforcement (R) \"right\" choices produced gain points; under control condition (C) there was no change in points at all. In Experiment 1 (n=60), three groups were manipulated, each exposed to one of these contingencies, in Experiment 1A (n=40) new participants were exposed to the conditions P and R, but with a statement explaining that there was no chance of avatar\'s death during the game, in Experiment 2 (n=6), each participant was exposed to three experimental conditions, having the sequence of exposure being manipulated: C-P-R for half the participants and C-R-P for the other half. Each participant was asked to estimate the duration spent playing: in the first two studies this request was made just after the end of the game (retrospective estimation), at the last study participants were informed at the beginning of the first experimental session that this request would be made to them end of each session (prospective estimate). Similarly, at the end of the session in Experiments 1 and 1A, and at the end of each session in Experiment 2, participants were requested a review of the game, with scores increasing with the degree of fun playing it. The results showed that in Experiment 1 the condition P produced greater session length than the condition C, and condition R produced lesser session length than condition C, whereas in Experiment 1A differences are reduced; in Experiment 2 session length was being reduced along the succession of contingencies, regardless of the sequence used. In Experiments 1 and 1A participants overestimated the duration of the game session under the condition R, and C and P conditions produced close to the actual duration estimates. In Experiment 2 the R condition was also associated with overestimation in the majority of participants, however its relationship to the results obtained in C and P varies between participants. The magnitude of the result proved to be a relevant variable in the effect of punishment, which was less pronounced in Experiment 1A. The enjoyment of the game by the subjects was generally more positive for condition P. These results indicate the interaction of operant contingencies on time perception, and also discussed the apparent independence between the operant effect of punishment and verbal report about the fun inherent in activity that was punished

As alteracoes na percepcao da passagem do tempo dos seres humanos tem sido investigadas em relacao as caracteristicas de diversos estimulos, condicoes corporais ou determinados tipos de tarefa. Porem, pouco se sabe sobre essas alteracoes como funcao das contingencias reforcadoras ou punitivas que controlam o comportamento. Este estudo visou investigar essa questao experimentalmente atraves do uso de um jogo virtual em computador simulando percursos de um avatar em um labirinto com 36 situacoes de escolha entre esquerda e direita. Pontos poderiam ser ganhos ou perdidos, sendo a pontuacao final convertida em titulos de nobreza hipoteticos dentro de um ranking previamente estabelecido. Tres contingencias foram manipuladas: sob Punicao (P) escolhas erradas entre direita e esquerda produziam perda de pontos; sob Reforcamento (R) escolhas certas produziam ganho de pontos; na condicao Controle (C) nao havia alteracao nos pontos. No Experimento 1 (n=60), tres grupos foram manipulados, cada um exposto a uma dessas contingencias; no Experimento 1A (n=40) novos participantes passaram pelas condicoes P e R, porem com uma alteracao na instrucao explicitando o nao perigo de morte do avatar; no Experimento 2 (n=6), cada participante foi exposto as tres condicoes experimentais, sendo manipulada a ordem de exposicao: C-P-R e C-R-P. Cada participante foi solicitado a estimar o tempo que permaneceu jogando: nos dois primeiros estudos essa solicitacao foi feita apenas apos o termino do jogo (estimativa retrospectiva); no ultimo os participantes foram informados ao inicio da primeira sessao experimental que essa solicitacao lhes seria feita ao final de cada sessao (estimativa prospectiva). Da mesma forma, ao final da sessao no Experimentos 1 e 1A, e ao final de cada sessao no Experimento 2, foi solicitada aos participantes uma avaliacao do jogo, com pontuacoes crescentes proporcionais ao grau de diversao em joga-lo. Os resultados mostraram que no Experimento 1 a condicao P produziu tempo de sessao maior que na condicao C e a condicao R produziu tempo de sessao menor do que na condicao C, sendo que no Experimento 1A as diferencas se reduziram; no Experimento 2 esse tempo foi sendo reduzido na sucessao das contingencias, independente da ordem utilizada. Nos experimentos 1 e 1A os participantes superestimaram a duracao da sessao de jogo na condicao R, e as condicoes C e P produziram estimativas proximas a duracao real. No Experimento 2 a condicao R tambem esteve associada a superestimativas na maioria dos participantes, porem sua relacao com os resultados obtidos em C e P varia entre os participantes. A magnitude da consequencia se mostrou uma variavel relevante no efeito da punicao, que foi menos acentuado no Experimento 1A. A apreciacao do jogo pelos sujeitos foi, no geral, mais positiva para a condicao P. Esses resultados apontam a interacao das contingencias operantes na percepcao temporal, sendo discutida tambem a aparente independencia entre o efeito operante da punicao e o relato verbal sobre a diversao inerente a atividade consequenciada / Alterations in the perception of the passage of time in humans have been investigated in relation to the characteristics of several stimuli, bodily conditions and certain types of task. However, little is known about these alterations as a function of reinforcing or punishing contingencies that control behavior. This study aimed to investigate this question experimentally by using a virtual computer game simulating a maze in which an avatar was faced with 36 choice situations between left and right. Points could be won or lost, the final score being converted into hypothetical titles of nobility within a predetermined ranking. Three contingencies were manipulated: under Punishment (P) \"wrong \" choices between right and left produced loss of points; under Reinforcement (R) \"right\" choices produced gain points; under control condition (C) there was no change in points at all. In Experiment 1 (n=60), three groups were manipulated, each exposed to one of these contingencies, in Experiment 1A (n=40) new participants were exposed to the conditions P and R, but with a statement explaining that there was no chance of avatar\'s death during the game, in Experiment 2 (n=6), each participant was exposed to three experimental conditions, having the sequence of exposure being manipulated: C-P-R for half the participants and C-R-P for the other half. Each participant was asked to estimate the duration spent playing: in the first two studies this request was made just after the end of the game (retrospective estimation), at the last study participants were informed at the beginning of the first experimental session that this request would be made to them end of each session (prospective estimate). Similarly, at the end of the session in Experiments 1 and 1A, and at the end of each session in Experiment 2, participants were requested a review of the game, with scores increasing with the degree of fun playing it. The results showed that in Experiment 1 the condition P produced greater session length than the condition C, and condition R produced lesser session length than condition C, whereas in Experiment 1A differences are reduced; in Experiment 2 session length was being reduced along the succession of contingencies, regardless of the sequence used. In Experiments 1 and 1A participants overestimated the duration of the game session under the condition R, and C and P conditions produced close to the actual duration estimates. In Experiment 2 the R condition was also associated with overestimation in the majority of participants, however its relationship to the results obtained in C and P varies between participants. The magnitude of the result proved to be a relevant variable in the effect of punishment, which was less pronounced in Experiment 1A. The enjoyment of the game by the subjects was generally more positive for condition P. These results indicate the interaction of operant contingencies on time perception, and also discussed the apparent independence between the operant effect of punishment and verbal report about the fun inherent in activity that was punished

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karine Amaral Magalhaes.pdf: 791740 bytes, checksum: ee5e2d1ffab557039d81d02cd3ead174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study attempted to produce learned helplessness with humans subjects exposed to controllable and to incontrollable events. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of a procedure similar to one used by Hatfield & Job (1998) on the production of learned helplessness. In this procedure, differently from the most common used on the distribution of the aversive stimuli for the yoked group, the order of the stimuli (strident sounds) presentation was randomized with the intent of preventing concentration of stimuli with a certain characteristic (short duration) at some specific moments of training. Experiment 2 tried to investigate the effects of requesting verbal reports about the working contingencies during some trials of the training on learned helplessness. Experiment 1 had 28 participants, distributed into 3 groups: Contingent (9 participants), Yoked (9 participants), and Control (10 participants). During training, pressing F1 3 times eliminated the sound for the Contingent group; during test, pressing 3 times one of the 3 rectangles (the one on the left) presented on a computer keyboard eliminated the sound. For the Yoked group, during training none of the available responses could eliminate the sound, and during test pressing 3 times the left rectangle could eliminate the sound. Control group was submitted only to test and the response that eliminated the sound was the same as for the other groups during test. In Experiment 1, during training, sounds were presented 40 times for each participant and during test another 40 times. Experiment 2 had 20 participants distributed into two groups: Contingent Verbal Report (10 participants) and Yoked Verbal Report (10 participants). The procedure for these two groups was the same as for Contingent and Yoked groups in Experiment 1, except that for 8 trials during training participants were asked to give verbal reports describing the working contingencies. Results of Experiment 1 show that the procedure used with the Yoked group of changing the order of sounds duration prevented concentration of short duration sounds in the final trials of training and also prevented superstitious behavior. In relation to learned helplessness, although more participants in Yoked group than in Contingent and Control groups learned the requested response to eliminate the sound, learned helplessness in its sharpest mode (not learning) was observed in one participant performance, and in its moderate mode (learning difficulty) was observed in two participant performance. Notwithstanding, the Yoked group did not statistically differ from Contingent and Control groups. Experiment 2 replicated results of Experiment 1 in relation to Yoked Verbal Report group s procedure. In relation to learned helplessness, again results resemble Experiment 1 s in that although more participants in the Yoked Verbal Report group than in Contingent Verbal Report group learned the required response, learned helplessness was observed in two participants in its most sharpened mode, and in other two participants performance in its moderate mode. For both Yoked groups in total, seven participants presented learned helplessness in some way, and for 12 participants (63% of total number of participants exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimulus) no prejudice of learning was observed. Therefore, none of the two experiments produced learned helplessness with humans and statistical analysis confirm this result. In relation to verbal reports, 60% of the participants in each group reported the planned contingency at some moment. For four out of five participants in the Yoked Verbal Report group that described the planned contingency, that is, uncontrollability, learned helplessness was in some mode observed / O presente trabalho foi uma tentativa de produzir desamparo aprendido com sujeitos humanos e, também, de proporcionar uma descrição acurada das contingências em vigor para os grupos submetidos tanto à controlabilidade quanto à incontrolabilidade. Para tanto, dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento, o objetivo foi: investigar os efeitos de procedimento similar ao utilizado por Hatfield & Job (1998) na produção de desamparo aprendido. Nesse procedimento, diferentemente do procedimento mais comum utilizado para a distribuição dos estímulos aversivos no grupo acoplado, a ordem de apresentação desses estímulos (no caso, sons estridentes) foi randomizada, a fim de impedir a concentração de estímulos com determinadas características (no caso, sons de curta duração) em determinados momentos do treino. No segundo experimento, além desse mesmo objetivo, pretendeu-se verificar quais os efeitos de solicitações de relato verbal sobre as contingências em vigor, realizadas em algumas tentativas, ao longo da fase de treino, na produção de desamparo aprendido. Participaram do primeiro experimento 28 participantes distribuídos em três grupos: Contingente (9 participantes), Acoplado (9 participantes) e Controle (10 participantes). Para os participantes do grupo Contingente a resposta de teclar F1 três vezes interrompia o som na fase de treino; já no teste, a resposta de clicar, também três vezes, sobre um de três retângulos (o da esquerda) apresentados na tela do computador interrompia o som. Para os participantes do grupo Acoplado, nenhuma resposta nas teclas disponíveis interrompia o som na fase de treino, já no teste a mesma resposta requerida para os participantes do grupo Contingente foi requisitada. Os participantes do grupo Controle somente foram submetidos à fase de teste, na qual a mesma resposta requerida para os grupos Contingente e Acoplado foi requisitada. Em ambas as fases, quarenta sons foram apresentados aos participantes deste experimento. No segundo experimento, 20 participantes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Contingente Relato Verbal (10 participantes) e Acoplado Relato Verbal (10 participantes). O procedimento para os participantes destes dois grupos foi igual ao dos participantes do grupo Contingente e Acoplado do Experimento 1, exceto que, em oito tentativas ao longo da fase de treino, era solicitado que o participante descrevesse a contingência em vigor. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento mostraram que, o procedimento de mudança na ordem das durações do som adotado para os participantes do grupo Acoplado impediu a concentração de sons de curta duração nas tentativas finais do treino e a produção de comportamento supersticioso. Em relação ao desamparo aprendido, apesar de mais participantes do grupo Acoplado terem aprendido as respostas requeridas, quando comparados com os participantes dos outros dois grupos, o desamparo aprendido pôde ser observado, no seu grau mais acentuado (não aprendizagem) em um participante e, em um grau menos acentuado (dificuldade de aprendizagem) no responder de dois participantes. Todavia, considerando as análises estatísticas realizadas, o grupo Acoplado não diferiu significativamente dos outros dois grupos. No segundo experimento, em relação ao procedimento empregado para o grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal, os mesmos resultados obtidos no Experimento 1, com o grupo Acoplado, foram observados no grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal. Em relação ao desamparo aprendido, mais uma vez, os resultados obtidos no segundo experimento mostraram-se muito semelhantes aos resultados obtidos no Experimento 1. Neste segundo experimento, apesar de mais participantes do grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal terem aprendido as respostas requeridas, o desamparo aprendido foi observado, em seu maior grau, no responder de dois participantes desse grupo e, em seu grau menos drástico em dois participantes. Em suma, apenas sete participantes dos dois grupos Acoplados apresentaram desamparo aprendido em algum grau. Porém, 12 participantes, o que corresponde a mais de 63% dos sujeitos expostos aos estímulos aversivos incontroláveis não tiveram o desempenho prejudicado em função dessa exposição. Dessa maneira, o presente estudo não produziu o desamparo aprendido com humanos e, as análises estatísticas realizadas confirmam essa conclusão. Quanto à solicitação dos relatos verbais, nota-se que mais de 50% dos participantes de cada um dos dois grupos relatou a contingência planejada em alguma oportunidade. Observou-se, também, que dos cinco participantes do grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal que descreveram a contingência planejada para a fase de treino, ou seja, a incontrolabilidade, quatro desses participantes apresentaram o desamparo aprendido em algum grau

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina E Perroni.pdf: 1145832 bytes, checksum: a05ff28512b53e57b44921cf8796556a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-20 / The present study investigated the effects of exposure to aversive events- controllable and incontrollable on the performance of young adults on an escape/avoidance task that followed such exposure. A second goal of the present study was to evaluate the possible effects of requests of verbal reports over the participants performances. Participants were 40 adults assigned to 3 groups: participants of the Escape Group were exposed to a Training Condition when an aversive sound could be turned off by his/hers responses. These participants were, then, exposed to a Test Condition (40 trials) where a second response turned off the same sound. Participants of the Yoked Group where exposed to a Training Condition similar to the Escape Group, but no responses were effective to turn off the sound. The same Test condition was programmed for participants off the Yoked and Control Groups. Participants off the Escape and Yoked Groups were assigned to 1 of 3 conditions of verbal report: they were asked if they know how to turn off the sound on the 40th trial, or 3 different trials, or on 23 trials of the Training Condition. Results did not suggest the common effects associated with helplessness. Results also showed that the verbal reports did not contribute to the emergence or to the prevention of helplessness. Results showed, on the other hand, that certain patterns of responding on the Training Condition were closely related to participants performances on the Test Condition / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar quais seriam os efeitos da exposição a eventos aversivos incontroláveis ou controláveis sobre o desempenho em uma tarefa posterior a tal exposição, em sujeitos humanos. Um segundo objetivo foi verificar se estes efeitos seriam alterados pela solicitação de relatos do desempenho aos participantes. Para tanto foi utilizado um procedimento de tríades, comumente usado em estudos que investigam desamparo. Os participantes também receberam, na fase de treino, solicitação de relatos acerca da tarefa e de seu desempenho. Participaram 40 adultos que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 7 grupos experimentais: Fuga, Emparelhado e Controle (com 8 participantes cada um) e Fuga 3, Emparelhado 3, Fuga 23 e Emparelhado 23 (com 4 participantes cada um). Os participantes (exceto do Grupo Controle) foram submetidos a duas fases experimentais (Treino e Teste), cada uma com 40 tentativas de apresentação de um som. Na Fase de Treino, os participantes dos Grupos Fuga, Fuga 3 e Fuga 23 podiam terminar o estímulo aversivo (som), caso teclassem 3 vezes a tecla F1. Para os participantes dos grupos Emparelhado, Emparelhado 3 e Emparelhado 23 nenhuma resposta era efetiva para o término do estímulo aversivo na Fase Treino. Todos esses participantes receberam em determinadas tentativas da fase de treino solicitação para que relatassem se sabiam como desligar o som: a diferença entre eles foi o momento de solicitação de relatos verbais e a quantidade de solicitações. Em uma tentativa de evitar comportamentos supersticiosos, as apresentações de sons de diferentes durações para os participantes dos Grupos Emparelhados na fase de treino foram randomizadas. Os resultados apontaram que os participantes dos Grupos Emparelhados tiveram melhor desempenho na Fase de Teste do que os participantes dos outros grupos, indicando que neste caso não se observou os efeitos da exposição a eventos aversivos incontroláveis que vêm sendo chamados de desamparo. Os participantes do grupo Fuga tiveram um melhor desempenho na Fase Teste em relação aos participantes do grupo Controle. Em relação às solicitações de relato verbal, dizer que sabia o que fazer não foi preditivo de sucesso na Fase de Teste. No entanto, as repetidas perguntas parecem ter tido o efeito de promover a descrição, pelo participante, de seu próprio comportamento, sugerindo que o perguntar poderia ter induzido algum comportamento de auto-observação. Além disso os resultados indicam que certos padrões de respostas na Fase de Treino, estão relacionados com o desempenho na Fase de Teste

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moema Galindo de Almeida Pinto.pdf: 462264 bytes, checksum: 4926c07d34c9df40576cad138aa31acd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-11 / The purpose of this study has been to investigate the relationship between saying and doing in natural environment, in a therapeutic session. Another aim has been to determine whether any change of behavior in the therapist would occur as result of the interview about the correspondence, employing to this effect a multiple baseline procedure. An adult therapist, two years after graduation, participated in the study, with the therapeutic sessions audio-recorded and transcribed, to be later subjected to four interviews with an average of (12) twelve situations about the criteria of behavior of the therapist. Three criteria selected from psychotherapy manuals (two concerning therapist desirable behavior and one of undesirable behavior), were used as a target of each interview. Having the target behavior for each interview been previously selected, the researcher narrated the preceding piece and inquired of the therapist what he had done in that situation, and compared the narrated responses with those observed. The results suggest that there is correspondence between narrated and observed behaviors. They have also shown that the narration requested in the procedure of multiple baselines improved the therapist performance according to the criteria of the literature. The results are discussed in terms of production of verbal correspondence and adjustments made in responding, that narration produces in the performance / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a correspondência entre dizer e fazer em ambiente natural, em uma sessão terapêutica. Um segundo objetivo foi verificar se haveria alguma mudança no comportamento do terapeuta como efeito da entrevista sobre a correspondência, utilizando para isso um procedimento de linha de base múltipla. Participou deste estudo um terapeuta adulto, com 2 anos de formado, que teve de suas sessões terapêuticas gravadas em áudio e transcritas para posteriormente ser submetido a 4 entrevistas com uma média de 12 situações sobre esses critérios do comportamento do terapeuta. Três critérios selecionados a partir de manuais de psicoterapia (dois a respeito de comportamento desejáveis e um de comportamento indesejável do terapeuta) foram utilizados como alvo de cada entrevista. Selecionado o comportamento alvo para cada entrevista previamente, a pesquisadora relatava o trecho antecedente e perguntava ao terapeuta o que ele tinha feito naquela situação, e comparava as respostas relatadas com as respostas observadas. Os resultados indicam que há correspondência entre o comportamento relatado e o comportamento observado. Mostraram também que o relatar solicitado no procedimento de linha de base múltipla, melhorou o desempenho do terapeuta segundo os critérios da literatura. Os resultados são discutidos em termos de produção de correspondência verbal e de ajustes no responder que o relatar produz no desempenho

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli de Sousa Amaral.pdf: 756402 bytes, checksum: 669f9d4035c44c24984ff0d6949bacb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-17 / The present study had the purpose to verify if a report request from a therapist s verbal report classes on ongoing clinical counseling could affect his performance on future therapeutic sessions, as suggested in literature. Therefore, a procedure from an early study was replied apart from changes on the response classes investigated. One psychology therapist and one client participated in this study and 11 counseling sessions were recorded on video. The therapist s verbal responses were categorized according to the Multidimensional System For Coding Behaviors In Therapist-Client Interaction and measured by occurrences. The therapist s verbal responses were requested after the fourth and eighth sessions concerning previous sessions and categorized as analysis reflexion request and recommendation. The results confirm the replied study suggesting that reports request can modify the therapist behavior in future sessions. It was identified a low correspondence between observed and reported verbal responses differently from previous study. The research line seems relevant for providing knowledge regarding the verbal processes that interfere on therapists behavior when submitted to supervision sessions and probably the clients behavior in counseling sessions / O presente de estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a solicitação de relatos sobre classes de respostas verbais de um terapeuta em atendimento clínico pode afetar seu desempenho em sessões terapêuticas posteriores, como sugerido na literatura. Para tanto, foi replicado o procedimento de um estudo anterior alterando-se as classes de respostas investigadas. Participaram deste estudo um terapeuta e um cliente e foram registradas em vídeo 11 sessões de atendimento. As respostas verbais do terapeuta foram categorizadas segundo o Sistema Multidimensional de Categorização de Comportamentos na Interação Terapêutica e mensuradas por ocorrência. Respostas verbais do terapeuta foram solicitadas, após a quarta e a oitava sessões, referentes a classes de respostas verbais observadas em sessões anteriores e categorizadas como solicitação de reflexão de análise e recomendação. Os resultados corroboraram o estudo replicado sugerindo que a solicitação de relatos pode alterar o comportamento do terapeuta em sessões futuras. Observou-se uma baixa correspondência entre as respostas verbais observadas nas sessões e as relatadas pelo terapeuta, diferentemente do estudo replicado. Esta parece ser uma linha de pesquisa relevante, por produzir conhecimento sobre os processos verbais que interferem no responder de terapeutas quando submetidos a sessões de supervisão, e possivelmente de clientes em sessões terapêuticas