O objetivo desta tese é analisar os modos de vida na cidade de Belterra. Foram analisados dois períodos de tempo (1934-1945 / 1995-2011) da vida social do lugar, para identificar como a ação do capital, com base no apoio estatal, se deslocou para a Amazônia Brasileira, se apropriou de grandes porções do território, destruiu ou desorganizou os modos de vida preexistentes em nome das exigências do mercado internacional. No primeiro período, buscou-se identificar como ocorreu o processo de ressocialização do migrante em uma cidade-empresa da Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil, baseada na criação de uma hierarquia sociofuncional do sistema fordista de produção e uma restrição da convivência dos americanos em relação aos brasileiros. No segundo período, analisamos a presença da soja na cidade e em seu entorno. O rural e o urbano estão contidos na cidade, simultaneamente, como práticas socioculturais que não se fazem pela oposição. A ligação entre os dois períodos encontra-se nas mudanças dos modos de vida preexistentes, no uso predatório da natureza e na enunciação de estereótipos pelos de fora contra a população do lugar sob o abrigo da fala do desenvolvimento. As técnicas usadas foram a observação de campo, as entrevistas, as conversas informais, o levantamento bibliográfico, documental e fotográfico. Permitindo a construção de mapas que resumem estes movimentos. Pudemos realizar entrevistas com perguntas semi-estruturadas para tratar dos dois períodos de tempo considerados em nossa pesquisa. Desse modo, observamos que na cidade praticada, onde se realiza a mediação entre o lugar e a totalidade-mundo, os híbridos presentes na vida cotidiana e o contexto de sua realização nos informam sobre a Amazônia e, em particular, da presença étnica (quilombola e indígena), do rural e do urbano na cidade, uma vez que a vida naquele espaço subnacional não se realiza pelas oposições criadas pelo pensamento abstrato. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the Belterra ways of life. We analyzed two time periods (1934-1945 / 1995-2011) of the social life of the place, to identify how the action of the Capital, based on governmental support, moved to the Brazilian Amazon, has appropriated large pieces of territory, destroyed or disrupted the ways of life in the name of the requirements international market. In the first period, attempted to identify how was the process of reintegration of migrants into a city-company Ford Industrial Company of Brazil, based on creating a hierarchy sociofuncional Fordist production system and a restriction of living of Americans and Brazilians. In the second period, we analyzed the presence of soy in the city and the around it. The rural and urban are contained in the city simultaneously and socio-cultural practices that are not made by the opposition. The connection between the two periods lies in the changes of "ways of life" pre-existing, the predatory use of nature and the enunciation of stereotypes by "outsiders" against the population of the place with the shelter of speech development. The techniques used were field observations, interviews, informal conversations, the bibliographic, documentary and photographic, allowing the construction of maps that summarize these social movements. We could do interviews with semi-structured questions to address the two time periods considered in our research. Thus, we observed that practiced in the city, where it mediates between the place and the whole world, hybrids present in everyday life and the context of its performance tell us about the Amazon and in particular the presence of ethnic (quilombola and indigenous), the rural and urban life since the sub-space that is not realized by the oppositions created by abstract thinking.

Le sens de verticalité constitue un référentiel spatial fondamental pour percevoir et agir dans l'espace. Il permet notamment de déterminer la position de notre corps par rapport à la direction de la gravité et participe à l’organisation du contrôle postural chez l’homme. L'évaluation du sens de verticalité pour une meilleure compréhension des troubles posturaux et spatiaux de patients ayant présentés un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) devient pratique courante. Cependant, l’absence de standardisation et de connaissances des qualités psychométriques des mesures de la perception de la verticale limite considérablement l’utilisation clinique de ces outils et l’élaboration d’essais thérapeutiques pour le suivi des troubles posturaux en pathologie neurologique. L’AVC constitue également le modèle lésionnel humain privilégié pour l’étude du sens de verticalité. L'identification des aires cérébrales sous-tendant les processus d’intégration multisensorielle du sens de verticalité reposent majoritairement sur de techniques modernes d’analyse lésionnelle. Cependant, les connaissances des bases cérébrales de la construction et de la mise à jour du sens de verticalité sont encore partielles et appellent à des travaux complémentaires. Nos travaux de recherche visaient à améliorer notre compréhension du sens de verticalité par l’étude de ces altérations en pathologie vasculaire cérébrale, selon une double approche méthodologique et physiopathologique. Nous avons montré que l’évaluation de la perception visuelle de la verticale dans les suites d’un AVC requiert une installation précise des patients (maintien droit du tronc et de la tête chez les patients présentant des troubles posturaux) et doit être basée sur un minimum de 10 essais pour assurer une fidélité inter-essais élevée. Dans ces conditions d’évaluation, l’orientation de la verticale visuelle présente une excellente fidélité inter- et intra-évaluateur, garantissant la fiabilité de cette mesure pour la pratique et la recherche cliniques. Concernant la perception posturale de la verticale, nous proposons une procédure simplifiée et standardisée du test de la roue pour l’évaluation des biais contralésionnels de la verticale posturale après AVC hémisphérique. Enfin, nous identifions au moyen d’une analyse statistique lésionnelle un réseau d’aires corticales et sous-corticales impliqué dans la perception visuelle et posturale de la verticale. Le cœur de ces régions polymodales du sens de verticalité est centré sur le cortex operculo-insulaire et le thalamus postérolatéral, avec une nette prédominance hémisphérique droite et un chevauchement des aires nodales du cortex vestibulaire. Nos résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre les bases cérébrales du sens de verticalité et constituent des guides importants pour l'utilisation clinique de la mesure du sens de verticalité.Mots clés: Sens de verticalité, AVC, méthodologie d’évaluation, bases neurales, cortex vestibulaire / The sense of verticality is a major spatial referential for perception and action in space. It allows determining our body position relatively to the gravity and it contributes to the organization of the postural control in humans. The assessment of the sense of verticality for a better understanding of postural and spatial disorders in stroke patients becomes common practice. However, the lack of standardization and psychometrical studies of the verticality perception assessment limits considerably the clinical integration of these tools and the development of therapeutic clinical trials for the follow-up of postural disorders in neurological diseases. Stroke is also the primary model for studying the sense of verticality. The identification of neural bases underlying the multisensory integration processes of the sense of verticality is based essentially on modern techniques of lesion analysis. However, our knowledge of the neural bases of the construction and updating of the sense of verticality are partial and require further studies. Our research aimed to improve our understanding of the sense of verticality through study of these disorders after stroke, according to a methodological and physiopathological dual approach. We showed that the assessment of the visual vertical perception after stroke requires a specific postural setting (the trunk and the head maintained upright in stroke patients with postural disorders) and should be based on 10 trials to achieve a high inter-trials reliability. Under these conditions, visual vertical orientation has excellent inter- and intrarater reliability, ensuring the reliability of this measure for both clinical practice and research. For the postural perception of the vertical, we proposed a simplified and standardized procedure with the wheel test to assess contralesional postural vertical biases after hemispheric stroke. Finally, by means of a lesional statistical analysis, we identified a cortical and subcortical areas network of the visual and postural vertical perception. The polymodal regions of the sense of verticality are centered on the operculo-insular cortex and the posterolateral thalamus, with a right hemisphere predominance and a partial overlap with the core regions of the vestibular cortex. Our results provide a better understanding of the neural bases of the sense of verticality in humans and constitute guidelines for the clinical use of the verticality perception measures.Keywords: Sense of verticality, stroke, assessment methodology, neural bases, vestibular cortex.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar os modos de vida na cidade de Belterra. Foram analisados dois períodos de tempo (1934-1945 / 1995-2011) da vida social do lugar, para identificar como a ação do capital, com base no apoio estatal, se deslocou para a Amazônia Brasileira, se apropriou de grandes porções do território, destruiu ou desorganizou os modos de vida preexistentes em nome das exigências do mercado internacional. No primeiro período, buscou-se identificar como ocorreu o processo de ressocialização do migrante em uma cidade-empresa da Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil, baseada na criação de uma hierarquia sociofuncional do sistema fordista de produção e uma restrição da convivência dos americanos em relação aos brasileiros. No segundo período, analisamos a presença da soja na cidade e em seu entorno. O rural e o urbano estão contidos na cidade, simultaneamente, como práticas socioculturais que não se fazem pela oposição. A ligação entre os dois períodos encontra-se nas mudanças dos modos de vida preexistentes, no uso predatório da natureza e na enunciação de estereótipos pelos de fora contra a população do lugar sob o abrigo da fala do desenvolvimento. As técnicas usadas foram a observação de campo, as entrevistas, as conversas informais, o levantamento bibliográfico, documental e fotográfico. Permitindo a construção de mapas que resumem estes movimentos. Pudemos realizar entrevistas com perguntas semi-estruturadas para tratar dos dois períodos de tempo considerados em nossa pesquisa. Desse modo, observamos que na cidade praticada, onde se realiza a mediação entre o lugar e a totalidade-mundo, os híbridos presentes na vida cotidiana e o contexto de sua realização nos informam sobre a Amazônia e, em particular, da presença étnica (quilombola e indígena), do rural e do urbano na cidade, uma vez que a vida naquele espaço subnacional não se realiza pelas oposições criadas pelo pensamento abstrato. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the Belterra ways of life. We analyzed two time periods (1934-1945 / 1995-2011) of the social life of the place, to identify how the action of the Capital, based on governmental support, moved to the Brazilian Amazon, has appropriated large pieces of territory, destroyed or disrupted the ways of life in the name of the requirements international market. In the first period, attempted to identify how was the process of reintegration of migrants into a city-company Ford Industrial Company of Brazil, based on creating a hierarchy sociofuncional Fordist production system and a restriction of living of Americans and Brazilians. In the second period, we analyzed the presence of soy in the city and the around it. The rural and urban are contained in the city simultaneously and socio-cultural practices that are not made by the opposition. The connection between the two periods lies in the changes of "ways of life" pre-existing, the predatory use of nature and the enunciation of stereotypes by "outsiders" against the population of the place with the shelter of speech development. The techniques used were field observations, interviews, informal conversations, the bibliographic, documentary and photographic, allowing the construction of maps that summarize these social movements. We could do interviews with semi-structured questions to address the two time periods considered in our research. Thus, we observed that practiced in the city, where it mediates between the place and the whole world, hybrids present in everyday life and the context of its performance tell us about the Amazon and in particular the presence of ethnic (quilombola and indigenous), the rural and urban life since the sub-space that is not realized by the oppositions created by abstract thinking.

Dans ses Remarques mêlées, Wittgenstein écrivait : « Qui enseigne aujourd’hui la philosophie ne choisit pas pour son élève une nourriture à son goût, mais celle qui est capable de changer son goût. »Et nous avons mauvais goût manifestement : notre palais n’est sensible qu’aux schèmes verticaux. Il n’affectionne que ce qui s’y apparente. Ce « nous » auquel nous nous référons n’englobe pas que les étudiants. Il désigne avant tout les professionnels de la philosophie, et ceux des sciences humaines. La cible de Wittgenstein, c’est finalement l’universitaire. Celui, du moins, qui en a adopté le langage et les codes, et qui, à travers eux conçoit ce qu’est un résultat et les moyens d’y parvenir.Adopter ce langage et ces codes en philosophie résulte d'un malentendu, d'une ambition qui ne peut que manquer ce qu'elle voudrait atteindre, car cette méthode ne lui est pas propre : elle se calque sur celle des sciences. Elle édifie quand elle devrait décrire, elle démontre quand elle devrait étaler.La philosophie ne devrait être qu’horizontalité. C’est là le « message wittgensteinien », nous semble-t-il. C’est en tout cas comme cela que nous nous permettons de le formuler. Il est présent en chaque point de son œuvre, de manière plus ou moins perceptible, il est vrai. La forme de celle-ci se déroule, se dessine peu à peu à partir de ce précepte. C’est la raison pour laquelle il n'est pas évident pour le lecteur de s’y retrouver. Rien ne lui est livré comme de coutume, dans les emballages desquels il est familier. Le message est distillé à chaque instant, par touches succinctes, peu importe le tableau. C’est en cela qu’on peut parler d’ubiquité de la pensée wittgensteinienne. / In Culture and Value, Wittgenstein wrote: ‘Someone who teaches philosophy nowadays gives his pupil foods, not because they are to his taste, but in order to change his taste.’We obviously have bad taste: our palate is only sensitive to vertical schema. It only likes what it is similar to it. This ‘us’ we refer to, does not only include students. It mostly designates the professionals of philosophy, and those from Human Sciences. Wittgenstein's aim is, after all, the academic. Or at least, the one who uses its language and its codes, and through them, knows what a result is and the means to reach it.Use this language and these codes in philosophy, is the result of a misunderstanding, of an ambition that is only able to miss what it wants to reach, because this method is not its own: it models itself on the scientific one. It edifies when it should be describing and demonstrates when it should be spreading.Philosophy should only be horizontality appears to be the ‘Wittgensteinian message’, it seems to us. We allow ourselves to express it as so anyway. We can find this message, in a more or less discernible way, that is true, all along his work. The shape of Wittgenstein's work appears bit by bit from this precept. This is the reason why it is not easy for the reader to find his way through. Nothing is given to him as usual, in the packages he is used to receive it. The message is disclosed, in every instant, by succinct touches, no matter the picture. We can therefore talk about the ubiquity of Wittgensteinian thought.

Although many researchers investigate the senses separately, most people have a coherent conscious experience of the world that is not divided into separate perceptions of vision, hearing, or other senses. The brain integrates the information received from our senses into a unified representation of the world around us. Previous research has demonstrated that what people perceive with one sense can influence their perception of stimuli with the other senses (Roffler & Butler, 1968; Marks, 2000). The current set of studies was designed to illuminate the associations between musical pitch and visuospatial motion. The first two experiments with infants revealed that 11-month-old infants are sensitive to associations between ascending and descending musical pitch and the direction of an object’s motion. Additionally, two more experiments with infants revealed that infants of the same age do not show the associations of rightward motion with ascending pitch and leftward motion with descending pitch that adults have demonstrated in some experiments (Eitan & Granot, 2006). The fifth experiment tested the influence of ascending and descending musical stimuli on making a visuospatial motion to a target location. Adult subjects demonstrated faster reaction times when using a trackball to move a cursor to a target location on a computer screen when the direction of the target was congruent with the musical stimulus to which they were listening. The effect was stronger for vertical target locations than for horizontal target locations. The results of these studies indicate that both infants and adults are sensitive to associations between musical pitch and visuospatial motion in the vertical plane, and adults may also make associations between musical pitch and visuospatial motion in the horizontal plane. / text

The purpose of the present dissertation is to study the elaborations of the initiation myth in contemporary Italian author Alessandro Baricco. The theoretical and methodological framework consists mainly of Mircea Eliade’s phenomenological theory of initiation. It is argued that the categories of space and time are interdepent in religious thought and should thus be studied as a unit, through the notion of the chronotope. The dissertation therefore proposes to introduce the concept of the chronotope of initiation as an operative tool, the intersection of the theories of Eliade and Mikhail Bakhtin, for the literary subgenre of the initiation novel. A hermeneutical analysis of the novels Oceano mare, Emmaus and Mr Gwyn demonstrates that the initiation myth is present in all three novels. The symbolism of death and rebirth is coherently enacted as a movement via the categories cosmos-chaos-cosmos, for which the author uses the symbolism of the earth to define cosmos (regularity and structure) and water symbolism for the regenerating chaos (dissolution and renewal). The different chapters of analysis accentuate the interaction of space and time within the different phases of the initiation pattern: the profane, the threshold, the sacred, the centre (the place where the actual ritual is enacted) and the return, which are all defined as chronotopes. The analysis shows that although the chronotope of initiation – the concept intending the fusion of the temporal event of ritual at the spatial centre – assumes different forms throughout the corpus, its function remains unmodified, with its purpose being the creation of ontological change. In its inherent structure, the chronotope of initiation unites antithetical spatial and temporal characteristics. Spatially it unites infinite and dissolving chaotic space with the constitutive envelope or sacred vertical centre, and temporally it brings together the ultimative ontological change at a fixed, historical moment with the eternal, sacred, time opened by ritual, representing the coincidentia oppositorum of the sacred. The analysis also shows that the so-called “portraits of the ineffable”, present in all three novels, reflect the same qualities. As immanent works of art, they function as thresholds into the infinite. From a chronological perspective, the dissertation shows a modification of the initiation pattern in Baricco’s writing: from the classical form in Oceano mare, via a more realistic application in Emmaus, to the most elaborate, meta-literary adaption in Mr Gwyn. Nevertheless, the use of the pattern and its thematic coherence reveals that Baricco consciously elaborates on the pattern to suit the contemporary context.

The immense scope of Sir Thomas Malory¡¦s Le Morte Darthur has long kept daunting his readers. In terms of space, Malory includes both historical locations and imaginary and unnamed natural locales in his work. These places have different functions and therefore transmit different dimensions of spatial imagination. This dissertation examines three kinds of space¡Xwater as space, urban space and mystical space, and the aesthetic relations to these spaces in Le Morte Darthur. These named spaces and the selected locations in each category will be analyzed in the framework of microspace and macrospace, a structure proposed by Dick Harrison in conceptualizing medieval spatial experiences. Chapter one explores water as space. Some geographical sites, such as harbors, lakes, wells and rivers, and an imaginary space of Lancelot¡¦s tears as a qualitative concept are discussed in relation to the aquatic regenerative power. Particular interests are in how Malory accentuates differences which water exhibits in these sites and how water functions as a link to the past and to the future via language and spatial verticality. The second chapter moves to urban space, localized in specific places. This chapter aims to explicate how some medieval cities in Le Morte Darthur are consecrated or deconsecrated as a result of the city¡¦s association with distinct social and moral/immoral activities. The final chapter discusses mystical space. The places of sojourn of the Grail knights during their quest are marked by spatial verticality and horizontality, in proportion to each knight¡¦s moral worthiness. These locales form a preparatory path towards the space where the Grail vision and a divine message are ultimately revealed. An analogy between the interior space of the Grail and the extracosmic void space is drawn in order to convey the essence of the Grail in spatial terms. The progression from chapter one to three reflects a tendency from the physical to the mystical world of the human existence imagined in Malory¡¦s work. Moral dimension plays an important role in that it enables the transformation from microspace to macrospace in some instances. The term ¡§aesthetic spaces¡¨ will include both microspace and macrospace, in which Malory employs real and imaginary sites to fulfill his aesthetic ideal. ¡§Aesthetic spaces,¡¨ when taken in a broader sense, will also apply to ¡§poetic space¡¨ when language results in the transference of space which characters experience. Three categories of texts will be employed in the discussion: literary, historical and theoretical texts. The first group includes Le Morte Darthur, some major medieval English romances and chronicles and the Old French prose Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles; the second, fourteenth- and fifteenth-century philosophical, religious and historical documents; and the last, theories of medieval spatial thinking from Harrison and Mircea Eliade. Through comparisons of a number of passages in Le Morte Darthur and these two French versions, this writer attempts to show that Malory, as the first writer to incorporate the Grail narrative into Arthurian romance in England prior to the late fifteenth century, succeeds in presenting microspatial and macrospatial thinking in Le Morte Darthur.

Internet révolutionne les foyers et concerne plus spécifiquement les adolescents. Il s'agit de nouvelles façons de communiquer, d’être en relation avec les pairs. Dans cette dynamique actuelle d'échanges caractérisée par un brouillage des repères habituels d'espace-temps, les adolescents se frayent une nouvelle voie d'accès à la connaissance, loin des sentiers battus de l'école et de la transmission familiale. La culture numérique adolescente paraît se heurter à une réalité scolaire qui ne fait plus sens. La scolarité mais aussi la vie familiale (soumise elle aussi à de profonds changements) subissent les conséquences de la reconfiguration du quotidien imposée par les nouvelles technologies. L'évolution de notre société a contribué au manque de visibilité de la place de l'adulte (parent/enseignant) dans le processus développemental de l'enfant et de l'adolescent. L’approche socio-constructiviste de Vygotski (1933 – Zone Proximale de Développement) ainsi que l’approche psychanalytique de Bion (1982 – capacité de penser) et de Winnicott (1971 – aire transitionnelle) posent l’importance de la place de l’Adulte dans les processus développementaux. La prédominance de la dimension d’horizontalité accentuée par les nouvelles technologies occultant l’exigence de verticalité semble s’accompagner de risques sur la socialisation et la mobilisation scolaire des adolescents. Cette recherche vise à identifier les relations entre les pratiques numériques, les représentations de l’engagement éducatif de l’Adulte (parents et enseignants) et la mobilisation scolaire des adolescents. La question que nous nous posons est la suivante : dans quelle mesure les pratiques numériques des adolescents peuvent-elles favoriser leur mobilisation scolaire ? Une enquête par questionnaires menée auprès de 323 collégiens, âgés de 11 à 16 ans, nous a permis de confirmer que les adolescents ayant élaboré des représentations de l’engagement éducatif parental vis-à-vis d’Internet en lien avec la scolarité investissent la sphère culturelle d’Internet. Les analyses de discours par l’approche phénoménologique, lexicométrique et à l’aide de catégories conceptualisantes, effectuées à l’issue des entretiens menés auprès d’un sous-échantillon de 9 adolescents confirment que la visibilité de la symbolique de la verticalité représentée par l’adulte (parents et enseignants) contribue à la co-construction de sens dans la mobilisation scolaire. L’étude de cas atteste de la pertinence de notre modèle soulignant l’importance des interactions d’une part et le rôle des processus inconscients d’autre part. / Internet revolutionizes homes and reaches more specifically teenagers. It’s a matter of practising, new ways of dealing with one’s peers, communicating. In this present exchanges dynamism characterized by a scrambling of usual spacing and timing marks, teenagers break their way in having access in Knowledges, turning aside from the beaten track (school and family). School as well as family life (under deep changes too) are closely questioned by the consequences of the reconfiguration of the daily life carried out by new technologies. The evolution of our society contributed to the want of visibility of the adult’s place (parents and teachers) in the developmental process of children and teenagers. The socio-constructivist approach of Vygotski (1933, Developmental Proximal Zone) as well as the psycho-analytic approach of Winnicott (1972, Transitional area) and of Bion, (1982, the Thinking ability) set the importance of the adult’s place in the developmental processes. The prevalence of the horizontal dimension emphasized by new technologies hid-ing the need of verticality seems to go along with socialization and school risks for teenagers. This research aims at pointing out the relations between numer-ical practices, teenagers’perception of adults’ involvement (parents and teach-ers) and school mobilization. To what extent teenagers’numerical practices can further school mobilization ? An extensive study achieved among a sample of 323 adolescents from 11 to 16 years old, has confirmed parental involvement adolescents’ perception guide adolescents towards Internet cultural practices. The answers of 9 teenagers chosen for their Internet intensive use, collected during semi-directive interviews, enabled us to provide greater details concern-ing these results. The need of verticality symbolised by the adult (parents, teachers) leading to the co-construction of meaning in school mobilization is confirmed by the qualitative analysis (phenomenologic, conceptual categories and lexico-statistics analysis). The clinical study certifies our model is relevant underlining the significance of interactions on the one hand and of the part of the unconscious processes on the other hand.

Cette thèse porte sur un art martial, l’aikibudo, « fondé » au début des années 1980 par le Français Alain Floquet. Âgé de presque 80 ans, celui-ci tente, depuis quelques années, de transmettre progressivement la responsabilité technique de son école. Cette transmission intensifie des tensions entre les successeurs potentiels – ceux que nous avons appelés les maîtres. Ainsi, l’organisation de la discipline doit-elle se moderniser ou garder un caractère « traditionnel » ? Avec une forme technique plus éthérée ou plus réaliste ? Et quelle devrait-elle la place de chacun dans la future organisation ? De leur point de vue, les maîtres considèrent le plus souvent ces tensions comme des luttes d’ego ou encore des luttes de pouvoir. Il semble pourtant qu’elles ne relèvent pas que de la seule rationalité instrumentale. Telle est l’hypothèse générale de cette recherche. Pour mener à bien cette recherche, deux cadres théoriques jusqu’ici peu articulés ont été croisés : la sociologie pragmatique de Boltanski et Thévenot (1991) qui permet d’appréhender les arrière-plans axiologiques de ces tensions ; le programme dispositionnaliste proposé par Lahire (2012) qui s’attache aux dispositions des individus observés et aux contextes (macro et micro sociaux) dans lesquels ils agissent. L’enquête menée repose sur un volet qualitatif (observation participante, entretiens semi-directifs) et un volet quantitatif (analyse sociodémographique des pratiquants et questionnaire en ligne). Elle conduit à deux résultats principaux. Il en ressort d’abord que derrière l’apparente unité du discours des maîtres sur l’aikibudo, on peut distinguer trois modes d’engagement dans la discipline : l’engagement militaire, l’engagement artistique et l’engagement sportif. Chacun de ces modes d’engagement se traduit par des forme spécifiques de pratique, un attachement plus ou moins fort à la tradition, et un type de rapport de l’individu au groupe. De la sorte, on met en évidence la dimension morale des tensions dont l’enjeu est une reconfiguration et une redéfinition de la discipline au moment où le fondateur délègue progressivement la direction de son école. Par ailleurs, l’aikibudo n’est pas, pour ceux qui s’y engagent fortement, qu’un espace trivial de loisir. Il constitue le lieu central et symbolique d’une quête soi d’autant plus dense que l’individu a subi, préalablement, des expériences douloureuses, des formes d’humiliation ou de violence. Ainsi, les tensions apparaissent sous un autre jour. Leur virulence s’explique par le sens que les individus trouvent dans leur engagement dans l’aikibudo : une parabole de leur lutte pour la verticalité entendue comme un redressement et une élévation de soi. L’accès au statut de maître marque la reconnaissance de cette lutte que les haut-gradés mènent depuis plusieurs décennies. Mettre en doute leur qualité ou leur compétence de maître, c’est comme affecter ce qui fonde l’identité qu’ils ont pu construire, dans et au-delà de l’espace clos du dojo / This PhD thesis deals with a martial art – aikibudo – "founded" in the early 1980’s by the Frenchman Alain Floquet. Today, he is indeed 80 years old and has been passing on the technical charge of his "school" for a few years. But some tensions have grown between his successors – called "the masters" – who disagree on the future of aikibudo: should it become a traditional or a modern school? With an artistic or a realistic form? And what should the place of each one be in the future organization of the group? From their own point of view, the masters consider these tensions are caused by warring egos or power struggles. The general hypothesis of this work consists in showing that these tensions are not due to instrumental rationality alone. It is based on the crossing of two theoretical frameworks, namely the pragmatic sociology of Boltanski and Thevenot (1991) which enables to understand the axiological backgrounds of these tensions and the dispositionalist program of Lahire (2012) which focuses on the dispositions of some observed individuals and on the macro and micro-social contexts in which they interact. The study contains a qualitative part (participant observation and semi-leading interviews) and a quantitative one (practitioners’ sociodemographic analysis and an online questionnaire). There are two main results. Firstly, behind the visible unity of the Masters’ speeches on aikibudo, we can notice three types of commitment: a military commitment, an artistic commitment and an individualist (or athletic) commitment. Each of them implies specific practices, more or less powerful links to traditions and different forms of attachment of the individual to the group. This way, the moral dimension of the tensions becomes obvious. Their major issue is the redefinition and reconfiguration of the martial art as its founder is little by little delegating the running of his school. Secondly, aikibudo is not only a trivial space of leisure for those who are strongly engaged in it. It is also a central and symbolic quest of one’s self, all the more important that the individual has previously lived painful, humiliating or even violent experiences. Thus the tensions appear in a different way. Their virulence can be explained by the sense the individuals give to their commitment to aikibudo: a parable of their struggle for verticality in the sense of a recovery, an elevation of their selves. Accessing the rank of Master is like a gratitude for those at the top who have been struggling for decades. Doubting their skills as Masters affects the identity they have been building inside and outside the confined space of the dojo

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterised as a three-dimensional deformity of the spine with unknown etiopathogenesis. There is evidence that scoliosis may be associated with abnormalities of the vestibular system. Examination of postural stability and verticality perception is a way to assess vestibular function. The objective of this work is to compare postural stability and subjective visual vertical (SVV) between adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and healthy controls. Twelve AIS patients and twelve controls participated in the study. Examination of postural stability was performed through a Kistler force platform and the SVV was tested using a pre-programmed computed equipment Synapsys. An instrument for evaluating the perception patients have of their trunk deformity, Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS), was also part of the examination. Our results did not show a significant difference between the two groups in postural stability and static SVV-S. Statistically significant difference was found on dynamic SVV-D with clockwise rotation (p  0,01): AIS patients (1,19ř ± 1,03ř), control group (-0,17ř ± 0,82ř). There was also a significant difference on absolute deviation of dynamic SVV-D with clockwise rotation (p  0,05): AIS patients (1,50ř ± 0,77ř), control group (0,81ř ±...