Magister Public Health - MPH

Orientadores: Keila Miriam Monteiro de Carvalho, Rodrigo Pessoa Cavalcanti Lira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zimmermann_Anita_D.pdf: 2614474 bytes, checksum: 1d6ddd4b27c92b25dfed8b28ff8b7940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a Visão Funcional de crianças de zero a 5 anos e 11 meses de idade, após diagnóstico oftalmológico de Baixa Visão, para identificar a necessidade de Estimulação Visual no grupo estudado do Serviço de Estimulação Visual/VSN/OFTALMOLOGIA/HC/FCM/UNICAMP. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal analítico, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, nº 1025/2010. Foi utilizado instrumento de Avaliação da Visão Funcional Infantil, organizado após estudos na literatura de autores nacionais e internacionais, na busca por avaliações da visão funcional que contemplassem a necessidade do serviço. Considerando-se as diferentes faixas etárias infantis propostas neste estudo, com n = 143, ponderou-se sobre a efetividade de algumas avaliações pesquisadas, organizando-se instrumento avaliatório, com tópicos, desenvolvidos de maneira a se obter respostas visuais eficientes para determinar condutas em Estimulação Visual. O Instrumento de Avaliação da Visão Funcional Infantil foi aplicado em grupo controle, com mesmo n (n=143) para sua validação. Resultados: As afecções oftalmológicas, responsáveis pelas deficiências visuais do grupo estudado foram: Retinopatia da Prematuridade, Afecções de Nervo Óptico, Deficiência Visual Cortical, Coriorretinite Macular Infecciosa, Malformações Oculares, Catarata Infantil, Degenerações Primárias da Retina, Glaucoma Congênito, Ceratopatias e Trauma Ocular ou Orbitário. A distribuição por idades foi determinada pela proximidade de respostas visuais esperadas para cada faixa etária deste estudo. Em relação ao Desenvolvimento Neuro Psico Motor (DNPM), 44 (30%) crianças apresentavam Bom desenvolvimento Neuro Psico Motor (BDNPM) e 99 (70%) Retardo no Desenvolvimento Neuro Psico Motor (RDNPM). No grupo controle, 2 crianças (1,4%) apresentaram RDNPM. Após aplicação do Instrumento de Avaliação da Visão Funcional Infantil, Parte 1 e Parte 2 (Teste com Cartões de Teller), das 143 crianças estudadas, 107, representando 74% do total, receberam indicação para Estimulação Visual. No grupo controle, independente do DNPM, nenhuma criança recebeu indicação para estimulação visual. Conclusão: O Instrumento de Avaliação da Visão Funcional Infantil, em sua composição com o teste com Cartões de Teller, foi eficiente para determinar condutas em estimulação visual / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the Functional Vision in children between zero and 5 years and 11 months old, after ophthalmological diagnosis of Low Vision, in order to identify the necessity of Visual Stimulation in the studied group from the Visual Stimulation Service/VSN/OPHTHALMOLOGY/HC/FCM/UNICAMP. Materials and Methods: This is a transversal analytical study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee, nº 1025/2010. It was used an Instrument for Functional Vision Evaluation for Children, organized after studies in the literature of national and international authors, in the search for functional vision evaluations which addressed the need for the service. Considering the different infant ages proposed on this study, with n = 143, the effectiveness of some evaluations surveyed were pondered, resulting in the organization of an evaluation instrument, with topics, developed in order to obtain efficient visual answers to determine Visual Stimulation conducts. The Instrument for Functional Vision Evaluation was applied in the Control Group, with similar n (n=143) for its validation. Results: The ophthalmologic diseases, responsible for the visual deficiencies of the studied group were: Retinopathy of Prematurity, Optical Nerve Disorder, Cortical Visual Deficiency, Infectious Macular Chorioretinitis, Ocular Malformations, Child Cataract, Retinal Primary Degenerations, Congenital Glaucoma, Ceratopatias and Ocular or Orbital Trauma. The age distribution was determined by the proximity of visual responses expected for each group age on this study. Regarding to the Psycho Neuro Motor Development (PNMD), 44 (30%) of the children presented Good Psycho Neuro Motor Development (GPNMD) and 99 (70%) presented Retardation of Psycho Neuro Motor Development (RPNMD). After the application of the Instrument for Functional Vision Evaluation for Children, Part 1 and Part 2 (Test with Teller Cards), on the 143 evaluated children, 107, representing 74% of the total, received indication for Visual Stimulation. In the control group, independently from the PNMD, no children has received indication for visual stimulation. Conclusion: The Instrument for Functional Vision Evaluation for Children, in its composition with the Test with Teller Cards, was efficient to identify conducts in Visual Stimulation / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

abstract: Societal infrastructure is built with vision at the forefront of daily life. For those with severe visual impairments, this creates countless barriers to the participation and enjoyment of life’s opportunities. Technological progress has been both a blessing and a curse in this regard. Digital text together with screen readers and refreshable Braille displays have made whole libraries readily accessible and rideshare tech has made independent mobility more attainable. Simultaneously, screen-based interactions and experiences have only grown in pervasiveness and importance, precluding many of those with visual impairments. Sensory Substituion, the process of substituting an unavailable modality with another one, has shown promise as an alternative to accomodation, but in recent years meaningful strides in Sensory Substitution for vision have declined in frequency. Given recent advances in Computer Vision, this stagnation is especially disconcerting. Designing Sensory Substitution Devices (SSDs) for vision for use in interactive settings that leverage modern Computer Vision techniques presents a variety of challenges including perceptual bandwidth, human-computer-interaction, and person-centered machine learning considerations. To surmount these barriers an approach called Per- sonal Foveated Haptic Gaze (PFHG), is introduced. PFHG consists of two primary components: a human visual system inspired interaction paradigm that is intuitive and flexible enough to generalize to a variety of applications called Foveated Haptic Gaze (FHG), and a person-centered learning component to address the expressivity limitations of most SSDs. This component is called One-Shot Object Detection by Data Augmentation (1SODDA), a one-shot object detection approach that allows a user to specify the objects they are interested in locating visually and with minimal effort realizing an object detection model that does so effectively. The Personal Foveated Haptic Gaze framework was realized in a virtual and real- world application: playing a 3D, interactive, first person video game (DOOM) and finding user-specified real-world objects. User study results found Foveated Haptic Gaze to be an effective and intuitive interface for interacting with dynamic visual world using solely haptics. Additionally, 1SODDA achieves competitive performance among few-shot object detection methods and high-framerate many-shot object de- tectors. The combination of which paves the way for modern Sensory Substitution Devices for vision. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Engineering 2020

This study aimed to investigate the needs and challenges faced by visually impairedindividuals when using the internet and assess the compatibility of the challengesthey face with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0). By exam-ining these aspects, through analysis of existing literature, surveys and interview.The study sought to gain insights into the difficulties experienced by the visuallyimpaired community and provide recommendations for improving web accessibilityand contribute to the development of more accessible and user-friendly web content.This, in turn, can improve the quality of life for individuals with visual impairmentsand promote their active involvement in social, economic, and cultural activities.The study findings indicate common obstacles faced by individuals with visual im-pairments when accessing the internet, including difficulties in reading text, limitedcustomization options, insufficient color contrast, poorly structured content, inacces-sible forms or inputs, challenges in identifying images or icons, navigating web pages,and completing forms.Individuals with visual impairments have unique requirements when using theinternet, such as the use of assistive technologies and alternative text descriptions.However, they encounter various obstacles that hinder their access and engagementwith digital content and services.Although WCAG 2.0 serves as a foundationalframework for web accessibility, there is still room for improvement in terms ofawareness, implementation, and testing. Further efforts are necessary to enhanceinternet accessibility for individuals with visual impairments, facilitating their fullparticipation in social, economic, and cultural activities.

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INTRODUCTION: Children in inpatient settings are in an unfamiliar environment that does not facilitate engagement in typical occupations. Children report multiple concerns with the hospital environment and experience including physical pain, loss of independence, loss of meaningful activities, lack of routine, and loss of control. Occupational therapists play a distinct role in improving the hospitalization experience for children by addressing these concerns. By improving the evaluation and treatment of visual deficits for children in inpatients settings, occupational therapists can increase children’s function and independence in meaningful activities and maximize psychological well-being. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE AND EVIDENCE: Self-determination theory posits that humans have three innate psychological needs – competence, autonomy, and relatedness. These needs are not being met for children in inpatient settings as shown by multiple qualitative studies, however occupational therapy can aid in meeting these needs through proper intervention. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: Resources were developed to improve the evaluation and treatment of visual deficits in children in inpatient settings including a vision screening tool, treatment protocol, referral protocol, and functional implications of visual deficits chart. METHODS: The vision screening tool and protocols were used on a small sample of patients (n=6) to identify and treat visual deficits. A survey was provided to occupational therapists to determine feasibility, usefulness, and effectiveness of the resources. CONCLUSION: The resources are useful and feasible for evaluating and treating visual deficits in children in the inpatient setting.

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The aim of the study was to establish the visually impaired students' information seeking behaviours, which comprises information needs, seeking and use. Identifying the students' information seeking behaviour helped to determine whether the services that are provided by the University of KwaZulu-Natal on the Pietermaritzburg (UKZN-PMB) campus met their information needs or not. The population of the study comprised three units of analysis which were nine students with visual impairments, seven Subject Librarians of the UKZN-PMB Cecil Renaud main library and the Disability Unit Coordinator. The students were surveyed by means of a semi-structured interview where they were asked what their information needs were, how they met those needs and whether the information they found from the institution's information system met their needs or not. The student' information seeking behaviour was plotted using Wilson's (1999) Information Behaviour model and the model was assessed for use with this group. The Subject Librarians and the DUC were surveyed by means of self-administered questionnaires where they were asked to specify their length of services, the frequency with which they assisted students with visual impairments and the students with visual impairments' preferences in information sources and formats, which the researcher consequently collected. The response rate was 100% from all the units of analysis. The results of the study indicated that most of the students preferred electronic compared to print information formats, depending on their level of sightedness for those who were partially sighted. Results from the three units of analysis were integrated into an overall consideration of the dynamics of information seeking behaviour exhibited by the students and modifications were suggested on Wilson's (1999) Information Behaviour model which suited the group under study. / Thesis (M.I.S.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

This thesis aims to explore the perspectives of people with visual impairments about the internet and web accessibility. How the current status of web accessibility is and how people with visual impairments use the internet are important topics in a society that is more and more digitalized. Nine people with visual impairments were asked through semi-structured interviews. The questions covered what they do on the internet, what devices and assistive technologies they use, how web accessibility affects them and how they become digitally literate. This collected data from the interviews and literature, focused on digital disability divide, digital literacy and web accessibility, guided the analysis which was conducted following a qualitative approach. This thesis shows that, while web accessibility allows for many online actions nowadays, much more is required. More focus on the users and their needs related to technical access is needed and digital literacy should be promoted. The study also concludes that technology, digital literacy and web experience are interconnected, which could provide a framework for future research.