The research presented in this doctoral dissertation introduces a developmental path to realize micro coaxial transmission lines for wafer-level microwave and millimeter wave circuits. The micro coax lines conceptualized in this research are three-dimensional, with a uniquely low vertical profile of 20 mu m. They are distinguishable from other transmission line topologies due to frequency limitless, cross-talk free performance in high density circuits resulting from the totally shielded construction. Design and optimization was done using equations and electromagnetic simulations. Extensive process development has been carried out to fabricate these devices on CMOS grade silicon wafers using processes amenable to the IC manufacturing industry. Micro coax lines of three different core types including air, semi-dielectric and all-dielectric cores were designed, fabricated and analyzed from 1 - 40 GHz with respect to line impedance and the volume of polyimide (dielectric) in the micro coax cavity. The insertion loss of the lines was found to vary from 2 to 9 dB/cm depending on the width the center conductor, total cross-sectional area and core type. The versatility of the micro coax technology developed in the earlier part of this research has been successfully integrated with RF MEMS to embed a MEM varactor inside the micro coax cavity capable of achieving a capacitance ratio around 7 with an actuation voltage of 40 - 60V. The vertical integration capability of the micro coax was demonstrated by locating a millimeter wave slot antenna on the top side shield of a rectangular micro coax line, also acting as the electromagnetically coupled feed for the antenna. The antenna was designed to operate in the full range of the unlicensed 57 - 64 GHz spectrum capable of Gbps data rates. A 15 dB bandwidth of 17% and a hemispherical radiation pattern was achieved. Lastly, a diversified application involving the application of an integrated micro coax probe-microfluidic chamber approach to detect bacteria through impedance measurements has been introduced. In summary, the development and implementation of micro coax technology on a large scale is bound to create a paradigm shift in the development of high density microwave and millimeter wave circuits for RF MEMS and integrated antennas.

Essay 1: An Examination of the Efficiency, Foreclosure, and Collusion Rationales for Vertical Takeovers We investigate the efficiency, foreclosure, and collusion rationales for vertical integration using a large sample of vertical takeovers. The efficiency rationale posits that vertical integration prevents future holdup between non-integrated suppliers and customers. In contrast, the foreclosure and collusion rationales suggest that vertical integration harms competition. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we examine the wealth effects of the merging firms, acquirer rivals, target rivals, and corporate customers on announcement of vertical takeovers. Our univariate and cross-sectional results suggest that firms alter their vertical boundaries in a manner that is consistent with the efficiency rationale. Our tests do not find evidence supportive of the anti-competitive rationales for vertical integration. Essay 2: Determinants of Firm Vertical Boundaries and Implications for Internal Capital Markets In this paper, we investigate the determinants of vertical relatedness between business segments of multi-segment firms and how vertical relatedness affects the internal allocation of capital. Consistent with theory, we observe a higher degree of vertical relatedness between segments in environments likely to involve contracting problems. Further, there is a greater tendency for investments to flow towards segments with better investment opportunities as the degree of vertical relatedness between business segments in the firm increases. This indicates that internal capital markets function better in the presence of significant vertical relatedness between segments. This finding supports the Stein (1997) model, which suggests that the headquarters is able to do a better job of “winner-picking” when firms operate in related lines of businesses.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-120). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xi, 120 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

nÃo hà / A Sociedade em Conta de ParticipaÃÃo à um instituto experimentado, sobretudo, no segmento de construÃÃo civil. Todavia, suas aplicaÃÃes devem-se atualmente à conjugaÃÃo de negÃcios distintos, sem o enfoque tributÃrio para desoneraÃÃo tributÃria, refletindo-se, nesta pesquisa, esta viabilidade, a partir das aquisiÃÃes de bens e serviÃos, tomando-se por base os regimes de tributaÃÃo operantes entre fornecedores e adquirentes de bens e serviÃos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a potencial desoneraÃÃo tributÃria, mediante adoÃÃo da Sociedade em Conta de ParticipaÃÃo, prevista nos artigos 991 a 996 do CÃdigo Civil de 2002, entre empresas do segmento de telecomunicaÃÃes e seus fornecedores, com base na âquase integraÃÃo verticalâ (BLOIS, 1972), cujo elemento motivador consiste no aumento de lucro, atravÃs da mitigaÃÃo de custos de transaÃÃo e tributos, bem como atravÃs de legislaÃÃo pertinente e relacionada. A metodologia utilizada no presente trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa aplicada, qualitativa e exploratÃria, fundada em pesquisa documental, tendo como objeto o segmento de telecomunicaÃÃes nacional, sobretudo em razÃo deste segmento no Brasil, ter uma das maiores cargas tributÃrias do mundo, para tributos incidentes sobre o faturamento, que alcanÃa no Estado de RondÃnia o Ãndice de 67,08% da receita lÃquida, nÃo obstante a existÃncia de outros tributos cuja incidÃncia tem como fato gerador outros eventos econÃmicos. Conclui-se por meio do estudo, pela viabilidade de introduÃÃo da Sociedade em Conta de ParticipaÃÃo entre as empresas de telecomunicaÃÃes selecionadas e seus fornecedores para reduÃÃo da carga tributÃria nas aquisiÃÃes de bens e serviÃos e, consequente melhoria de resultados, aos valores mÃnimos e mÃximos evidenciados.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-12-11T13:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-09T12:05:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T12:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-02 / Esta tese trata da questão da internacionalização da empresa de petróleo no Brasil. O tema ganha maiores dimensões nas discussões devido ao advento das descobertas nas áreas exploratórias do pré-sal. O expressivo tamanho das descobertas poderá colocar a indústria de petróleo brasileira e o seu quase único operador, a Petrobrás, na posição de grande exportador de óleo cru. O modelo exportador de matéria prima bruta não parece ser a melhor estratégia tanto para o país quanto para o maior ícone da indústria nacional de petróleo, a Petrobras.A partir de um estudo da indústria nacional de petróleo a tese formulará uma proposta de estratégia de gestão via a internacionalização verticalmente integrada para esta indústria, em particular para a grande empresa nacional. Também será feita uma análise comparativa de grandes empresas, suas estratégias e forma de operação, empresas de outras nacionalidades, de capital estatal, privado ou misto, internacionalizadas desde o seu nascimento ou em francos processos de internacionalização, onde a atuação em países diferentes das suas sedes é um objetivo estratégico. Finalmente será analisada uma iniciativa de internacionalização que foi a aquisição da empresa japonesa, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, pela Petrobras em 2008. A aquisição no Japão por empresa de capital latino-americano foi inédita na história daquele país. A metodologia utilizada é de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O estudo concluirá que existe uma tendência histórica da grande empresa de petróleo no uso de estratégia de internacionalização via integração vertical de suas operações e que tal estratégia poderia ser adotada pela empresa nacional, porém, em meio a tensões e dilemas de decisões influenciadas pelo político social e pelo pensamento empresarial. / This thesis addresses the issue of internationalization of companies in the oil company in Brazil. The subject analyzed gained ground in discussions of this industry, with the advent of new discoveries in the areas of exploration, the areas of presalt. A future seems to be approaching a future when new discoveries will bring the Brazilian oil industry, notably its highest representative and almost totally dominant one, Petrobras, to a position of net exporter of crude oil. The raw material export model does not seem to be the best strategy for both the country and the largest icon of the national oil industry, Petrobras. Through a study of the national oil industry, this thesis will propose a strategy of internationalization by operational vertical integration of the national industry. Analysis will also be made of other companies, strategies and mode of operation, companies from other countries, and state, private or private and state capital, internationalized since birth or going through internationalization processes, where the operations in different countries of these headquarters are the objective of their organizations. Finally one case of internationalization initiative will be studied, which was the acquisition of the Japanese company, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, by Petrobras in 2008. The acquisition of a company in Japan by a Latin American company was unprecedented in that country. The methodology for this theses is qualitative research. The study will conclude that there is a historical trend of the big petroleum company adopting the strategy of internationalization by vertical integration of its operations and that this strategy could be adopted by the national company.

Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo simples de ganhos de troca na presença custos de medida de atributos relevantes em uma transação econômica. Em particular, mostramos como o modelo pode ser utilizado para uma maior reflexão sobre os custos e benefícios da integração vertical, ou seja, mostramos que a integração vertical pode evitar custos de transação na forma de gastos em excesso de medida de atributos relevantes do insumo intermediário transacionado, não obstante os custos de monitoramento por parte do empresário da firma integrada. Em seguida, este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de escolha de padrões privados numa cadeia vertical, através de uma função de beneficio exclusive os custos de padronização. Finalmente, mostramos as condições em que a escolha do padrão pode ser uma variável do tipo complemento estratégico. / The present thesis develops a simple model of gains from trade when there are costs of measuring of relevant attributes in economic transactions.It´s shown how the model can be applied for the study of costs and benefits of vertical integration. In particular, it´s argued that vertical integration can avoid excessive transaction costs, in the form of costs of measure of intermediate outputs, although the costs of monitoring that the owner of the integrated firm must spend. Next, this thesis develops a model of choice of private standards in a vertical chain. Finally, it´s studied situations where the standards can be strategic complements.

Na região de Puno-Peru, existe suficiente recurso hídrico para a criação de trutas arco-íris, mas apesar do potencial não há suficiente exploração da atividade. Existem produtores agrupados dedicados empiricamente, que vêm desenvolvendo a indústria pesqueira, e para isso algumas estratégias industriais são adotadas pelos criadores, para viabilizar sustentabilidade. As estratégias industriais revisadas foram competitivas e cooperativas, de integração horizontal, de integração vertical, supply chain e economia de custos de transação. O método utilizado para desenvolver a pesquisa foi o exploratório, através do estudo de caso, envolvendo quatro empresas pertencentes a quatro agrupamentos, um de cada. Neste estudo constatou-se que os agrupamentos estão conformados por micro e pequenas empresas na sua maioria, cuja rentabilidade não é satisfatória, devido à falta de economias de escala e a escasso recurso financeiro, principalmente. Há relacionamento de parceria formal entre o produtor e o cliente atacadista nas áreas econômica, controle de qualidade e marketing, sob estrito parâmetro de responsabilidade; não há parceria formal com fornecedores de insumos, apenas relações comerciais guiadas pela cultura de responsabilidade e confiança entre os membros deste estágio. Quanto às estratégias competitivas e cooperativas, há como destaque diferenciação na pigmentação da carne e responsividade no atendimento ao cliente, sendo o mercado foco o intermediário regional e empresa exportadora. Ressalta-se a coordenação de atividades de compra e venda conjunta, ajuda mútua e empréstimos entre participantes dos agrupamentos. Foi identificado também apoio efetivo por uma organização não governamental, no processo de criação de peixes, porém falta incentivo por parte das instituições públicas. As informações coletadas permitiram contextualizar a estrutura industrial da truta nessa região. Finalmente, se propõe um modelo de estratégias de organização industrial baseado no relacionamento de agrupamentos de micro e pequenas empresas, como resultado das melhores estratégias utilizadas. Conclui-se que devem ser priorizados: relacionamentos horizontais entre os produtores, sob a filosofia de cooperação e competitividade, relacionamentos verticais com o fornecedor e cliente, em qualidade de parceiros, relacionamento com instituições públicas e privadas, como estratégias de suporte. / In the region of Puno-Peru, sufficient exists water resource for the creation of trouts rainbow, but although the potential does not have sufficient exploration of the activity. They exist empirically producing grouped dedicated, that they come developing the fishing industry, and for this some industrial strategies are adopted by the creators, to make possible support. The revised industrial strategies had been competitive and cooperative, of horizontal integration, of vertical integration, supply chain and economy of transaction costs. The used method to develop the research was the exploratory, through the case study, involving four pertaining companies four groupings, one of each. In this study it was evidenced mainly that the groupings are conformed by micron and small companies in its majority, whose yield is not satisfactory, due to lack of scale economies and the scarce financial resource. It has relationship of formal partnership between the producer and the wholesale customer in the areas economic, quality control and marketing, under strict parameter of responsibility; it does not have formal partnership with suppliers of inputs, only commercial relations guided by the responsibility culture and confidence enters the members of this period of training. How much to the competitive and cooperative strategies, it has as it has detached differentiation in the pigmentation of the meat and responsiveness in the attendance to the customer, having been the market focus the regional intermediary and exporting company. It is standed out coordination of activities of purchase and joint sales, mutual aid and loans between participants of the groupings. Effective support for a not governmental organization was also identified, in the process of creation of fish; however it lacks incentive on the part of the public institutions. As informações coletadas permitiram contextualizar a estrutura industrial da truta nessa região. Finally, if it considers a model of strategies of industrial organization based in the relationship of micron groupings and small companies, as resulted of the best used strategies. One concludes that they must be prioritized: horizontal relationships between the producers, under the philosophy of cooperation and vertical competitiveness, relationships with the supplier and customer, in quality of partners, relationship with public and private institutions, as support strategies.

Diploma thesis "Vertical integration and vertical restraints - The Case of the Czech manufacturing industry" deals with the empirical examination of the influence of the degree of vertical integration on the productivity of Czech firms in the manufacturing industry and is focused on some aspects of the automotive industry during the period 1998 -- 2007. At the theoretical level the work deals with determinants of vertical integration and vertical restraints, both on an individual level and also in terms of social welfare. The results of the analysis show the existence of the negative relationship between the degree of vertical integration and the productivity of companies in the manufacturing sector. Examination of the automotive industry showed reduction of the output gap between domestic and foreign firms.

The thesis introduces thorough analysis of current approach towards margin squeeze practice, an abuse of dominant position by vertically integrated entity. For proper categorization, definition and understanding of the basic assumptions behind the strategy of margin squeeze and its application, the paper presents necessary conceptual apparatus. Further the paper deals also with regulatory framework of abuses of dominant position, national as well as international. In the practical section the paper introduces margin squeeze strategy within telecommunication industry and its regulatory framework in the Czech republic and brings recommendations for ex-ante margin squeeze testing in relation with current European regulators policy updates following the dynamic technological development of the industry.

Contrairement au mouvement d’externalisation constaté depuis plusieurs décennies dans le secteur textile-habillement-cuir, les entreprises appartenant au segment du luxe affichent un degré d’intégration verticale de plus en plus poussé. Ce travail de thèse s’attache à mettre en lumière les causes et les conséquences de cette stratégie en mobilisant les concepts et les méthodes de l’économie industrielle.Le fonctionnement spécifique de l’industrie du luxe nous amène à privilégier une approche micro-économique basée sur des données qualitatives et quantitatives recueillies sur 21 entreprises, ainsi que des modèles économétriques menées sur 18 d’entre elles.Cette thèse montre que la stratégie d’intégration verticale mise en œuvre par les entreprises répond en premier lieu à une recherche d’efficience productive et de captation de rente. Elle a eu pour effet de renforcer les barrières à l’entrée existantes sur le segment du luxe et contribué à accroître les performances des acteurs installés. / Unlike the outsourcing trend stated during the last decades in the textile-apparel-leather sector, luxury-fashion firms show in increasing degree of vertical integration. This thesis’ aim is to reveal the objectives and effects of this strategic move using the concepts and methods of industrial economics.The specific behavior of the luxury industry lead us to choose a microeconomic approach, based on quantitative and qualitative data gather on 21 luxury companies, and empirical statistical tests carried out on 18 firms.Results show that the main justification for a greater level of integration is the search for efficiency and rent-seeking strategies. This strategy led to higher barriers to entry on the luxury market and increased performances for installed firms.