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7. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.) sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig (120 Seiten, 29 Tabellen, 67 Abbildungen, 187 Literaturangaben, 3 Anhänge) In den Zeiträumen von Dezember 1996 bis Februar 1997 und Februar bis Oktober 1998 sowie im Mai 1999 wurden Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei Cavia spp. in Peru durchgeführt. In die Auswertungen waren insgesamt 17 421 domestizierte Meerschweinchen (Cavia porcellus) aus 14 Departments in allen Bioregionen und Höhenlagen des Landes, 143 wildlebende Meerschweinchen (Cavia aperea) aus 3 Gebieten (El Paramo, Junin, La Raya) in den Anden und Kordilleren sowie 180 etwa 1000 Jahre alte präinkaische Mumien domestizierter Meerschweinchen, Opfertiere aus der küstennahen Chiribaya-Kultur (Fundstätten Chiribaya Baja und El Yaral) im Süden Perus, einbezogen. Die rezenten domestizierten Meerschweinchen sind in intensiver Haltung in aus Beton errichteten Stallungen, in intensiver Haltung in Stallungen regional typischer Bauweise (z. B. Schilfrohr- und Flechtzäune) sowie in extensiver Haltung im unmittelbaren Umfeld des Menschen (Küche, Wohnräume) zur Fleischversorgung der Bevölkerung gezüchtet und gehalten worden. Aufarbeitung und Bestimmung der nachgewiesenen Ektoparasiten erfolgten nach parasitologischen Standardmethoden. Für die Aufbereitung der fragilen Ektoparasiten der Meerschweinchenmumien wurde eine spezielle Methode unter Verwendung von Essigsäure und 1 %iger wässriger Kalilauge selbst erarbeitet. - Insgesamt sind 24 Ektoparasiten-Spezies, d. h. Vertreter der Siphonaptera (Flöhe), Mallophaga (Haarlinge), Anoplura (Läuse), Milben und Raubwanzen in Mono- oder Polyinfestationen bei den rezenten und präinkaischen Meerschweinchen festgestellt worden, bei den Meerschweinchenmumien wurden außerdem freilebende Arthropoden, Vertreter der Pyroglyphidae (Hausstaubmilben) und Pseudoskorpione, gefunden. Von den festgestellten Ektoparasiten sind 2 Arten Erstnachweise für Cavia porcellus, 5 Arten für Cavia aperea; 8 Spezies sind erstmals bei Meerschweinchen in Peru bzw. in bestimmten Bioregionen in Peru festgestellt worden. Von den untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen waren 96,6 % mit Ektoparasiten befallen, dabei konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (27 verschiedene Kombinationen mit bis zu 7 Arten) nachgewiesen werden: Flöhe: Pulex sp. (Artenzuordnung noch unklar), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; Milben: Ornithonyssus bacoti, Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi, Notoedres muris; Raubwanzen: Triatoma infestans. Die Prävalenz von Ornithonyssus bacoti, der am häufigsten vertretenen Milbenart, lag bei 51,7 %. Diese Spezies konnte in der Bioregion Chala nicht nachgewiesen werden; das Vorkommen in der Küstenregion (Costa) geht auf Zukäufe von Tieren aus den anderen Bioregionen zurück. Bei mittel- bis hochgradiger Befallsstärke mit der Tropischen Rattenmilbe wiesen die Meerschweinchen starke Hautveränderungen auf, bei 38 % der Tiere trat eine Anämie durch blasse Schleimhäute und blau gefärbte Ohren klinisch in Erscheinung. Es war ein Zusammenhang zwischen einem O.-bacoti-Befall der Meerschweinchen und dem Kontakt mit wildlebenden Nagetieren (Mäuse, Ratten) sowie auch mit gleichzeitig bestehenden Microsporum-caninum- und Trichophyton-mentagrophytes-Infektionen nachzuweisen. Innerhalb einer untersuchten O.-bacoti-Population im Gebiet Huancayo zeigten sich deutliche saisonale Schwankungen im Anteil an Protonymphen, welche schwach signifikant negativ mit den Niederschlagsmengen in dieser Region korrelierten. Die Befallshäufigkeit mit Siphonaptera lag bei 76,8 %, dominierend war ein Vertreter der Gattung Pulex, während Tiamastus cavicola zu 42,4 %, Xenopsylla cheopis zu 15,1 % und Ctenocephalides felis felis zu 3,5 % vorkamen. Flöhe waren in 4 der 5 Bioregionen Perus nachzuweisen, in der Selva konnten auf keinem der untersuchten Meerschweinchen Flöhe gefunden werden. Männliche und weibliche Meerschweinchen waren gleichermaßen mit den verschiedenen Siphonaptera-Spezies befallen, auf weiblichen Meerschweinchen kamen hochsignifikant mehr weibliche Pulex sp. vor als auf männlichen. Es bestand ein hochsignifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einem Befall mit Siphonaptera und dem Kontakt der Meerschweinchen mit anderen Tierarten (Hunde, Hühnervögel, peridomestische Nagetiere). Mallophagen wurden bei 27,8 % der untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen aus allen Bioregionen nachgewiesen; die am häufigsten festgestellte Spezies war Trimenopon hispidum (60,5 %), gefolgt von Gliricola porcelli (42,7 %) und Gyropus ovalis (7,5 %). Die Befallsintensität mit Mallophagen war bei den Meerschweinchen überwiegend geringgradig. - Auf den wildlebenden Meerschweinchen konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (10 verschiedene Kombinationen mit maximal 5 Arten) folgende Ektoparasiten festgestellt werden: Flöhe: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; Läuse: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli; Milben: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi. Die Siphonaptera-Spezies Ctenophthalmus hispanicus wurden erstmalig in der Neotropischen Region nachgewiesen. Nur Myobia musculi und Myocoptes musculinus waren bei Tieren aus allen 3 Untersuchungsgebieten anzutreffen. Bei den Meerschweinchen überwogen Infestationen mit Gliricola porcelli, Eutrombicula bruyanti und Myocoptes musculinus, die Befallsintensität mit Myocoptes musculinus korrelierte positiv mit dem Alter der Meerschweinchen. - Bei 67 der 180 untersuchten Meerschweinchenmumien von beiden Fundorten konnten Ektoparasiten nachgewiesen werden. Diese befanden sich, wie auch die Mumien der ehemaligen Wirtstiere, bedingt durch die geologischen und klimatischen Bedingungen in den Fundgebieten in einem ausgezeichneten Erhaltungszustand. Flöhe aus der Gattung Pulex waren die insgesamt am häufigsten festgestellten Ektoparasiten, auf den Mumien von Chiribaya Baja wurden sie ausschließlich gefunden. Meerschweinchenmumien aus El Yaral wiesen Infestationen mit Trimenopon hispidum, Gliricola porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. und Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Erstnachweis von einem domestizierten Meerschweinchen in natürlicher Infestation) auf. Der erfolgreiche Nachweis der Ektoparasiten auf präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru eröffnet Möglichkeiten für die paläoparasitologische Bearbeitung auch der Mumien von Menschen und weiteren Opfertieren (Hunde, Lamas, Alpakas) aus diesem Kulturkreis. / 7. 1. Summary Investigation about the occurrence of ectoparasites on domesticated and wild guinea pigs (Cavia spp.) and preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru, South America Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institute of Parasitology. Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig (120 pages, 29 tables, 67 figures, 187 references, 3 adnex. ) Between December 1996 and February 1997, February and October 1998 and in May 1999 investigations about the occurrence of ectoparasites on the genus Cavia in Peru were carried out. The survey included 17 421 domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from 14 departments in all bioregions and altitude levels, 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) from three areas (El Paramo, Junin and La Raya) in the Andes and the Cordillera and 180 about 1000 year old guinea pig mummies of C. porcellus, ritual offers from the coastal Chiribaya-Culture (archeological sites of Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) in the South of Peru. The recent domesticated guinea pigs are bred in intensive utilization systems, with concrete stables, in intensive utilization systems with regional-traditional architecture (big reed hutches or adobe stables) or in extensive utilization systems (kitchen or outdoor dips). The identification and mounting of the specimen was done by parasitological standard techniques. In the course of the study a special technique for the preservation and mounting of the fragile ectoparasites from the guinea pig mummies was developed, using acetic acid and a 1 % potassium hydroxide solution. In total 24 ectoparasite species of the siphonaptera, mallophaga, anoplura, mites and reduviids were found in mono- and polyinfestations, the guinea pig mummies also hosted free living arthropods, such as pseudoscorpions and specimen of the Pyroglyphidae (house dust mites). In two cases C. porcellus was reported as first host record, in five cases C. aperea was mentioned for the first time as a host for some ectoparasites, 8 times for several ectoparasites new locality records for Peru or bioregions of Peru could be made 96,6 % of all domesticated guinea pigs (C. porcellus) showed an infestation with ectoparasites in mono- and polyinfestations, revealing 27 different combinations with up to 7 species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Pulex sp. (taxonomical status still unclear), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides f. felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; mites: Ornithonyssus bacoti , Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Notoedres muris; reduviids: Triatoma infestans. The prevalence of O. bacoti, the most frequent species, was 51,7 %. This mite had never been recorded in the bioregion Chala; the presence of the species in the Costa could be explained by a recent purchase out of the other bioregions. A medium to high infestation rate with the tropical rat mite always resulted in obvious skin alterations, of whom 38 % also showed signs of clinical anemia, with pale mucosa and blue ear tips. There was a relation between an infestation with O. bacoti and the contact with rodents as well as an simultaneus infection with dermatophytes (Microsporum caninum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). In an O.-bacoti-population in the Huancayo region the rate of protonymphs showed a low significant monthly variation, which correlated negative with the monthly rainfall. The prevalence of siphonaptera was 76,8 %, the species most frequently detected was Pulex sp. (89,2 %), followed by T. cavicola (42,4 %), X. cheopis (15,1 %) and C. f. felis (3,5 %). The species of fleas were distributed in 4 of the 5 bioregions; in the Selva no fleas could be found. There was no difference in the infestation rate of male and female hosts, female guinea pigs were infested with a higher rate of female Pulex sp. than male guinea pigs. A highly significant relation between the contact with other mammals (dogs, fowl and peridomestic rodents) and an infestation with siphonaptera could be detected. The prevalence of mallophaga, coming from all bioregions, was 27,8 %; the most frequently detected species was T. hispidum (60,5 %), followed by G. porcelli (42,7 %) and G. ovalis (7,5 %). The infestation levels were generally low.- On the wild guinea pigs (C. aperea) prevailed mono- and polyinfestations, represented by 10 combinations with up to 5 species, with the following species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; anoplura: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli; mites: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi. Ctenophthalmus hispanicus was mentioned for the first time from the Neotropical region. M. musculinus and Myobia musculi were the only species to be found in all three sampling areas. Infestations with G. porcelli, E. bruyanti and M. musculinus were the most common, the infestation rate with Myocoptes musculinus correlated positive with the age of the hosts.- On 67 of 180 guinea pig mummies of both excavation areas (Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) ectoparasites could be found. The conservation of the ectoparasites, as well as their former hosts was extraordinarily good due to geological and climatical conditions . Fleas of the genus Pulex were the most frequently detected specimen; on the guinea pig mummies of Chiribaya Baja only this species could be found. The mummies from El Yaral revealed the presence of T. hispidum, G. porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (first record for a natural infestation). The successful detection of ectoparasites on preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru opens new possibilities for a paleoparasitological survey including also human mummies and other animal offerings (dogs, lamas, alpakas) from this cultural background.

There are three important greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are generated from the domestic wastewater treatment systems, including on-site and off-site sources. On-site emission of greenhouse gases occurs during process of wastewater treatment, while the off-site emission of greenhouse gases occurs during energy using and other supporting activities of the treatment system. The research established model to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment systems, was named No.0 MTH model. The No.0 MTH model was based on balance equations of substrate and biomass, biochemical reactions and Monod kinetics equations for biological treatment reactors and writen by programing Scalable language. Model was calibrated and applied on the Yen So wastewater treatment plant, Ha Noi and the results were obtained at 22oC as follows: off-site GHG emission is 29,560 kgCO2-eq/day; on-site GHG emission is 13,534 kgCO2-eq/day, and the rate of on-site emission is 2.506 kgCO2-eq/ kg BOD. Maybe using the No.0 MTH model to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment systems with similar biological methods. / Có 3 khí nhà kính quan trọng là khí Cacbonic (CO2), khí Mêtan (CH4), và khí Đinitơ monoxit (N2O) được phát sinh từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt gồm cả nguồn trực tiếp và gián tiếp. Phát thải trực tiếp khí nhà kính (KHK) xảy ra trong suốt quá trình xử lý còn phát thải gián tiếp khí nhà kính xảy ra trong quá trình sử dụng năng lượng và các hoạt động phụ trợ bên ngoài hệ thống xử lý. Nghiên cứu đã thiết lập mô hình tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt, được đặt tên là mô hình MTH số 0. Mô hình MTH số 0 đã dựa trên các phương trình cân bằng khối lượng cơ chất và sinh khối, các phản ứng hóa sinh và phương trình Monod đối với các thiết bị xử lý sinh học và được viết trên ngôn ngữ lập trình scala. Mô hình đã được hiệu chỉnh và được áp dụng tính toán tại nhà máy xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt Yên Sở, thành phố Hà Nội và kết quả thu được tại 22oC như sau: phát thải KNK gián tiếp là 29.560 kgCO2-tđ/ngày và phát thải KNK trực tiếp là 13.534 kgCO2-tđ/ngày với tỷ lệ phát thải khí nhà kính trực tiếp là 2,506 kgCO2-tđ/ kgBOD. Có thể sử dụng mô hình MTH số 0 để tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt bằng phương pháp sinh học tương tự.

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Background Although clinical peer review is a well-established instrument for improving quality of care, clinical effectiveness is unclear. Methods In a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial, we randomly assigned 60 German Initiative Qualitätsmedizin member hospitals with the highest mortality rates in ventilated patients in 2016 to intervention and control groups. The primary outcome was hospital mortality rate in patients ventilated fore more than 24 hours. Clinical peer review was conducted in intervention group hospitals only. We assessed the impact of clinical peer review on mortality using a difference-in-difference approach by applying weighted least squares (WLS) regression to changes in age-adjusted and sex-adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) 1 year before and 1 year after treatment. Recommendations for improvement from clinical peer review and hospital survey data were used for impact and process analysis. Results We analysed 12 058 and 13 016 patients ventilated fore more than 24 hours in the intervention and control hospitals within the 1-year observation period. In-hospital mortality rates and SMRs were 40.6% and 1.23 in intervention group and 41.9% and 1.28 in control group hospitals in the preintervention period, respectively. The groups showed similar hospital (bed size, ownership) and patient (age, sex, mortality, main indications) characteristics. WLS regression did not yield a significant difference between intervention and control groups regarding changes in SMRs (estimate=0.04, 95% CI= −0.05 to 0.13, p=0.38). Mortality remained high in both groups (intervention: 41.8%, control: 42.1%). Impact and process analysis indicated few perceived outcome improvements or implemented process improvements following the introduction of clinical peer review. Conclusions This study did not provide evidence for reductions in mortality in patients ventilated for more than 24 hours due to clinical peer review. A stronger focus on identification of structures and care processes related to mortality is required to improve the effectiveness of clinical peer review.

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The objective of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is to provide useful information to the users of financial statements to assist in making economic decisions. To be useful, information has to be relevant and reliable, but the reliability of information suffers when the guidelines for the reporting of specific issues are not clear and managerial discretion arises. Write-offs are one of those accounting issues that are regularly related to earnings management. By now it is seen as common knowledge that write-offs, especially those on goodwill, do not reflect declines in asset value; rather, they are used as a device to manipulate financial reports. However, there is a striking lack of grounded theoretical research that can confirm this assessment. The aim of this dissertation is to provide valuable analytical and empirical insights on fixed asset write-offs under IFRS. In a first step, the practical implementation of IAS 36 in Europe has to be analyzed, which is best done empirically. Based on the findings from these empirical surveys, the most substantial questions remaining are subject to an in-depth analytical discussion. Since IAS 36 entails different measurement issues that have their origins in finance theory, this dissertation also aims to introduce some basic techniques from theoretical finance to accounting research. Lastly, as the analyses presented in this dissertation do not cover all open questions on fixed asset write-offs, the author hopes to encourage further research on this important topic.

This thesis examines the creation of character in the work of Theodor Fontane. Although he is repeatedly praised as a great writer of human character, there is no comprehensive analysis of how Fontane's characters work. This thesis is intended to fill this surprising gap in Fontane research. Its analyses do not focus on the author-text interaction as many traditional critical approaches do, but instead look at what takes place between the text and the reader. The first section, entitled 'Character in Theory', has two chapters presenting my concept of literary character. It draws on the findings of cognitive studies, including formerly neglected aspects such as affective reading and empathy. The second section, 'Character in Practice', contains four chapters. Chapter three demonstrates how our emotions can contribute to our understanding and what role is played by empathy. Chapter four shows the active role readers are required to play when putting together information about characters in Fontane's polyphonous novels. Chapter five focuses on character speech, and chapter six asks to what extent Fontane's characters can be seen to develop. The third section, 'Character in Context', takes a less hermeneutic approach. Chapter seven asks what our expectations of Realist characters are and how these influence our reading of Fontane. Chapter eight examines how our access to these characters has changed compared to the author's contemporary readership. Chapter nine presents an excursus, looking at the author's development from renditions of 'real' people to fictional characters. The last section compares this author's creations to the tentatively Modernist characters of Thomas Mann's Buddenbrooks. My findings show that Fontane's characters demand and support a more active reading than Realism is usually given credit for. They suggest that the concept of Realist characters as largely descriptive creations needs to be examined critically.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a sum parameter that is frequently used in water analytics. Highly resolved and accurate DOC data are necessary, for instance, for water quality monitoring and for the evaluation of the efficiency of treatment processes. The conventional DOC determination methods consist of on-site sampling and subsequent analysis in a stationary device in a laboratory. However, especially in regions where no or only poorly equipped laboratories are available, this method bears the risk of getting erroneous results. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to set up a reliable and portable DOC analyzer for on-site analysis. The presented DOC system is equipped with an electrolysis-based decomposition cell with boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDD) that oxidizes the organic compounds to carbon dioxide. Within this study, the influence of different electrode materials and the composition of the applied electrolytes on the DOC decomposition in an undivided electrolytic cell were systematically investigated. Furthermore, some technical aspects of the portable prototype are discussed. After a detailed validation, the prototype was used in an ongoing monitoring program in Northern India. The limit of detection is 0.1 mg L−1 C with a relative standard deviation of 2.3% in a linear range up to 1000 mg L C−1. The key features of the portable DOC analyzer are: No need for ultra-pure gases, catalysts or burning technology, an analyzing time per sample below 5 min, and a reliable on-site DOC determination.

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