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In the literature on product branding, significant attention has been paid to brand equity in the consumer context, but relatively little attention has been paid to the application of the concept of brand equity to the business-to-business context. Even less research has been conducted on the role of brand equity in the retailing context. Retailers are assumed to be irrelevant to the source of brand value for manufacturers, with the result that manufacturers do not target retailers to help them build strong brands. Therefore, there is potential for some channel conflict to occur between manufacturers and retailers. On the one hand, retailers may tend to focus on building their own, private brands to differentiate themselves from other retail competitors and to increase their power in relation to manufacturer brands. On the other hand, retailers also need to create a good image in the consumer marketplace by selling famous, manufacturer-branded products. In other words, retailers often have to sell famous brands even if they would prefer to sell other brands, or their own. Manufacturers therefore tend to focus on building strong brand associations in consumers’ minds, in order to control retailers’ power.There is an argument that traditional ways of thinking about brands, i.e. only from the consumer perspective, has produced ‘both an incomplete analysis of branding from an academic perspective and incomplete management of the brand from a company perspective’ (Webster 2000). The relationship between manufacturers and retailers should be viewed as a partnership instead of competition for consumer loyalty (Narus & Anderson 1986). Powerful consumer brands not only provide value to manufacturers and consumers, but they also offer many obvious benefits to retailers. These benefits include an established consumer demand; favourable consumer attitudes towards the branded product found in their store; a commitment from manufacturers to promote their products; and the credibility and image of the brand itself as an enhancement of the retailer’s own credibility and image(Webster 2000). Brand equity, therefore, needs to be investigated from the retailers’ perspective, in order to provide a more complete understanding of the role of branding in marketing strategies. This research attempts to bridge this gap by exploring the customer-based brand equity concept from the retailers’ perspective. It aims to explore how consumer-based brand equity theory translates to the retailer context, incorporating the key constructs of brand association, brand trust, brand loyalty, manufacturer support and the performance of the brand.The study was conducted in the context of the Vietnamese independent retail grocery sector. This context was chosen on the basis that there has been limited research conducted on branding in the Vietnamese context and due to the prominence of the independent grocery sector in the retail industry of Viet Nam. A survey questionnaire was developed based on the review of the relevant branding and retail literature and was administered to a sample of 400 independent grocery retailers in Ho Chi Minh City. This sample was drawn from a commercial mailing list of independent retailers. Selected retailers were contacted by phone and invited to participate in the research by completing the questionnaire during a face-to-face interview at their premises. They were asked to respond to the survey in relation to a major brand of soft drink sold within their product range. The soft drink product category was selected for this study due to it being one of the most common types of products sold by the independent retail sector in Viet Nam, which would ensure that all participants could easily share their opinions of the value of brands.Following a pilot study testing the survey instrument, the main data collection phase resulted in 355 completed and useable surveys being available for analysis. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationships between the branding constructs of interest. The findings show that the theoretical model has fit with the data. Nine out of twelve hypotheses are supported to answers four research question.The finding indicates that brand equity plays an important role in the retailing context, and it is comprised of three dimensions - brand association, brand trust and brand loyalty. Brand association is reflected in the positive image of a brand in the retailer’s perception, related to their needs and wants. This leads to a positive feeling towards that brand, which is the trust a retailer holds in a manufacturer’s brand. As the result of a strong brand, retailers commit to a long-term business relationship with the brand’s manufacturer. Two of these three dimensions of retailer-based brand equity, (brand association and brand loyalty) are positively and significantly related to the brand’s performance at the retail outlet. Manufacturer support, including advertising, sales promotion and trade promotions has been confirmed by this study to be an antecedent of retailer-based brand equity. Moreover, this study indicated that there is a difference between the retailer-based brand equity model for local brands compared to international brands, in that brand association is the most important factor in retailer-based brand equity in the international brands model while brand loyalty is the most important factor in the local brands model.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-247). Obtained information on dental caries and fluorosis among a representative sample of Vietnamese children. Also collected information on factors likely to influence caries experience and dental fluorosis and undertook statistical analyses to examine the relationship between fluoride in drinking water, dental caries and dental fluorosis

"April 2004" / Bibliography: leaves 288-296. / xi, 345 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "The main contributions to knowledge offered by this thesis include a detailed exploration of the multiple dimensions of sustainability in the development of a framework for assessing sustainable housing, and investigation of the context dependence of sustainability and finally, the application of the framework for generating guidelines for sustainable housing in Hanoi." --p. 281. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 2004

<p><p><p>Breastfeeding has several advantages for both mother and child. A woman’s attitude to breastfeeding is a good predictor for infant feeding method and her confidence in breastfeeding has an impact on her breastfeeding duration. <strong>Aim</strong>:The aim of the study was to assess the attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding among Vietnamese women in Ho Chi Minh City. The aim was also to investigate if the type of family, nuclear and extended, influences the Vietnamese women’s attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding. <strong>Method:</strong> A descriptive and comparative cross-section study with quantitative method was used. The Self-Care Theory and The Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory were used as theoretical framework of this study. A questionnaire which consisted of demographic information, attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding, was distributed to 110 voluntarily participating women in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. <strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that the women had an attitude in favour of breastfeeding and rated their confidence between "sometimes confident" and "often confident". No significant differences of total score, between nuclear and extended family, in attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding were shown. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding among the women in Ho Chi Minh City were rather good but improvements can be made. When healthcare professionals counsel Vietnamese women, in Sweden and Vietnam, about breastfeeding, this result can be used as guidance, in order to give relevant and cultural congruent advice.</p></p></p>

Graduation date: 1997

Since 1971, the Freudenthal Institute has developed an approach to mathematics education named Realistic Mathematics Education (RME). The philosophy of RME is based on Hans Freudenthal’s concept of ‘mathematics as a human activity’. Prof. Hans Freudenthal (1905-1990), a mathematician and educator, believes that ‘ready-made mathematics’ should not be taught in school. By contrast, he urges that students should be offered ‘realistic situations’ so that they can rediscover from informal to formal mathematics. Although mathematics education in Vietnam has some achievements, it still encounters several challenges. Recently, the reform of teaching methods has become an urgent task in Vietnam. It appears that Vietnamese mathematics education lacks necessary theoretical frameworks. At first sight, the philosophy of RME is suitable for the orientation of the teaching method reform in Vietnam. However, the potential of RME for mathematics education as well as the ability of applying RME to teaching mathematics is still questionable in Vietnam. The primary aim of this dissertation is to research into abilities of applying RME to teaching and learning mathematics in Vietnam and to answer the question “how could RME enrich Vietnamese mathematics education?”. This research will emphasize teaching geometry in Vietnamese middle school. More specifically, the dissertation will implement the following research tasks: • Analyzing the characteristics of Vietnamese mathematics education in the ‘reformed’ period (from the early 1980s to the early 2000s) and at present; • Implementing a survey of 152 middle school teachers’ ideas from several Vietnamese provinces and cities about Vietnamese mathematics education; • Analyzing RME, including Freudenthal’s viewpoints for RME and the characteristics of RME; • Discussing how to design RME-based lessons and how to apply these lessons to teaching and learning in Vietnam; • Experimenting RME-based lessons in a Vietnamese middle school; • Analyzing the feedback from the students’ worksheets and the teachers’ reports, including the potentials of RME-based lessons for Vietnamese middle school and the difficulties the teachers and their students encountered with RME-based lessons; • Discussing proposals for applying RME-based lessons to teaching and learning mathematics in Vietnam, including making suggestions for teachers who will apply these lessons to their teaching and designing courses for in-service teachers and teachers-in training. This research reveals that although teachers and students may encounter some obstacles while teaching and learning with RME-based lesson, RME could become a potential approach for mathematics education and could be effectively applied to teaching and learning mathematics in Vietnamese school. / Seit 1971 wurde an dem renommierten Freudenthal Institut in Utrecht ein als Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) bezeichneter mathematikdidaktischer Ansatz entwickelt. Die Philosophie von RME beruht auf Hans Freudenthals Auffassung von Mathematik als menschlicher Aktivität. Der Mathematiker und Didaktiker Prof. Hans Freudenthal (1905 – 1990) plädierte dafür, dass Mathematik an den Schulen nicht als Fertigprodukt unterrichtet werden sollte. Im Gegensatz dazu forderte er, den Schülern an ‚realistischen’ Situationen nicht-formale und formale Mathematik wieder entdecken zu lassen. Obwohl die mathematische Schulbildung in Vietnam in den letzten Jahrzehnten schon einige Fortschritte gemacht hat, steht sie noch vor großen Herausforderungen. Derzeit ist die Reform der Unterrichtsmethoden eine dringliche Aufgabe in Vietnam. Augenscheinlich ermangelt es der Mathematikdidaktik in Vietnam an dem dazu notwendigen theoretischen Rahmen. Die Philosophie von RME eignet sich grundsätzlich als Orientierung für die Reform der Unterrichtsmethoden in Vietnam. Allerdings ist die Potenz von RME für die mathematische Schulbildung in Vietnam und die Möglichkeiten, RME im Mathematikunterricht anzuwenden, noch zu klären. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war zu erforschen, wie RME beim Mathematik-Lernen und -Lehren in Vietnam eingesetzt werden kann und die Frage zu beantworten: Wie kann RME den Mathematikunterricht in Vietnam bereichern? Dazu wurde insbesondere der Geometrieunterricht in der Sekundarstufe I betrachtet. Im Einzelnen beinhaltet die Untersuchung: • eine Analyse der vietnamesischen Mathematikdidaktik in der ‘Reformperiode’ (etwa von 1980 bis 2000) • die Konzeption, Durchführung und Auswertung einer Befragung von 152 Mittelschullehrern aus verschiedenen vietnamesischen Provinzen und Städten zum Mathematikunterricht in Vietnam • eine Analyse von RME einschließlich der Freudenthalschen Sicht von RME und der Charakteristika von RME • die Diskussion, wie man RME-basierten Unterrichtseinheiten gestalten und diese in den Mathematikunterricht in Vietnam integrieren kann • Test solcher Einheiten in vietnamesischen Mittelschulen • Analyse der Rückmeldungen anhand der Schülerarbeitsblätter und der Lehrerberichte • Diskussion der Chancen und Probleme von RME-basierten Unterrichtseinheiten im Geometrieunterricht vietnamesischer Mittelschulen • Diskussion von Vorschläge zur Entwicklung und zum Einsatz RME- basierter Unterrichtseinheiten in Vietnam, einschließlich von Hinweisen für Lehrende und der Konzeption von Ausbildungs- und Fortbildungskursen zu RME Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass – obwohl Lehrer wie Schüler zunächst einige Hindernisse beim Lehren und Lernen mit RME- basierten Unterrichtseinheiten zu bewältigen haben werden – RME ein mächtiger mathematikdidaktischer Ansatz ist, der wirkungsvoll im Lehren und Lernen von Mathematik in vietnamesischen Schulen angewandt werden kann.

Breastfeeding has several advantages for both mother and child. A woman’s attitude to breastfeeding is a good predictor for infant feeding method and her confidence in breastfeeding has an impact on her breastfeeding duration. Aim:The aim of the study was to assess the attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding among Vietnamese women in Ho Chi Minh City. The aim was also to investigate if the type of family, nuclear and extended, influences the Vietnamese women’s attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding. Method: A descriptive and comparative cross-section study with quantitative method was used. The Self-Care Theory and The Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory were used as theoretical framework of this study. A questionnaire which consisted of demographic information, attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding, was distributed to 110 voluntarily participating women in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Results: The results showed that the women had an attitude in favour of breastfeeding and rated their confidence between "sometimes confident" and "often confident". No significant differences of total score, between nuclear and extended family, in attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding were shown. Conclusion: The attitude to and confidence in breastfeeding among the women in Ho Chi Minh City were rather good but improvements can be made. When healthcare professionals counsel Vietnamese women, in Sweden and Vietnam, about breastfeeding, this result can be used as guidance, in order to give relevant and cultural congruent advice.

Introduktion: Hepatit B är ett virus med hög smittsamhet som är orsak till den vanligaste leversjukdomen globalt. I Vietnam är prevalensen av hepatit B hög.Syfte: Att undersöka vietnamesiska universitetsstudenters kunskap om hepatit B och attityder till hepatit B vaccination, samt att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad mellan könen.Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med hjälp av en enkät. Studien genomfördes på University of Medicine and Pharmacy i Ho Chi Minh City. Förstaårsstudenter på sjuksköterske- och medicinsk teknikprogrammet valdes ut och 233 studenter fyllde i enkäten korrekt och inkluderades i studien.Resultat: Majoriteten av studenterna (95,3%) hade hört om hepatit B viruset (HBV) innan studien ägde rum. Fler än hälften av studenterna (55,4%) visste att HBV inte sprids genom att dela mat med en infekterad person, och 58,4% visste att HBV kan orsaka levercancer. Endast 47,6% visste att HBV är sexuellt överförbart och 39,5% visste att HBV kan smitta från mor till barn perinatalt. Fler manliga studenter än kvinnliga visste att HBV kan överföras genom att dela tandborste med en infekterad person (p= 0,026). Majoriteten av studenterna (93,1%) trodde att de skulle vaccineras mot HBV i framtiden.Slutsats: Studenterna visade att de hade kunskap i ämnet, men studien visar också på en viss brist på kunskap, som är allvarlig. Förbättrad utbildning om HBV är nödvändigt för att vietnamesiska universitetsstudenter ska utöka sin kunskap om HBV. / Introduction: The hepatitis B virus is highly contagious and causes the world’s most common liver infection. Vietnam is a country where the endemicity of hepatitis B is high.Aim: To investigate Vietnamese university students’ knowledge about hepatitis B infection and attitudes towards hepatitis B virus vaccination and to examine if there is a difference between genders.Method: A cross-sectional study with quantitative method using a questionnaire. The study was carried out at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Ho Chi Minh City. First year students from the nursing and medical technician programme were selected and 233 students completed the questionnaire and were included in the study.Result: The majority of the university students (95.3%) had heard about hepatitis B virus (HBV). More than half (55.4%) knew correctly that HBV can not be transmitted by sharing food with an infected person, and 58.4% knew that HBV can cause liver cancer. Only 47.6% knew that HBV can be sexually transmitted and 39.5% knew that HBV can be transmitted from mother to child at birth. More male than female students answered correctly that HBV can be transmitted by sharing a toothbrush with an infected person (p= 0.026). Almost all students (93.1%) thought that they would receive HBV vaccination.Conclusion: The students showed insight into the subject, but the result also showed some gaps of knowledge among the university students considered as serious. Improved education about HBV is necessary for university students to increase their knowledge about HBV.

This thesis examines Jane Fonda’s antiwar activism during the Vietnam War, focusing on the period from late 1969 through 1973. Her early activism was characterized by frequent protests against the war, speeches at antiwar rallies and college campuses, and involvement with the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War. In 1971 Fonda organized an antiwar troupe, FTA, which performed antiwar songs and sketches to active-duty servicemen in America and Southeast Asia. Fonda’s notorious trip to North Vietnam is examined in detail, as are her comments in 1973 regarding American POWs. Negative reaction to Fonda’s activism is examined, and the myth of “Hanoi Jane” is traced from its wartime origins through its postwar evolution. The John Kerry-Jane Fonda photograph incident of 2004 is reviewed, and treated as a symptom of decades-long anti-Hanoi Jane ideas, rather than an isolated incident. Fonda’s gender, the media’s treatment of her at various stages, and her own missteps all receive consideration in determining where Jane Fonda ends and the myth of Hanoi Jane begins.