Thesis (MTh (Old and New Testament))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The present study focuses on the difficulties surrounding the identification of an object and subject for the discipline of Old Testament theology. The goal thereof is to address these difficulties by establishing the legitimacy of an interdisciplinary engagement therewith. In order to achieve this goal the significance of the Greek translations of the Jewish scriptures, the Septuagint, for determining the object and subject of Old Testament theology is pursued. The problems surrounding the object of study in Old Testament theology are identified and discussed in terms of both canon and text. The advent of Canon criticism, with its focus on the nature, function and history of the biblical canon, as well as the study of the recent textual discoveries in the area surrounding the Dead Sea, have rendered previous consensus regarding the formation of the biblical canon(s) and the history of the biblical texts problematic. This necessitates a thorough reconsidering of the scope of the term “Old Testament”, and consequently, the basis on which the discipline of Old Testament theology is practiced. The rise to prominence of a so-called new or postmodern epistemological situation and the resulting influence of developments and shifts in literary studies on Biblical criticism, coupled with new challenges within the historical study of the biblical texts and a rediscovery of the importance of Wisdom literature forces upon the Old Testament theologian the responsibility to indicate and clarify the relationship between the Old Testament and divine revelation. Consequently, the nature of the Old Testament’s theology, and therefore, the subject of study in the discipline of Old Testament theology come under scrutiny. The focus of the study subsequently shifts to topics treated in the study of the Septuagint in order to indicate how these relate to the problems plaguing the discipline of Old Testament theology. Issues relating to the proper use of terminology in Septuagint-studies, theories of the origin of the Septuagint, and the techniques that were employed in translating the Semitic source texts of the Jewish scriptures into Greek, occupy the student in this regard. As a result, the legitimacy of employing insights from Septuagint-studies in delineating the object and subject of study in Old Testament theology is demonstrated. The final chapter identifies several overtures for furthering the study of the significance of the Septuagint for Old Testament theology in general. A number of methodological problems in the latter can be subsumed under the twin heading of the scope of the “Old Testament” and the nature of its theology. Chapter 36 of the Greek translation of the book of Job acts as a brief case study in order to demonstrate the suggestions that are made in this concluding chapter of the study.

The argument of this paper is that certain salient passages in the New Testament concerning Christology, as it was defined in the Nicene creed in A.D. 325, reflect such orthodoxy better in the Textus Receptus Greek texts and the English translations made from them than do the Alexandrian texts. Arian theology, which was condemned as heretical at Nicea, is examined. Patristic quotations, historical texts, and arguments of the scholars are cited and traced, along with a comparison of Christological verses.

Cette thèse se situe dans le champ de la gestion des connaissances à l’aide de modèles ontologiques. Pour représenter les connaissances de domaine, nous avons conçu une ontologie hybride à deux niveaux : au niveau local, chaque groupe d’experts (du même métier) a construit sa propre ontologie, au niveau global une ontologie consensuelle regroupant les connaissances partagées est créée de façon automatique. De plus, des liens sémantiques entre les éléments de différentes ontologies locales peuvent être ajoutés.Nous avons construit un système d’aide pour guider les experts dans le processus de création de liens sémantiques ou mises en correspondance. Ses particularités sont de proposer des mesures de similarité en fonction des caractéristiques des ontologies à aligner, de réutiliser des résultats déjà calculés et de vérifier la cohérence des mises en correspondances créées.Par ailleurs, les ontologies locales peuvent être mises à jour. Cela implique des changements au niveau de l’ontologie globale ainsi que des mises en correspondances créées. De ce fait, nous avons développé une approche, adaptée à notre domaine pour gérer l’évolution de l’ontologie hybride. En particulier, nous avons utilisé la notion de versions d’ontologies afin de garder trace de toutes les modifications apportées au niveau des ontologies et de pouvoir revenir à tout moment à une version précédente.Nous avons appliqué notre travail de recherche à la géotechnique qui est un domaine complexe impliquant des experts de différents métiers. Une plateforme logicielle est en cours de réalisation et permettra de tester la faisabilité de nos travaux. / This thesis concerns the scope of knowledge management using ontological models.To represent domain knowledge, we design a hybrid ontology on two levels: In a local level, each experts’ group has designed its own ontology. In a global level, a consensual ontology containing all the shared knowledge is automatically created.We design a computer-aided system to help experts in the process of mapping creation. It allows experts to choice similarity measures relatively to the ontology characteristics, to reuse the calculated similarities and to verify the consistency of the created mappings.In addition, local ontologies can be updated. This involves modifications in the global ontology and on the created mappings. A relevant approach of our domain was developed.In particular, ontology versioning is used in order to keep a record of all the occurred modifications in the ontologies; it allows to return at any time a previous version of the hybrid ontology.The exploited domain is geotechnics which gathers various business experts. A prototype is in progress and currently does not still captures ontology evolution.

Este trabalho apresenta os mecanismos de gerencia de configurações para o ambiente STAR. STAR é uma plataforma para o desenvolvimento de ambientes para projetos de circuitos e sistemas eletrônicos que está sendo desenvolvido na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul em cooperação com o Centro Científico da IBM no Rio de Janeiro. Seus objetos de projeto caracterizam-se como sistemas complexos e são representados através de um modelo de dados hierárquico, que tem por base a composição de objetos. Para expressar a evolução dos objetos de projeto no tempo utiliza-se versões, que mantêm as descrições dos objetos num determinado instante de tempo. O mecanismo de gerência de versões é fortemente relacionado à representação dos dados, suportando as diferentes dimensões que essa representação permite: visões, alternativas e revisões. A utilização de versões associada à composição de objetos faz com que se possa ter diversas possibilidades de descrição para um mesmo sistema complexo, em função da combinação das versões. Para que se possa submeter um objeto de projeto a uma ferramenta, como um simulador, épreciso selecionar versões de modo a obter uma descrição única, que é a sua configuração. A existência de um gerente de configurações dá agilidade a essa tarefa, pois ele oferece recursos para facilitar e tornar mais rápida a construção de configurações, através de manipulação e consultas a informações obtidas junto ao ambiente sobre os objetos de projeto. As configurações no STAR são determinadas a partir do atributo de referência dos componentes ou através da definição de um objeto - configuração. O gerente de configurações proposto para o ambiente neste trabalho suporta o estabelecimento de configurações estáticas, dinâmicas e abertas. Elas podem ser estabelecidas manualmente, através de escolhas do usuário, automaticamente, através da escolha entre um dos critérios pré-estabelecidos, ou de modo semi-automático, através da definição de uma expressão de configuração. Os critérios pré-estabelecidos têm por base a versão corrente e a versão mais recente. A utilização de expressões de configuração permite que se selecione versões com mais objetividade, uma vez que sua construção é feita a partir de características dos objetos, dadas por seus atributos, que permitem restringir as versões selecionadas àquelas cujas características são desejadas. A linguagem que permite a definição de expressões de configuração é um dos recursos estabelecidos que facilitam a tarefa do usuário. Outro recurso provido é a possibilidade de armazenar configurações. Isso torna possível sua reutilização em outros momentos e também por outros objetos, e preserva a flexibilidade de mantê-las como dinâmicas, ou abertas, apesar de já ter-se escolhido versões para complementá-las. Para tanto, tem-se como parte do modelo de dados os objetos-configuração, sobre os quais foram estabelecidas operações de criação, alteração, cópia, remoção, consulta e escolha de objetos. O funcionamento destas operações é a base do processo de configuração. / This work presents the mechanisms for configuration management in the STAR framework. STAR is an electronic design automation framework, under development at the University of Rio Grande do Sul in cooperation with the IBM Rio Scientific Center at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The design objects supported are complex systems and they are represented through a hierarchical data model. Versions are used to express the evolution process of design objects. The version management mechanism developed is strongly related with the data representation, and it supports the different dimensions of versions: views, alternatives and revisions. The use of versions associated with composite objects allows the existence of many possibilities of description for the same complex system, as a consequence of different versions combination. When submitting a design object to a design tool, like a simulator, it is necessary to select versions for components in order to obtain a single object description, called the object configuration. A configuration manager offers resources, as manipulation and query on design objects in the framework, to make version selection in configuration construction easy and fast. STAR configurations are established through component reference attributes or through a configuration object definition. The configuration management mechanism developed for the STAR framework in this work supports static, dynamic and open configurations. They are established in a manual, automatic or semi-automatic way. In the manual way, the user is responsible for choosing the selected versions. In the automatic way, it is possible to choose between the current version and the most recent version, which are pre-defined criteria. The user can define and use configuration expressions in a semi-automatic way. These expressions make the version selection objective, due to use of objects attributes, representing objects characteristics in the expression. The use of configuration expressions allows the selection of versions with specific characteristics. A language is available for the definition of configuration expressions. The possibility to store configurations is provided. Configurations may be reused in another time and by other objects. The possibility to store configurations allows them remain either dynamic or open, even if the choose of versions to complement them had been done. To make this possible, configuration objects are integrated in the data model. Operations on configuration objects are: create, update, copy, delete, query and select. These operations are the basis of the configuration process.

Les logiciels dépendent de bibliothèques tierces pour réduire les coûts liés à leur développement et à leur maintenance. Elles proposent un ensemble de fonctionnalités robustes dont les développeurs peuvent tirer parti depuis une interface de programmation. Cependant, cette forte dépendance entre un logiciel et ses bibliothèques oblige les développeurs à reconsidérer leur rôle lorsque le logiciel évolue. Dans cette thèse, nous identifions plusieurs problématiques impliquant les bibliothèques tierces dans un contexte de maintenance logicielle. Plus particulièrement, une bibliothèque peut ne plus répondre aux besoins d’un logiciel et doit être remplacée par une nouvelle.Nous nommons cette opération une migration de bibliothèque.Nous soulevons dans ce contexte trois points qui caractérisent les difficultés rencontrées par les développeurs. Vers quelle bibliothèque migrer ? Comment appliquer la migration ? Avec l’aide de quels développeurs ? Cette thèse discute de solutions et apporte des contributions autour de ces problèmes. Nous présentons plusieurs approches et les évaluons lors de différents cas d’étude. L’analyse de l’évolution logicielle sera notre support de travail, dont la méthodologie est basée sur l’observation des changements de logiciels. Nous décrivons les limites actuelles de nos contribu-tions et ouvrons des perspectives futures pour enrichir l’état de l’art dans ce domaine / Software depend on third-party libraries to reduce development and maintenance costs. Developers have access to robust functionalities through an application programming interface designed by these libraries. However, due to the strong relationship with these libraries, developers have to reconsider their position when the software evolves. In this thesis, we identify several re-search problems involving these third-party libraries in a context of software maintenance. More specifically, a library may not satisfy the software new requirements and has to be replaced by anew one. We call this operation a library migration.We leverage three points that characterize the impediments met by developers in this situation.To which library should they migrate ? How to migrate their software ? Who can help them in this case ? This thesis suggests answers and exposes several contributions to these problems. We define three approaches that are evaluated through several case studies. To achieve this work, weuse a methodology based on software evolution analysis to observe and understand how software change. We describe numerous perspectives to overcome the current limitations of our solutions.

Este trabalho apresenta os mecanismos de gerencia de configurações para o ambiente STAR. STAR é uma plataforma para o desenvolvimento de ambientes para projetos de circuitos e sistemas eletrônicos que está sendo desenvolvido na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul em cooperação com o Centro Científico da IBM no Rio de Janeiro. Seus objetos de projeto caracterizam-se como sistemas complexos e são representados através de um modelo de dados hierárquico, que tem por base a composição de objetos. Para expressar a evolução dos objetos de projeto no tempo utiliza-se versões, que mantêm as descrições dos objetos num determinado instante de tempo. O mecanismo de gerência de versões é fortemente relacionado à representação dos dados, suportando as diferentes dimensões que essa representação permite: visões, alternativas e revisões. A utilização de versões associada à composição de objetos faz com que se possa ter diversas possibilidades de descrição para um mesmo sistema complexo, em função da combinação das versões. Para que se possa submeter um objeto de projeto a uma ferramenta, como um simulador, épreciso selecionar versões de modo a obter uma descrição única, que é a sua configuração. A existência de um gerente de configurações dá agilidade a essa tarefa, pois ele oferece recursos para facilitar e tornar mais rápida a construção de configurações, através de manipulação e consultas a informações obtidas junto ao ambiente sobre os objetos de projeto. As configurações no STAR são determinadas a partir do atributo de referência dos componentes ou através da definição de um objeto - configuração. O gerente de configurações proposto para o ambiente neste trabalho suporta o estabelecimento de configurações estáticas, dinâmicas e abertas. Elas podem ser estabelecidas manualmente, através de escolhas do usuário, automaticamente, através da escolha entre um dos critérios pré-estabelecidos, ou de modo semi-automático, através da definição de uma expressão de configuração. Os critérios pré-estabelecidos têm por base a versão corrente e a versão mais recente. A utilização de expressões de configuração permite que se selecione versões com mais objetividade, uma vez que sua construção é feita a partir de características dos objetos, dadas por seus atributos, que permitem restringir as versões selecionadas àquelas cujas características são desejadas. A linguagem que permite a definição de expressões de configuração é um dos recursos estabelecidos que facilitam a tarefa do usuário. Outro recurso provido é a possibilidade de armazenar configurações. Isso torna possível sua reutilização em outros momentos e também por outros objetos, e preserva a flexibilidade de mantê-las como dinâmicas, ou abertas, apesar de já ter-se escolhido versões para complementá-las. Para tanto, tem-se como parte do modelo de dados os objetos-configuração, sobre os quais foram estabelecidas operações de criação, alteração, cópia, remoção, consulta e escolha de objetos. O funcionamento destas operações é a base do processo de configuração. / This work presents the mechanisms for configuration management in the STAR framework. STAR is an electronic design automation framework, under development at the University of Rio Grande do Sul in cooperation with the IBM Rio Scientific Center at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The design objects supported are complex systems and they are represented through a hierarchical data model. Versions are used to express the evolution process of design objects. The version management mechanism developed is strongly related with the data representation, and it supports the different dimensions of versions: views, alternatives and revisions. The use of versions associated with composite objects allows the existence of many possibilities of description for the same complex system, as a consequence of different versions combination. When submitting a design object to a design tool, like a simulator, it is necessary to select versions for components in order to obtain a single object description, called the object configuration. A configuration manager offers resources, as manipulation and query on design objects in the framework, to make version selection in configuration construction easy and fast. STAR configurations are established through component reference attributes or through a configuration object definition. The configuration management mechanism developed for the STAR framework in this work supports static, dynamic and open configurations. They are established in a manual, automatic or semi-automatic way. In the manual way, the user is responsible for choosing the selected versions. In the automatic way, it is possible to choose between the current version and the most recent version, which are pre-defined criteria. The user can define and use configuration expressions in a semi-automatic way. These expressions make the version selection objective, due to use of objects attributes, representing objects characteristics in the expression. The use of configuration expressions allows the selection of versions with specific characteristics. A language is available for the definition of configuration expressions. The possibility to store configurations is provided. Configurations may be reused in another time and by other objects. The possibility to store configurations allows them remain either dynamic or open, even if the choose of versions to complement them had been done. To make this possible, configuration objects are integrated in the data model. Operations on configuration objects are: create, update, copy, delete, query and select. These operations are the basis of the configuration process.

Este trabalho apresenta os mecanismos de gerencia de configurações para o ambiente STAR. STAR é uma plataforma para o desenvolvimento de ambientes para projetos de circuitos e sistemas eletrônicos que está sendo desenvolvido na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul em cooperação com o Centro Científico da IBM no Rio de Janeiro. Seus objetos de projeto caracterizam-se como sistemas complexos e são representados através de um modelo de dados hierárquico, que tem por base a composição de objetos. Para expressar a evolução dos objetos de projeto no tempo utiliza-se versões, que mantêm as descrições dos objetos num determinado instante de tempo. O mecanismo de gerência de versões é fortemente relacionado à representação dos dados, suportando as diferentes dimensões que essa representação permite: visões, alternativas e revisões. A utilização de versões associada à composição de objetos faz com que se possa ter diversas possibilidades de descrição para um mesmo sistema complexo, em função da combinação das versões. Para que se possa submeter um objeto de projeto a uma ferramenta, como um simulador, épreciso selecionar versões de modo a obter uma descrição única, que é a sua configuração. A existência de um gerente de configurações dá agilidade a essa tarefa, pois ele oferece recursos para facilitar e tornar mais rápida a construção de configurações, através de manipulação e consultas a informações obtidas junto ao ambiente sobre os objetos de projeto. As configurações no STAR são determinadas a partir do atributo de referência dos componentes ou através da definição de um objeto - configuração. O gerente de configurações proposto para o ambiente neste trabalho suporta o estabelecimento de configurações estáticas, dinâmicas e abertas. Elas podem ser estabelecidas manualmente, através de escolhas do usuário, automaticamente, através da escolha entre um dos critérios pré-estabelecidos, ou de modo semi-automático, através da definição de uma expressão de configuração. Os critérios pré-estabelecidos têm por base a versão corrente e a versão mais recente. A utilização de expressões de configuração permite que se selecione versões com mais objetividade, uma vez que sua construção é feita a partir de características dos objetos, dadas por seus atributos, que permitem restringir as versões selecionadas àquelas cujas características são desejadas. A linguagem que permite a definição de expressões de configuração é um dos recursos estabelecidos que facilitam a tarefa do usuário. Outro recurso provido é a possibilidade de armazenar configurações. Isso torna possível sua reutilização em outros momentos e também por outros objetos, e preserva a flexibilidade de mantê-las como dinâmicas, ou abertas, apesar de já ter-se escolhido versões para complementá-las. Para tanto, tem-se como parte do modelo de dados os objetos-configuração, sobre os quais foram estabelecidas operações de criação, alteração, cópia, remoção, consulta e escolha de objetos. O funcionamento destas operações é a base do processo de configuração. / This work presents the mechanisms for configuration management in the STAR framework. STAR is an electronic design automation framework, under development at the University of Rio Grande do Sul in cooperation with the IBM Rio Scientific Center at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The design objects supported are complex systems and they are represented through a hierarchical data model. Versions are used to express the evolution process of design objects. The version management mechanism developed is strongly related with the data representation, and it supports the different dimensions of versions: views, alternatives and revisions. The use of versions associated with composite objects allows the existence of many possibilities of description for the same complex system, as a consequence of different versions combination. When submitting a design object to a design tool, like a simulator, it is necessary to select versions for components in order to obtain a single object description, called the object configuration. A configuration manager offers resources, as manipulation and query on design objects in the framework, to make version selection in configuration construction easy and fast. STAR configurations are established through component reference attributes or through a configuration object definition. The configuration management mechanism developed for the STAR framework in this work supports static, dynamic and open configurations. They are established in a manual, automatic or semi-automatic way. In the manual way, the user is responsible for choosing the selected versions. In the automatic way, it is possible to choose between the current version and the most recent version, which are pre-defined criteria. The user can define and use configuration expressions in a semi-automatic way. These expressions make the version selection objective, due to use of objects attributes, representing objects characteristics in the expression. The use of configuration expressions allows the selection of versions with specific characteristics. A language is available for the definition of configuration expressions. The possibility to store configurations is provided. Configurations may be reused in another time and by other objects. The possibility to store configurations allows them remain either dynamic or open, even if the choose of versions to complement them had been done. To make this possible, configuration objects are integrated in the data model. Operations on configuration objects are: create, update, copy, delete, query and select. These operations are the basis of the configuration process.

Voices and Silences: Exploring English and French Versions at the National Film Board of Canada, 1939-1974 Abstract The National Film Board of Canada (NFB) is unique as a state-sponsored filmmaking institution for its bilingualism: it has consistently produced and distributed films in English and French and made versions of some of those films in the opposite language. This doctoral thesis fills a gap in existing literature on the NFB and in translation studies by taking the versions as its object of study. The corpus is drawn from the vast body of audiovisual productions made by the NFB between 1939 and 1974, when voice-over was the preferred mode of audiovisual translation. Voice-over can refer to either the translated narration that replaces the original voice of narration-led documentaries, or to the audiovisual voice-over of documentaries built around interviews and spontaneous speech. Against the backdrop of asymmetrical language relations between English and French in Canada, this thesis offers a retelling of the NFB’s early history that emphasizes the intertwining threads of English and French production and identifies several approaches to version making. From 1939 to the mid-1950s, with English-language production dominant at the NFB and little original production in French, versions from English to French were a central element of film in Quebec. They bear witness to an interventionist approach to translating, whereby the original film is treated as raw material that can be shaped to appeal to local audiences. Subsequently, an increase in French original production, reflecting changing documentary aesthetics and growing nationalism in Quebec, led to a correspondingly higher number of French-to-English versions. These versions adopted a mediating approach by adding a narrator’s voice in English to originals that eschewed narration, bringing the innovative French films into conformity with the traditional model. The period from 1967 to 1974 is one of fragmentation and is characterized by a high level of non-translation, whether of the Challenge for Change/Société nouvelle films or those of Studio D. The few films that were versioned, however, showed great sensitivity to language. Non-translation of a different kind can be found in many Aboriginal films produced at the NFB. The NFB’s long-standing commitment to translation makes it a valuable site for studying audiovisual translation practices and changing language relations in Canada. Voix et silences : Une exploration des versions anglaises et françaises produites par l’Office national du film du Canada, 1939-1974 Résumé L’Office national du film du Canada (ONF), institution financée par l’État pour la création d’œuvres cinématographiques, se distingue par son bilinguisme, car il a toujours produit et distribué ses films en anglais ou en français tout en prenant soin de fournir une version dans la langue opposée. La thèse se penche sur ces versions et vient combler un vide dans les recherches sur l’ONF ainsi qu’en traductologie. Le corpus à l’étude provient d’une vaste production audiovisuelle réalisée entre 1939 et 1974, époque où le mode de traduction privilégié des documentaires était la voix hors-champ. Ce terme désigne autant la narration traduite qui remplace la voix originale que la voix en surimposition utilisée pour les entrevues et le discours spontané. La thèse relate les débuts de l’ONF dans le contexte des relations asymétriques entre l’anglais et le français au Canada et porte un regard neuf sur les liens entre les studios anglophones et francophones en plus de décrire certaines tendances dans la production de versions. De 1939 jusqu’au milieu des années 1950, lorsque l’anglais dominait, par rapport aux rares films produits originalement en français, les versions françaises traduites de l’anglais contribuèrent substantiellement à la cinématographie québécoise. Elles témoignent d’une stratégie de traduction interventionniste, par laquelle le film original est considéré comme une matière première que l’on peut manipuler afin d’accrocher le public local. Par suite d’un changement dans l’esthétique du documentaire et de la montée du nationalisme québécois, les originaux en langue française s’accrurent et entraînèrent une augmentation des versions du français à l’anglais. Celles-ci usèrent d’un mode de médiation qui consistait à rajouter une voix narrative anglophone aux films novateurs en français, du fait qu’ils avaient évacué la narration, soumettant ainsi les créations originales au modèle traditionnel. La période de 1967 à 1974 en est une de fragmentation se caractérisant par un nombre élevé de films non traduits, tels que ceux produits dans le cadre du programme Challenge for Change/Société nouvelle ou par le Studio D. Les quelques productions qui furent traduites, cependant, connurent des versions d’une grande sensibilité linguistique. Un phénomène de non-traduction, mais d’un autre ordre, s’observe par ailleurs dans certains films autochtones. Depuis longtemps, l’ONF s’est engagé à traduire ses productions; c’est ce qui en fait un site riche pour l’étude des pratiques de la traduction audiovisuelle et du changement des relations entre les langues au Canada.

Le contrôle de version est la pierre angulaire des processus de développement de logiciels modernes. Tout en construisant des logiciels de plus en plus complexes, les développeurs doivent comprendre des sous-systèmes de code source qui leur sont peu familier. Alors que la compréhension de la logique d'un code étranger est relativement simple, la compréhension de sa conception et de sa genèse est plus compliquée. Elle n'est souvent possible que par les descriptions des révisions et de la documentation du projet qui sont dispersées et peu fiables -- quand elles existent. Ainsi, les développeurs ont besoin d'une base de référence fiable et pertinente pour comprendre l'historique des projets logiciels. Dans cette thèse, nous faisons les premiers pas vers la compréhension des motifs de changement dans les historiques de révision. Nous étudions les changements prenant place dans les métriques logicielles durant l'évolution d'un projet. Au travers de multiples études exploratoires, nous réalisons des expériences quantitatives et qualitatives sur plusieurs jeux de données extraits à partir d'un ensemble de 13 projets. Nous extrayons les changements dans les métriques logicielles de chaque commit et construisons un jeu de donnée annoté manuellement comme vérité de base. Nous avons identifié plusieurs catégories en analysant ces changements. Un motif en particulier nommé "compromis", dans lequel certaines métriques peuvent s'améliorer au détriment d'autres, s'est avéré être un indicateur prometteur de changements liés à la conception -- dans certains cas, il laisse également entrevoir une intention de conception consciente de la part des auteurs des changements. Pour démontrer les observations de nos études exploratoires, nous construisons un modèle général pour identifier l'application d'un ensemble bien connu de principes de conception dans de nouveaux projets. Nos résultats suggèrent que les fluctuations de métriques ont le potentiel d'être des indicateurs pertinents pour gagner des aperçus macroscopiques sur l'évolution de la conception dans l'historique de développement d'un projet. / Version control is the backbone of the modern software development workflow. While building more and more complex systems, developers have to understand unfamiliar subsystems of source code. Understanding the logic of unfamiliar code is relatively straightforward. However, understanding its design and its genesis is often only possible through scattered and unreliable commit messages and project documentation -- when they exist. Thus, developers need a reliable and relevant baseline to understand the history of software projects. In this thesis, we take the first steps towards understanding change patterns in commit histories. We study the changes in software metrics through the evolution of projects. Through multiple exploratory studies, we conduct quantitative and qualitative experiments on several datasets extracted from a pool of 13 projects. We mine the changes in software metrics for each commit of the respective projects and manually build oracles to represent ground truth. We identified several categories by analyzing these changes. One pattern, in particular, dubbed "tradeoffs", where some metrics may improve at the expense of others, proved to be a promising indicator of design-related changes -- in some cases, also hinting at a conscious design intent from the authors of the changes. Demonstrating the findings of our exploratory studies, we build a general model to identify the application of a well-known set of design principles in new projects. Our overall results suggest that metric fluctuations have the potential to be relevant indicators for valuable macroscopic insights about the design evolution in a project's development history.

This thesis deals with the influence of digitization and electronic media on print media. It shows the progress of development of the digital, its constant growth and transformation of getting public information, especially by particular theories of Marshall McLuhan, Jay David Bolter, Richard Grusin, Alessandro Ludovico and another authors dealing with the issues of media and digitization. The thesis shows a brief media development and the largest part is devoted to the digitization and remediation of the media. The central part is assessing the impact of digitization and the advent of electronic media on print media. It is shown how the print media deal with digitization. In the practical part of my work, it should find out how the print titles of the Czech market are, how are they affected by increasing digitization of media and how they try to deal with this aspect of trying to cope. All of these issues are shown in three cases, the daily newspapers Mladá Fronta DNES, Lidové noviny and Hospodářské noviny, which are the ones of the most important media in Czech republic, which have their printed version, with which they began. With digitization, however, they were forced to start also with their electronic versions. Key words: digitalization, electronic media, mass media, print media, electronic...