No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la viabilidad de la instalación de una planta de productora de mango orgánico en frio, que estará a cargo de productores del distrito de Pitipo para ser exportados a Tokio, todo esto a partir de la evaluación de la viabilidad del mercado, tecnológica, económica y financiera. Para la elaboración del producto se utilizará como materia prima principal el mango nacional de máxima calidad y reconocimiento. Este proyecto resulta relevante debido a que en los últimos años el precio de este tipo de productos resulta relevante debido a que en los últimos años el precio de este tipo de productos se ha ido incrementando por la creciente demanda que existe por estos productos. Es por ello que se realizó una investigación previa del mango orgánico, frutas de las cuales elaborará el producto, así como lo referente a la exportación de este producto. Posterior a esto se determinará la organización de la empresa. Para finalmente realizar el estudio económico y financiero del proyecto, mediante el cual se determinó la viabilidad del proyecto con ayuda de indicadores tales como VAN y TIR. A través de los escenarios mostrados poder llegar a un escenario esperado para el proyecto el cual tiene como VAN Económico S/13,862606.61 y el VAN Financiero de S/15,123,434.59 el TIR E de 56.53% y el TIR F de 79.81%, el B/C E de 2.9 y el B/C F de 3.37. Gracias a estos resultados obtenidos podemos concluir que el proyecto es viable y factible. Con el presente estudio se ha obtenido un VAN Financiero de S/14,084,642.55, un TIR Financiero de 79.81% con un COK de 18.17%, por lo que se demuestra que el proyecto es rentable. / The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of the installation of a cold organic mango production plant, which will be in charge of producers of the district of Pítipo to be exported to Tokyo, all this from the evaluation of market, technological, economic and financial feasibility. The main raw material used to manufacture the product will be national mango of the highest quality and recognition. This project is relevant because in recent years the price of this type of product has been increasing due to the growing demand for these products. That is why a previous research of organic mango, fruits from which the product will be elaborated, as well as the export of this product was carried out. After this, the organization of the company will be determined. To finally carry out the economic and financial study of the project, through which the feasibility of the project was determined with the help of indicators such as VAN and TIR. Through the scenarios shown, we were able to arrive at an expected scenario for the project, which has an Economic NPV of S/13,862,606.61 and a Financial NPV of S/15,123,434.59, IRR E of 56.53% and IRR F of 79.81%, B/C E of 2.9 and B/C F of 3.37. Thanks to these results we can conclude that the project is viable and feasible. With the present study we have obtained a Financial NPV of S/14,084,642.55, a Financial IRR of 79.81% with a COK of 18.17%, which shows that the project is profitable.

<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> is a protozoan parasite historically associated with waterborne and more recently foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness. Contamination of certain foods, such as unpasteurized apple cider, with infective oocysts may occur as oocysts are shed in the feces of common ruminants like cattle and deer that graze in and around orchards. Cryptosporidiosis can result in a severe illness for previously healthy individuals and a life-threatening illness in immunocompromised individuals. Disease occurs after the ingestion of small infective oocysts (4 to 5 mm in size). The relatively thick membrane of the oocysts allows them to be resistant to chlorine and many other environmental pressures, making oocysts difficult to inactivate. In this study, alternative treatments to pasteurization were evaluated for their ability to inhibit <i>C. parvum</i> oocyst viability in fruit juices. Oocyst viability was analyzed with a cell culture infectivity assay, using a human illeocecal cell line (HCT-8) that is most similar to human infection. The percent inhibition of infection by each treatment was determined along with the corresponding log reduction for the treatments found to be most effective. Infection by treated oocysts was compared to that of control untreated oocysts. Cell monolayers were infected with 10⁶ treated oocysts or a series of 10-fold dilutions. Parasitic life stages were visualized using an immunohistochemistry system and 100 microscope fields counted per monolayer. Organic acids and H₂O₂ were added on a wt/vol basis to apple cider, orange juice, and grape juices. Malic, citric, and tartaric acids at concentrations from 1%-5% inhibited <i>C. parvum</i> infectivity of HCT-8 cells by up to 88%. Concentrations ranging from 0.025%-3% H₂O₂ were evaluated where addition of 0.025% H₂O₂ to each juice resulted in a >5 log reduction of C. parvum infectivity as determined with an MPN-based cell culture infectivity assay. Treating apple cider, orange juice, and grape juice with ozone for a time period of 30 seconds up to 15 minutes at 6° and 22°C (0.9 g/L flow rate) inhibited C. parvum viability to > 90% as monitored in the cell culture assay. It is hypothesized that oocyst wall proteins that are necessary for infection are oxidized by the reactive oxygen species generated from the decomposition of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. These treatments or combinations thereof may offer potential alternatives to traditional pasteurization for fruit juices to successfully inhibit <i>C. parvum</i> viability. / Ph. D.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are found in a range of locations along Sweden's coastline, but Sweden's largest lake, Vänern, also harbors a population of salmon; the rare freshwater migratory form. The majority of the salmon in Lake Vänern migrate upstream in River Klarälven in order to spawn, where they are assisted by humans through the "trap and transport" method to get past Klarälven's eight hydropower dams, which otherwise constitute definite obstacles to upstream migration. When the salmon later migrate downstream to Lake Vänern they receive no assistance and experience a high mortality rate as they are partially forced to swim through the turbines. The wild salmon population today includes over 1000 spawners annually, an increase from &lt;200 in the 196os, but far below historic records of over 10,000 spawners.  This report therefore aimed to investigate the population growth rate and extinction risk for the salmon in Klarälven, both in the current situation and with passages installed past the hydropower plants, and in doing so answer the questions 1) How large is the population growth rate and risk of extinction for today’s population of salmon in Klarälven over the course of 100 years? and 2) How would passage solutions past the hydropower plants in Klarälven affect the population growth rate and risk of extinction for today’s population of salmon in Klarälven over the course of 100 years? These questions were answered by running a population viability analysis in the program Extinction Vortex, which allows the programming of model populations and the manipulation of parameters to test different scenarios. The scenarios that were tested were 1) Scenario 1: Today's method with trap and transport and total lack of passages, 2) Scenario 2: Trap and transport continues, and downstream passages are installed past all eight power plants, and 3) Scenario 3: Upstream and downstream passages are installed past all eight power plants and trap and transport ceases. The results of the vulnerability analysis did not show any risk of extinction for the next 100 years, but a long-term negative trend for the salmon in Klarälven using today's method was seen. However, the development became significantly more positive for the salmon in Klarälven when the installation of downstream passages was simulated, but after that not significantly more positive when the installation of upstream passages was simulated as well. This result provided answers to the research questions and based on them it could be concluded that even though the salmon in Klarälven are not under any acute threat at the moment, and that there may be other fish populations in other regulated streams and rivers that would benefit more from environmental adaptation, measures need to be taken also in Klarälven, to ensure the long-term conservation of the unique freshwater migrating salmon that inhabit the area. / Laxen (Salmo salar) förekommer på flera håll längst Sveriges havskuster, men även Sveriges största insjö Vänern hyser en population av lax; den sällsynta sötvattensvandrande formen. Majoriteten av Vänerlaxarna migrerar upp för att leka i Klarälven, där de assisteras av människan genom metoden ”trap and transport” som tar dem förbi Klarälvens åtta vattenkraftverk vilka annars utgör definitiva vandringshinder. När laxen sedan ska ta sig tillbaka ner till Vänern får de ingen assistans, i stället tvingas de delvis simma genom turbinerna med stor dödlighet som följd. Laxpopulationen idag består av över 1000 lekande fiskar varje år, en ökning från &lt;200 individer på 1960-talet, men långt under historiska siffror på över 10 000 lekande laxar. Detta arbete syftade därför till att undersöka populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken för Klarälvslaxen, såväl i nuläget som vid en installation av passager förbi kraftverken, och genom detta besvara frågeställningarna 1) Hur stor är populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken för dagens population av Klarälvslax över kommande 100 år? och 2) Hur skulle passagelösningar förbi vattenkraftverken i Klarälven påverka populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken för dagens population av Klarälvslax över kommande 100 år? Dessa frågeställningar besvarades med hjälp av en sårbarhetsanalys i programmet Extinction Vortex, som tillåter uppbyggandet av modellpopulationer och manipulation av parametrar för att testa olika scenarier. Scenarierna som testades var 1) Scenario 1: Dagens metod med trap and transport och total avsaknad av passager, 2) Scenario 2: Trap and transport fortsätter samt nedströmspassager installeras förbi alla åtta kraftverk, och 3) Scenario 3: Upp- och nedströmspassager installeras förbi alla åtta kraftverk och trap and transport upphör. Resultatet av sårbarhetsanalysen visade inte på någon utdöenderisk kommande 100 år, men en negativ trend för Klarälvslaxens långsiktiga populationsutveckling med dagens metod. Utvecklingen blev dock signifikant mer positiv för Klarälvslaxen vid den simulerade installationen av nedströmspassager, och ännu något stabilare när även uppströmspassager installerades. Detta resultat gav svar på frågeställningarna, och utifrån detta kunde slutsatsen dras att trots att Klarälvslaxen inte befinner sig under något akut hot för närvarande, och att det kan finnas andra fiskpopulationer i andra vattendrag som är i mer akut behov av miljöanpassning, så behöver åtgärder komma på plats även i Klarälven, för att säkerställa det långsiktiga bevarandet av den unika sötvattensvandrande Klarälvslaxen.

The eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) has a wide distribution and occurs in the palearctic region. In Europe, the lynx has been persecuted and exterminated from several of its natural distribution areas and has also been subject to persecution in Sweden, where a high hunting pressure led to a reduced population that almost went extinct. Today, the Swedish lynx population has recovered but is kept down by licensed hunting, which is strictly controlled due to the lynx's protection status. However, Sweden's government has backed a proposal for reduced protection that could potentially lead to higher hunting quotas and thus threaten the lynx's future, because of predators’ vulnerability to high hunting pressures and smaller populations’ vulnerability to stochastic events such as catastrophes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of the Swedish lynx population and how high the risk of extinction is now, with increased hunting quotas and if catastrophes would occur both with current hunting quotas and increased hunting quotas. Based on the purpose, the questions that were answered were the following: 1) What does the population development and extinction risk look like for the Swedish lynx population in the next 100 years with current hunting quotas? 2) How do higher hunting quotas affect the Swedish lynx population development and extinction risk in the next 100 years? 3) How would catastrophes with current hunting quotas and increased hunting quotas affect the Swedish lynx population development and extinction risk in the next 100 years? The questions were answered through a population viability analysis performed in Vortex 10 where four scenarios were created. In scenario 1, the null scenario, the Swedish lynx population development and extinction risk over 100 years were investigated in relation to current hunting quotas. In scenario 2, the Swedish lynx population development and extinction risk over 100 years were investigated in relation to current hunting quotas and catastrophes. In scenario 3, the Swedish lynx population development and extinction risk over 100 years were investigated in relation to increased hunting quotas. In scenario 4, the Swedish lynx population development and extinction risk over 100 years were investigated in relation to increased hunting quotas and catastrophes. The scenarios with the largest and smallest average population size after 100 years were scenario 1 and scenario 4, respectively. The growth rate was highest and lowest for scenario 1 and scenario 4, respectively. Scenarios 2, 3 and 4 had a negative growth rate. The extinction risk for scenarios 1 and 2 was 0% and scenarios 3 and 4 had an extinction risk of 1%. To conclude, the results indicate that the current hunting quotas do not threaten the Swedish lynx population, but that catastrophes have a negative impact on population growth at current hunting quotas, and that the increased hunting quotas have a negative impact as they result in a reduced population and a negative growth rate both with and without catastrophes. / Det eurasiska lodjuret (Lynx lynx) har en vid utbredning och förekommer i den palearktiska regionen. Lodjuret har i Europa förföljts och utrotats från flera av dess naturliga utbredningsområden och även i Sverige har lodjuret varit utsatt för förföljelse där ett högt jakttryck ledde till en minskad population som nästan utrotades. Idag har den svenska lodjursstammen återhämtat sig men hålls nere genom licensjakt, som är strikt kontrollerad på grund av lodjurets skyddsstatus. Däremot har Sveriges regering ställt sig bakom ett förslag till minskat skydd som potentiellt kan leda till högre jaktkvoter och därmed hota lodjurets framtid eftersom rovdjur är sårbara för höga jakttryck, samt att mindre populationer är mer sårbara för slumpmässiga händelser såsom katastrofer. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka den svenska lodjursstammens utveckling och utdöenderisk i nuläget, vid förhöjda jaktkvoter, samt om katastrofer skulle inträffa vid nuvarande jaktkvoter respektive förhöjda jaktkvoter. Utifrån syftet besvarades följande frågeställningar: 1) Hur ser populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken ut för den svenska lodjursstammen under kommande 100 år med nuvarande jaktkvoter? 2) Hur påverkar högre jaktkvoter den svenska lodjursstammens populationsutveckling och utdöenderisk under kommande 100 år? 3) Hur skulle katastrofer vid nuvarande jaktkvoter respektive förhöjda jaktkvoter påverka den svenska lodjursstammens populationsutveckling och utdöenderisk under kommande 100 år? Frågeställningarna besvarades genom en sårbarhetsanalys som utfördes i Vortex 10 där fyra scenarier skapades. I scenario 1, grundscenariot, undersöktes den svenska lodjursstammens populationsutveckling och utdöenderisk över 100 år i förhållande till nuvarande jaktkvoter. I scenario 2 undersöktes den svenska lodjursstammens populationsutveckling och utdöenderisk över 100 år i förhållande till nuvarande jaktkvoter och katastrofer. I scenario 3 undersöktes den svenska lodjursstammens populationsutveckling och utdöenderisk över 100 år i förhållande till förhöjda jaktkvoter. I scenario 4 undersöktes den svenska lodjursstammens populationsutveckling och utdöenderisk över 100 år i förhållande till förhöjda jaktkvoter och katastrofer. Största respektive minsta genomsnittlig populationsstorlek efter 100 år fick scenario 1 respektive scenario 4. Tillväxthastigheten var högst respektive lägst för scenario 1 respektive scenario 4. Scenario 2, 3 och 4 hade alla en negativ tillväxthastighet. Utdöenderisken för scenario 1 och 2 blev 0% och scenario 3 och 4 hade en utdöenderisk på 1%. Resultaten tyder på att de nuvarande jaktkvoterna inte hotar den svenska lodjursstammen men att katastrofer ger en negativ påverkan på populationstillväxten vid nuvarande jaktkvoter, samt att de förhöjda jaktkvoterna har en negativ påverkan då de ger en minskad population och en negativ tillväxthastighet både med och utan katastrofer.

Este proyecto se centra en evaluar la prefactibilidad de una fábrica de ladrillos a base de PET con el propósito de satisfacer la demanda en la región Lambayeque. El estudio ha arrojado resultados positivos desde el punto de vista comercial técnico y económico. Para cumplir con los objetivos trazados primero se tuvo que determinar la viabilidad comercial del proyecto, para lograrlo se realizó un estudio de mercado, en el cual se realizó el análisis del comportamiento de la demanda y oferta, los resultados revelan una demanda proyectada para los próximos 5 años que alcanza hasta 9 millones de soles en ventas, lo que respalda la viabilidad comercial del proyecto. Seguidamente para el segundo objetivo se evaluó la viabilidad de la producción de ladrillos PET y se desarrolló un plan de producción que prevé la fabricación de 9,521 mil ladrillos para el quinto año de operación. Estos datos confirman la viabilidad técnica del proyecto. Paralelamente, se realizó la selección del lugar se llevó a cabo mediante un enfoque basado en factores ponderados, y la ubicación óptima resultó ser la provincia de Lambayeque, específicamente en la carretera, con un puntaje de 466.66. Este proceso asegura una ubicación estratégica para la fábrica. Después se hallaron las áreas correspondientes con el método Guerchet y el (SPL). Para finalizar se revela que el proyecto es no solo viable, sino también rentable con un Valor Actual Neto (VAN) de S/1 779 831,08 y una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) del 52%, se confirma la solidez financiera del proyecto. / This project focuses on evaluating the prefeasibility of a PET-based brick factory with the purpose of satisfying the demand in the Lambayeque region. The study has yielded positive results from a technical and economic commercial point of view. To meet the established objectives, the commercial viability of the project had to be determined first. To achieve this, a market study was carried out, in which the analysis of the behavior of demand and supply was carried out. The results reveal a projected demand for the next few years. 5 years that reaches up to 9 million soles in sales, which supports the commercial viability of the project. Next, for the second objective, the viability of the production of PET bricks was evaluated and a production plan was developed that foresees the manufacture of 9,521 thousand bricks for the fifth year of operation. These data confirm the technical feasibility of the project. In parallel, the site selection was carried out using an approach based on weighted factors, and the optimal location turned out to be the province of Lambayeque, specifically on the highway, with a score of 466.66. This process ensures a strategic location for the factory. Then the corresponding areas were found with the Guerchet method and the (SPL). Finally, it is revealed that the project is not only viable, but also profitable with a Net Present Value (NPV) of S/1,779,831.08 and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 52%, the financial solidity of the project is confirmed. project.

En esta investigación se estudia la prefactibilidad de una planta para producir ladrillos a partir de residuos de construcción y demolición en el distrito de Chiclayo, a raíz de que se observó grandes cantidades de desmonte ocasionando una contaminación visual y paisajística a los alrededores del distrito de Chiclayo, ocasionando problemas ambientales y sociales. Asimismo, tiene como objetivo general determinar la prefactibilidad de una planta de producción de ladrillo para el aprovechamiento de residuos de construcción y demolición. Los métodos del proyecto residieron en hacer un estudio de viabilidad comercial para calcular la demanda insatisfecha del proyecto, precio y características del producto, realizar un diseño técnico y tecnológico en el que se detalló paso a paso el proceso de rcd; también se hallaron indicadores y se utilizó el método de Guerchet para diseñar la planta, y una estimación económico-financiera de la propuesta para determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto. En los resultados se obtuvo que la mejor ubicación de la planta es a la salida de Chiclayo, camino al distrito de San José, a pesar de la viabilidad comercial y tecnológica, el proyecto no es viable financiera y económicamente obteniendo los siguientes resultados VAN (– S/362 286,23) y TIR (-21,8%), debido a la alta inversión de los equipos, maquinaria y costo del terreno implicado. / In this investigation, the prefeasibility of a plant to produce waste from construction and demolition waste in the Chiclayo district is studied, as a result of which large amounts of clearing were observed, generating visual and landscape contamination in the surroundings of the Chiclayo district. causing environmental and social problems. Likewise, its general objective is to determine the prefeasibility of a waste production plant for the use of construction and demolition waste. The methodology of the project consisted of carrying out a commercial feasibility study to determine the unsatisfied demand of the project, price and characteristics of the product, carry out a technical and technological design in which the RCD process was detailed step by step; indicators were also found and the Guerchet method was used to design the plant, and an economic-financial evaluation of the proposal to determine the profitability of the project. As results, it was obtained that the plant will be located at the exit of the highway to the San José district; despite the commercial and technological viability, the project is not financially and economically viable, obtaining the following results VAN (– S/362,286.23) and TIR (21.8%), due to the high investment of the equipment, machinery and cost of the land involved.