<p>This degree project has been performed along with Classic Garden in Gothenburg and</p><p>Ballongfirman Far & Flyg in Stockholm. Together we have developed a sun- wind- and</p><p>rain protection. The protection is permanently assembled and mainly intended for public</p><p>environments as restaurants and outdoor cafés.</p><p>The design on the sun protection was already done so our task has been to develop the</p><p>construction and to build a prototype in scale 1:4 and one in scale 1:1. The look of the</p><p>sun protection is approximately as the name implies, equal an igloo. The lamellae are</p><p>going to fold out in different steps all the way down to the ground and the both sides will</p><p>be independently of each other.</p><p>The first stage in the project was to develop differently principle proposal on how the</p><p>function will work when folding in and out the protection. The proposals were graded</p><p>against the specification of requirements and compared with each other. The best</p><p>proposal became a construction with two round plates, one permanent and one mobile. In</p><p>the plates there will be tracks in different lengths where a sprint will be able to slide and</p><p>in this way fold out the sun protection in a certain number of stages.</p><p>In order to see if the proposal worked as intended was a testing prototype done and the</p><p>result became successful.</p><p>In stage two was a prototype in scale 1:4 built to study how the fabric and the lamellas</p><p>behave. On the prototype were a number of different experiments and tests done just to</p><p>get the function working as good as possible.</p><p>During the phase primary structure were blueprints to all unique parts developed and</p><p>choices of components were done. Calculations on critical situations have been</p><p>performed and dimensioned after.</p><p>The third and last stage was to build a prototype in full scale. Most of the unique parts</p><p>were ordered from a row of different companies, while the others we produced ourselves</p><p>in the school's workshop. The readymade components was bought in and assembled.</p><p>The assembly went well but certain improvements were needed to be done meanwhile.</p><p>The project resulted in an operational prototype and a complete series with blueprints in</p><p>order to be able to produce the sun protection. In the conclusion were proposals to</p><p>improvements and advantages and disadvantages with the select structure discussed.</p>

This degree project has been performed along with Classic Garden in Gothenburg and Ballongfirman Far & Flyg in Stockholm. Together we have developed a sun- wind- and rain protection. The protection is permanently assembled and mainly intended for public environments as restaurants and outdoor cafés. The design on the sun protection was already done so our task has been to develop the construction and to build a prototype in scale 1:4 and one in scale 1:1. The look of the sun protection is approximately as the name implies, equal an igloo. The lamellae are going to fold out in different steps all the way down to the ground and the both sides will be independently of each other. The first stage in the project was to develop differently principle proposal on how the function will work when folding in and out the protection. The proposals were graded against the specification of requirements and compared with each other. The best proposal became a construction with two round plates, one permanent and one mobile. In the plates there will be tracks in different lengths where a sprint will be able to slide and in this way fold out the sun protection in a certain number of stages. In order to see if the proposal worked as intended was a testing prototype done and the result became successful. In stage two was a prototype in scale 1:4 built to study how the fabric and the lamellas behave. On the prototype were a number of different experiments and tests done just to get the function working as good as possible. During the phase primary structure were blueprints to all unique parts developed and choices of components were done. Calculations on critical situations have been performed and dimensioned after. The third and last stage was to build a prototype in full scale. Most of the unique parts were ordered from a row of different companies, while the others we produced ourselves in the school's workshop. The readymade components was bought in and assembled. The assembly went well but certain improvements were needed to be done meanwhile. The project resulted in an operational prototype and a complete series with blueprints in order to be able to produce the sun protection. In the conclusion were proposals to improvements and advantages and disadvantages with the select structure discussed.

Hästar är värmetåliga djur med en god förmåga att reglera sin värmebalans, men söker instinktivt skydd mot sol och värme. I denna studie undersöks hur solstrålning och värme påverkar hästar samt skyddsanvändning i varmt väder, för att avgöra om det är av betydelse för hästens välfärd. Metoden som används är en litteraturstudie, där flera olika vetenskapliga studier har undersökts och sammanfattats. Resultaten visar att hästar söker sig till varierande skydd under varma väderförhållanden av olika anledningar. Den främsta anledningen styrs av insektsangrepp och i viss mån att reglera sin värmebalans. Hästar som haft tillgång till vindskydd har i stor utsträckning använt dem, medan de hästar som inte haft det mest använt sig av blåst. Olika hästraser har även visat använda vindskydd på olika sätt under varma dagar. Hästar har även visat preferenser på olika vindskyddsdesigner, där tre väggar och tak har varit mest populärt. Användning av skydd verkar vara viktigt för hästar och gynnar deras välfärd, då det ger uttryck för naturligt beteende och komfort. Vindskydd kan på så vis bidra till bättre komfort och välfärd hos hästar som hjälper dem ge uttryck för starkt motiverade beteenden. / Horses are heat resistant animals with good ability to regulate their heat balance, thus instinctively seek protection from the sun and heat. In this study, solar radiation and heat are being investigated and how these factors affect horses as well as the use of sheltering in hot weather, to determine if it is of importance for the welfare of horses. The method is a literature study, in which several different scientific studies have been investigated and summarized. The results show that horses seek varying shelter under warm weather conditions for different reasons. The main reason is governed by insect harassment and partly to regulate its heat balance. Horses that have had access to shelter have used them extensively, while horses that haven’t had access to them have used wind. Different horse breeds have also shown to use shelter in different ways during hot days. Horses have also shown preferences on various shelter designs, where three walls with ceiling have been most popular. The use of shelter appears to be important for horses and benefits their welfare, as it expresses natural behavior and comfort. Shelters can therefor improve comfort and welfare for horses by allowing them to express highly motivated behaviors.

Målet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka kunskapsnivån angående vind i bebyggd miljö hos verksamma inom stadsplanering, arkitekter och inom berörda utbildningar samt tillgängligheten på hjälpmedel och information.Vinden påverkas starkt av landskapets utseende. Skog, hav, stad och kuperad terräng har alla olika vindförutsättningar. Inom urban miljö bestäms vindförhållandena av bebyggelseutformningen och byggnadernas omgivning. Historiskt har vindplanering varit en naturlig del av planerandet, inte minst då det gäller jordbruk. Under årens lopp har människor tagit lärdom av tidigare erfarenheter vilket har lett oss fram till dagens kunskapsläge med en rad olika tumregler och hjälpmedel, varav det senaste består i numeriska datorbaserade analysverktyg så som Computational Fluid Dynamics.En god och komfortabel utemiljö utgår ifrån hur vi människor upplever den. Vinden kan göra att det känns upptill 10°C kallare jämfört med då det är vindstilla. I vårt nordliga klimat kan en god vindplanering förlänga utesäsongen avsevärt. Genom att vara medveten om fördelarna och utnyttja dem, samt undvika nackdelarna kan komforten förbättras ansenligt i ett område och även uppnå en social förbättring samt mindre energianvändning för huuppvärmning.Slutsatsen visar att vindplanering är något som ofta glöms bort i praktiken och i utbildningarna, även om tillgängligheten på information är relativt god. För att få ett större hänsynstagande till vind i planeringen krävs en tydlig ansvarsfördelning, uppställda komfortkriterier med kopplade enkla åtgärden samt en allmän attitydförändring. / The objective of this essay has been to examine the level of knowledge concerning wind comfort at pedestrian level in an urban environment among architects, planners and related educations and also to assess the availability of information and technical aids.The wind is strongly affected by the typography and the roughness of the terrain. Woodlands, oceans, cities and mountainous landscape all have different wind conditions. In an urban environment these conditions are set by the building design and the surroundings. Historically, wind planning has been a natural factor in the planning process, especially in an agricultural context. Experience has, from trial and error over the years, led us to what we know today and given us a series of tools and directives, of which the latest are numerical computer based analytical aids, such as Computational Fluid Dynamics.A comfortable pedestrian environment is based on human experience. Wind can cause us to perceive a temperature that is up to 10°C colder compared to calm conditions. In northern climates such as our own, a well planned outer surrounding can extend the summer season considerably. By being aware of the pros and cons of air movement the quality of the wind environment can improve noticeably in a residential area and even create better social conditions and decrease the energy use for heating. The conclusion shows that wind planning is often neglected in practice as well as in education, even though the availability of information is relatively good. In order to achieve a greater consideration to wind in the planning process, clear responsibilities are required along with comfort criteria with simple measures of improvement and a general change in attitude.

The rise in popularity of outdoor recreation has increased the demand for outdoor equipment. A specific genre of outdoor recreation is called light weight backpacking and participants in that genre creates a demand for lighter outdoor equipment with the same resistance to weather and wind as heavier equipment. The aim of this study is to improve the wind resistance of a lightweight gas stove. This thesis addresses questions about how the existing pot supports affect the wind resistance and how to improve the design. The work is practical rather than theoretical and the data collection comes from testers with the existing product and prototypes. Results from the tester with the existing product shows that the wind direction and wind speed have a great impact on the performance. One of the prototypes was chosen for further development after assessment with the help of a Pugh matrix. The chosen prototype had an average improvement of 18,3% in boiling time and 13,8% in gas usage, regardless of wind direction. The resulting CAD-model of the chosen prototype shows an added weight of 8,44 g and added height of 10 mm compared to the existing product. The additions are still within the product requirements. Since the product is a lightweight gas stove, any weight addition should be defendable. In this case the added weight is less than the weight of gas saved on three uses with the new prototype.  When repeating two of the testers, the new results differ from the original ones which adds a margin of error to all testers. This is because the built-in pressure regulator had an inconsistent performance depending on the pressure in the gas container.

The work of this master thesis is based on analyses of monthly precipitation data from 70 stations of the SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) in Sweden, in the period 1860-2014, using the information for the year of introduction of the wind shield at each station. The primary goal is the calculation of correction factors which will be applied on the precipitation data in the period of measurements before the introduction of the wind shield. This correction will counterbalance the underestimation of the collected precipitation by the unshielded precipitation gauges due to the effect of the wind. The wind induced error, related to aerodynamical effects, increases with increasing wind speed. The stronger the wind, the more capable it is of deflecting the precipitation water droplets or snowflakes, falling towards the gauge orifice, away from it. In spite of the important efficiency of the wind shield which acts to diminish the wind error, the long-term effect of changing the measuring instrumentation at some time in the observations history is the production of inhomogeneous data in the measurements records. Inhomogeneous precipitation data are sources of errors in climatology and hydrology and result in misleading conclusions regarding the climate change and climate variations, hence they should be identified and corrected through a homogenization method. The analysis includes the comparison of the precipitation data of each station during two periods, one before and one after the introduction of the wind shield. This comparison leads to the calculation of ratios representing the increase in the catch between the two periods due to the introduction of the wind shield. Temperature data are also processed in order to estimate the type of precipitation (snow/rain) in each case. The monthly corrections ranged between 5 %, for rain, and 27 % for snow precipitation. The absolute value of the increase of the average annual precipitation due the implementation of the correction was 50 mm. The comparison of the corrected against the uncorrected precipitation time series indicated a less pronounced increase (0.74 mm/y) of the precipitation during the last 150 years, after the application of the correction, compared to the increase indicated from the uncorrected data (1.19 mm/y). / Kontinuerliga samt felfria nederbördsmätningar är av stor betydelse för geovetenskaper som klimatologi och hydrologi därför att nederbördsdata är en av de primära meteorologiska parametrarna för forskning om klimatförändringen. Att säkerställa felfria (homogena) nederbörds tidsserier betyder i stort sett att säkerställa homogenitet genom att identifiera och korrigera inhomogena data. Icke homogena data uppkommer på grund av förändringar i mätmetoder och mätförhållanden under observationstiden, sedan 1860-talet tills idag alltså. Denna studies syfte är att beräkna en korrektion som ska användas för att korrigera nederbördsmätningar som utfördes sedan 1860 utan vinskydd. Vindskyddet eller vindskärmen, en speciell utrustning som användas på nederbördsinsamlare, infördes gradvis under perioden 1900-1960 vid de svenska nederbördstationerna. Vindskyddet introducerades med avsikt att minska vindens påverka vid nederbördsinsamling. Men trotts den positiva effekten som vindskyddet ledde till, genom den ökade nederbördsmängden som samlades in, skapade denna förändring av mätarutrustningen inhomogena data. Bearbetningen skedde för månadsnederbördsdata från 70 stationer från SMHIs meteorologiska nätverk genom att jämföra nederbördsobservationer som genomfördes under perioderna tio år före och tio år efter införandet av vindskydd. Dessutom användes temperaturdata från samma stationer för att uppskatta nederbördslag (snö/regn). Skälet till detta är att vinskyddseffekten är olika mellan snö och regn. Beräkningarna och bestämningen av nederbördslag ledde till en 5 % respektive 27 % nederbörds ökning för regn och snö för de mätningarna som utfördes utan vindskydd. I genomsnitt har de korrigerade värdena, under perioden som vinskyddet saknades, ökat med omkring 50 mm.

This thesis work has been conducted in collaboration with SPiNAB. The main assignment has been to create a new solution for adjustable windshields made of glass and keep low production costs. Throughout the project, the generic product development process has been followed with two main sources. A structure and a plan have been executed. A prestudy containing a benchmark with two competitors ''ClickitUp'' and ''Cit i Lä'' has been made. Needs have been collected and weighted. A detailed list of specifications has been made with missing data acquired from reverse engineering strategies. With the functional decomposition the functions ''Stabilize'' ''Adjust'' and ''Fit patio'' was used when generating ideas. The ideas were generated through brainstorming and research about similar solutions. After the elimination four concepts were left. The chosen concept ‘’The crutch’’ was constructed in detail with a mechanism that symmetrically disengages a cotter until released and fitted to the hole. Finally, weight calculations were made and a finite element analysis on the adjustable beam and the ground mount. The weight for the adjustable part is about 12 kg and the weight for the product as a whole is about 49 kg. The stress is 33.96 MPa and the displacement is 3.240 mm for the adjustable beam with a force of 510 N, representing 25 m/s of wind speed. The stress is 14.13 MPa and the displacement is 0.0297 mm for the ground mount for an impact force of 1 kN. The concept ''The crutch'' is the way to go forward. The concept needs some design changes before a physical prototype can be made. The weight of the adjustable part is deemed low enough to be lifted manually with the current mechanism. To keep the design cheap the beams and ground mount should have the possibility to be mirrored for the next section. / Detta examensarbete har utförts i samarbete med SPiNAB. Huvuduppdraget har varit att skapa en ny lösning för justerbara vindskydd av glas och hålla låga produktionskostnader. Under hela projektet har den generiska produktutvecklingsprocessen följts med två huvudkällor. En struktur och en plan har utförts. En förstudie som innehåller en benchmark med två konkurrenter ''ClickitUp'' och ''Cit i Lä'' har gjorts. Behoven har samlats in och viktats. En detaljerad kravspecifikation har skapats där saknad data har tagits fram med strategier för reverse engineering. Med funktionsnedbrytningen har funktionerna ''Stabilisera'' ''Justera'' och ''Passa uteplats'' använts för att generera idéer. Idéerna genererades genom brainstorming och studier av liknande lösningar. Efter eliminering återstod fyra koncept. Det valda konceptet ''Kryckan'' konstruerades i detalj med en mekanism som symmetriskt frigör en sprint tills den släpps och passar in i hålet. Slutligen gjordes viktberäkningar och en finita elementanalys av den justerbara balken och markfästet. Vikten för den justerbara delen är cirka 12 kg och vikten för produkten som helhet är cirka 49 kg. Spänningen är 33,96 MPa och förskjutningen 3,240 mm för den justerbara balken med en kraft på 510 N, vilket motsvarar en vindhastighet på 25 m/s. Spänningen är 14,13 MPa och förskjutningen 0,0297 mm för markfästet vid en slagkraft på 1 kN. Konceptet ''Kryckan'' är vägen framåt. Konceptet behöver några konstruktionsändringar innan en fysisk prototyp kan tillverkas. Vikten på den justerbara delen bedöms vara tillräckligt låg för att kunna lyftas manuellt med den nuvarande mekanismen. För att hålla konstruktionen billig bör balkarna och markfästet ha möjlighet att speglas för nästa sektion.

The work of this master thesis is based on analyses of monthly precipitation data from 70 stations of the SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) in Sweden, in the period 1860-2014, using the information for the year of introduction of the wind shield at each station. The primary goal is the calculation of correction factors which will be applied on the precipitation data in the period of measurements before the introduction of the wind shield. This correction will counterbalance the underestimation of the collected precipitation by the unshielded precipitation gauges due to the effect of the wind. The wind induced error, related to aerodynamical effects, increases with increasing wind speed. The stronger the wind, the more capable it is of deflecting the precipitation water droplets or snowflakes, falling towards the gauge orifice, away from it. In spite of the important efficiency of the wind shield which acts to diminish the wind error, the long-term effect of changing the measuring instrumentation at some time in the observations history is the production of inhomogeneous data in the measurements records. Inhomogeneous precipitation data are sources of errors in climatology and hydrology and result in misleading conclusions regarding the climate change and climate variations, hence they should be identified and corrected through a homogenization method. The analysis includes the comparison of the precipitation data of each station during two periods, one before and one after the introduction of the wind shield. This comparison leads to the calculation of ratios representing the increase in the catch between the two periods due to the introduction of the wind shield. Temperature data are also processed in order to estimate the type of precipitation (snow/rain) in each case. The monthly corrections ranged between 5 %, for rain, and 27 % for snow precipitation. The absolute value of the increase of the average annual precipitation due the implementation of the correction was 50 mm. The comparison of the corrected against the uncorrected precipitation time series indicated a less pronounced increase (0.74 mm/y) of the precipitation during the last 150 years, after the application of the correction, compared to the increase indicated from the uncorrected data (1.19 mm/y). / Kontinuerliga samt felfria nederbördsmätningar är av stor betydelse för geovetenskaper som klimatologi och hydrologi därför att nederbördsdata är en av de primära meteorologiska parametrarna för forskning om klimatförändringen. Att säkerställa felfria (homogena) nederbörds tidsserier betyder i stort sett att säkerställa homogenitet genom att identifiera och korrigera inhomogena data. Icke homogena data uppkommer på grund av förändringar i mätmetoder och mätförhållanden under observationstiden, sedan 1860-talet tills idag alltså. Denna studies syfte är att beräkna en korrektion som ska användas för att korrigera nederbördsmätningar som utfördes sedan 1860 utan vinskydd. Vindskyddet eller vindskärmen, en speciell utrustning som användas på nederbördsinsamlare, infördes gradvis under perioden 1900-1960 vid de svenska nederbördstationerna. Vindskyddet introducerades med avsikt att minska vindens påverka vid nederbördsinsamling. Men trotts den positiva effekten som vindskyddet ledde till, genom den ökade nederbördsmängden som samlades in, skapade denna förändring av mätarutrustningen inhomogena data. Bearbetningen skedde för månadsnederbördsdata från 70 stationer från SMHIs meteorologiska nätverk genom att jämföra nederbördsobservationer som genomfördes under perioderna tio år före och tio år efter införandet av vindskydd. Dessutom användes temperaturdata från samma stationer för att uppskatta nederbördslag (snö/regn). Skälet till detta är att vinskyddseffekten är olika mellan snö och regn. Beräkningarna och bestämningen av nederbördslag ledde till en 5 % respektive 27 % nederbörds ökning för regn och snö för de mätningarna som utfördes utan vindskydd. I genomsnitt har de korrigerade värdena, under perioden som vinskyddet saknades, ökat med omkring 50 mm.

To save energy it’s popular to build houses with low energy loss. In these houses the walls are keeping a lower temperature in the external side which leads to a higher relative humidity. In addition more material, such as wood studs, are used which means that there is more moisture to dry. More moisture in combination with higher relative humidity may pose a higher risk of microbial growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate what is a reasonable moisture content in wood studs in four different well-insulated exterior walls. It has also been investigated how moisture rearrangements effect the exterior walls. The software Wufi2D, which does moisture-simulations, was used to collect data. The results have been analyzed in Wufi Bio which showed that the moisture content should be somewhere between 12.5 to 18.5%, depending on how the wall is built. The conclusions are that windbreaks vapor resistivity is essential for what is a reasonable built in moisture content in the wood studs. Depending on the materials that are used, it´s important to consider how much moisture the wall construction contains.