The thesis covers the topic of individualized reflexive volunteering in the framework of the European Voluntary Service program, from the perspective of volunteers. The theoretical part presents an overview of the theoretical approaches to volunteering in the context of historical development in Czech Republic. The empirical part analyzes the answers of ten respondents by using six dimensions of reflexive volunteering. The aim of the work was to provide a complex view on this phenomenon through the statements of its actors. The conclusion of the work is a summary of results of the research. It has shown how youth perceives volunteering, why they prefer this particular type of engagement, and how it relates to their own biography and plans for the future. Research provides a comprehensive view on reflexive volunteering, while at the same time, it gives a picture of the current world of young people.

The diploma thesis "State Approach to Volunteers" deals with the evolution of the state's relationship to voluntary activities in Czech society, with an emphasis on the period since 1989. The starting point is the setting of volunteerism into the context of postindutrial society, which urges us to revise our values orientation, the possibilities of the labour market, our access to life-long education and our level of social cohesion. The essay pays attention to the analysis of the state's approach to the phenomena of volunteerism (in the role of a supporter) and to the resulting position of volunteers in Czech society, stressing the steps that were made to support volunteerism by the state. It analyses the statistical data that deals with the characteristics of organisation, and the projects that have been supported in connection with the Act on Voluntary Service 198/2002. Further, it presents a comparison of the problematic fields of Czech legislation on volunteering with the Polish and Hungarian legislation on volunteering. Finally, it suggests steps and arrangements that could be used in the further support of voluntary activities in the Czech environment.

本研究藉由生命歷程觀點的特殊性，同時從鉅視層面的社會結構與歷史脈絡，以及微視層面的個人經驗，檢視老人志願服務的動態參與過程。 本研究採質性研究針對五位老人醫院志願服務者，以生命史的方式呈現其志願服務參與的過程是如何隨著生命歷程的發展而持續或變動，並陳述其變動的因素，同時以生命歷程的五個觀點(1)生命幅度發展原則、(2)行動力的原則、(3)時間與空間的原則、(4)時機原則，以及(5)連結關係原則，作為檢視每個位受訪者是如何受到鉅觀層次¬-社會脈絡、歷史事件以及用人單位的制度變革；微觀層次-個人的生命幅度、生命事件衍生的各種角色之間的競合關係；中介層次¬-志工與其他志工、工作者所產生的互動等等，此三個面向的交互作用而持續的參與志願服務。研究結果發現： 一、老人志願服務參與經驗： 首先在投入時數與服務類型部分，五位受訪者中有三位志願服務者曾參與過其他類型的志願服務，但目前僅一位受訪者持續參與其他類型的志願服務，其他兩位受訪者則僅參與醫院志願服務。其志願服務工作類型的選擇，往往受到參與動機與參與契機的影響；參與時數則受到參與單位對於時數的要求，至少每位一週都參與3個小時。其次，在參與動機部分，發現五位受訪者參與志願服務的動機主要為自我取向與人際取向的因素，且其參與動機是多元且異質的，隨著經歷不同的生命經驗，而影響其持續參與的動力。第三，在參與獲益部分，與過去研究相似，包括結交志同道合的朋友、肯定自我價值、替代性的社會角色等。最後，在而參與條件部分，本研究的受訪者不論是個人能力條件、經濟狀況或時間運用條件皆有所差異，但他們卻皆在志願服務的服務經驗中，找到展現自我價值的地方，並且獲得持續參與的動力。 二、生命歷程觀點看志願服務參與經驗： 從老人在志願服務參與經驗中，可以發現他們的參與經驗是同時受到微觀層面、鉅觀層面、人際層面三個層面的影響。且發現無論在生命中的哪個階段，都是一直持續處於動態的過程，志工會調和每個不同生活場域中的角色，讓自己在經歷生命階段的改變、角色競合的衝突時，利用各種資源與自己的能力，在自主安排之下，持續的參與至今。 / This study aims at looking for the dynamic process of the experiences of elder volunteers, and is from both macro levels: social structure and historical context, and micro level: self-experience. This study adopts qualitative research, and presents life histories of five elder hospital volunteers. The author tried to figure out what happened within the developing of their life courses and the reasons of keeping or transforming their volunteer works. The author discusses how five principles interact with interviewees in different dimensions of them and their volunteer works. The five principles are: (1) the principle of life-span development, (2) the principle of agency, (3) the principle of time and place, (4) the principle of timing, and (5) the principle of linked lives, as the view of each interviewees’ volunteer experience, Following is the discussion: 1. Participation experience of elder volunteers: Three of the five interviewees had participated in more that one type of volunteer works. However, only one of the three continues to participate in more than one volunteer works, and the other two interviewees involved in hospital volunteer work only. The author also found that there exists basic requirement for the volunteer working hours. The basic working hours, which are defined by the working units, are at least three hours a week. Secondly, the motivations of all the interviewee can be divided into self-oriented factors and interpersonal orientation factors. The motivations are diverging and continually affect the interviewees with different life experiences. Third, benefits of participation, similar to previous studies, are including the make like-minded friends, certainly self-value, and alternative social role. Although the ability, economic status, and free time of all interviewees are different from one another. All interviewees can still find their self-value and be motivated form their volunteer works. 2. The life course perspective in volunteering experience: From their participation in the volunteer experiences, the readers can find that their experiences are the composed of micro level, macro level, interpersonal level, and the impact of three levels. The readers can also found that no matter what stage in life, are continued in a dynamic process, volunteers will reconcile each of the different role of the field of life, and continue to participate until now.

<p>In many developing countries including South Africa, there is an overwhelming number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in the hospitals, which the health care workers are unable to cope with. Therefore, an urgent need to develop alternative community based activities such as support groups, home based care programs and placement of&nbsp / orphans, for the provision of social health care services to the HIV client, arises. However, a deeper understanding of the challenges facing community organizations when&nbsp / providing home based care is crucial and necessary in order to formulate effective and relevant care services. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges faced by Umtha&nbsp / elanga Community Organization (UWCO) in the provision of HIV/AIDS home based care. The objectives of the study were to assess the current home based care of the UWCO and to explore the challenges that community based organizations have to face when providing care services to people being infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. The research design undertaken was the case study of UWCO. The qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with the&nbsp / management staff and home based caregivers was utilized. Data analysis began immediately after the interviews by transcribing and translating the audio-taped data. Thematic analysis was used in which data was coded and categorized. The findings of the research&nbsp / indicated that the home based care programme assists PLWHA clients in their natural home setting. All home based carers work voluntary and get supported by the organization as&nbsp / ell as by the department of social development and health such as the social workers. Finances appear to be, both for the organization and the home based carers, a huge&nbsp / hindrance. Research indicated that the organization experiences various challenges to provide the service to their community. It is recommended that Government must ensure that&nbsp / home based care workers get recognition, credit and support for their valuable contribution. Training for HBC employers needs to be extended to expose and add more skills. This&nbsp / will ensure that they are equipped for their tasks. Home based care workers must become registered and paid better salaries by the government.</p>

<p>In many developing countries including South Africa, there is an overwhelming number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in the hospitals, which the health care workers are unable to cope with. Therefore, an urgent need to develop alternative community based activities such as support groups, home based care programs and placement of&nbsp / orphans, for the provision of social health care services to the HIV client, arises. However, a deeper understanding of the challenges facing community organizations when&nbsp / providing home based care is crucial and necessary in order to formulate effective and relevant care services. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges faced by Umtha&nbsp / elanga Community Organization (UWCO) in the provision of HIV/AIDS home based care. The objectives of the study were to assess the current home based care of the UWCO and to explore the challenges that community based organizations have to face when providing care services to people being infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. The research design undertaken was the case study of UWCO. The qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with the&nbsp / management staff and home based caregivers was utilized. Data analysis began immediately after the interviews by transcribing and translating the audio-taped data. Thematic analysis was used in which data was coded and categorized. The findings of the research&nbsp / indicated that the home based care programme assists PLWHA clients in their natural home setting. All home based carers work voluntary and get supported by the organization as&nbsp / ell as by the department of social development and health such as the social workers. Finances appear to be, both for the organization and the home based carers, a huge&nbsp / hindrance. Research indicated that the organization experiences various challenges to provide the service to their community. It is recommended that Government must ensure that&nbsp / home based care workers get recognition, credit and support for their valuable contribution. Training for HBC employers needs to be extended to expose and add more skills. This&nbsp / will ensure that they are equipped for their tasks. Home based care workers must become registered and paid better salaries by the government.</p>

Magister Human Ecology - MHE / In many developing countries including South Africa, there is an overwhelming number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in the hospitals, which the health care workers are unable to cope with. Therefore, an urgent need to develop alternative community based activities such as support groups, home based care programs and placement of orphans, for the provision of social health care services to the HIV client, arises. However, a deeper understanding of the challenges facing community organizations when providing home based care is crucial and necessary in order to formulate effective and relevant care services. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges faced by Umtha elanga Community Organization (UWCO) in the provision of HIV/AIDS home based care. The objectives of the study were to assess the current home based care of the UWCO and to explore the challenges that community based organizations have to face when providing care services to people being infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. The research design undertaken was the case study of UWCO. The qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with the management staff and home based caregivers was utilized. Data analysis began immediately after the interviews by transcribing and translating the audio-taped data. Thematic analysis was used in which data was coded and categorized. The findings of the research indicated that the home based care programme assists PLWHA clients in their natural home setting. All home based carers work voluntary and get supported by the organization as ell as by the department of social development and health such as the social workers. Finances appear to be, both for the organization and the home based carers, a huge hindrance. Research indicated that the organization experiences various challenges to provide the service to their community. It is recommended that Government must ensure that home based care workers get recognition, credit and support for their valuable contribution. Training for HBC employers needs to be extended to expose and add more skills. This will ensure that they are equipped for their tasks. Home based care workers must become registered and paid better salaries by the government. / South Africa

Conscription in the legal system of the Czech Republic The main goal of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive take on a conscription legislation in the Czech legal system. With this in mind the beginning of the thesis includes a definition of conscription as well as the differences between conscripted army and a professional army since both these systems currently are or have been present in Czech armed forces. To better understand the different types of conscription used throughout the history, the thesis also contains a chapter encompassing a basic development of Czech (Czechoslovak) foreign policy and defence strategy since the birth of an independent Czechoslovakia up to this day, focusing its impact on the concrete type of conscription used in the particular period. Then, a comprehensive third chapter about a historical development of different types of providing defence to the area of the contemporary Czech Republic is included. Each subchapter is dedicated to a certain historical period since the early system of princely retinues during the 10th century up till the 21st century and a fully professional army. The main part of the thesis consists of chapters four to seven which describes individual aspects of current conscription legislation such as organization of Czech armed forces,...

志願服務成為一種趨勢，也是熱門的研究議題，而退休老人作為志工服務的人力提供者，是不可忽視的一股力量。近年來，老年志工議題越來越受重視，實際探究老人志工服務場域，關注到其中女性老人志工參與的特殊性。據此，本論文的研究目的在於：一、探討女性老人志工志願服務參與經驗；二、瞭解參與志願服務對於女性老人志工的影響和改變，以及女性老人志工對於擔任領導角色的經驗；三、提供志工人力資源管理者作為老年志工人力規劃之參考，並補充志願服務參與在女性志工經驗之特殊性。 本研究使用質性取向的研究方法，以台北市內湖區公所志工隊為研究對象，採用半結構式的深度訪談法進行資料蒐集，共計訪談八位年齡55歲以上的老年女性志工（包括曾任隊長等幹部職務者4名），主要的研究結果如下： 一、老年志工因為受到朋友的呼喚、對於服務他人的熱情而開始了服務生涯，在實質上的服務工作，則是因著服務機構的指派，提供不同的服務內容，並且隨時改變調整。 二、擔任志工後的改變，人力資本方面影響個人健康、知識技能的學習成長等；社會資本方面加深人際網絡擴展，增加社會接觸，改善人際關係；文化資本方面幫助瞭解志願服務的價值，肯定付出的力量；情感面上則影響個人擁有團隊歸屬感，及更積極、知足的生命態度。 三、女性老人志工認為幹部或領導角色必須擔負決策責任及團隊溝通橋樑，好的領導者懂得溝通和傾聽，處事圓滑，具責任感且願意付出，以及具備解決問題與發號施令的能力。這些特質能力與性別沒有直接關連，但男性的生命經驗可能較習慣扮演領導角色。 / Voluntary has become a trend, also a hot research topic. Elderly retirees as volunteer service providers, is a force to be reckoned with. In recent years, elderly volunteers and related issues got more and more attention. While exploring the elderly volunteer service field, we see women have their specialty in the elderly volunteer area. Accordingly, the purposes of this study are as following: first, to explore the elderly female volunteers’ participation experience in voluntary service; second, learn the influences and changes to the elderly female volunteers after participating in volunteer service, as well as the experience of being in leadership roles; third, to provide volunteer human resource managers as a reference for the elderly volunteer manpower planning, and the particularity in women volunteers. This study employs qualitative research approach, and data collection is gotten from the volunteer team of Neihu District Office, Taipei City, including semi-structured in-depth interviews with eight aged 55 years or elderly female volunteers (including 4 former captains or cadre members). The study findings are listed below: First, the elderly volunteers start their services because of the calling from friends, and their passion of helping people. Service work they do was assigned and adjusted by the service organization. Second, the change after being volunteer includes, in human capital aspect, affects individual health and knowledge skill learning. In social capital aspect, expands interpersonal network and social contact. In culture capital aspect, helps to understand the value of volunteer service. Emotionally, affects individuals to have sense of belonging, and more positive attitude toward life contentment. Elderly female volunteers believe cadre members must take leadership role or decision-making responsibility. Good leaders know how to communicate with a sense of responsibility and willingness to pay, and have problem- solving abilities. Also they need to know how to give orders. These capabilities and qualities not directly related to gender, but men, according to their life experience, may be more familiar with playing a leading role.

During the 19th century, defence was a major issue in Victoria as indeed it was in other British colonies and the United Kingdom. To help defend themselves, self governing colonies throughout the Empire enlisted local citizens to serve as part time soldiers on a voluntary basis. The Victorian government in 1859 - 60 took a calculated risk in adopting a Volunteer Force to underpin the whole colonial defence scheme, particularly as the military effectiveness of the citizen soldiers was questionable due to the lack of any real discipline within the Force and the part time nature of the military service. Whilst the savings which resulted (from using Volunteers rather than expensive Imperial troops) were spent on building forts and purchasing ordnance to protect Port Phillip Bay, there were other advantages to be gained from the government decision. It harnessed the considerable groundswell of public patriotism and pride in the Empire to ensure the development of a colonial society with strong links to Britain. The Government also linked Volunteering, stability and patriotism together as part of a less obvious agenda for the goldfields. In a period of lingering unrest only a few short years after Eureka, the Volunteers provided a clear indication of government power and yet another sign (along with the judicial system, education, language) of the importance and expanse of British society. Should there be any civil unrest on the goldfields, the local Corps were ideally suited to the role of civil control. On a number of occasions, the Volunteer Corps were called out to maintain law and order. The thesis studies a major group of over 5,100 men on the goldfields over two decades, particularly with regard to their motives for joining the Volunteers and their demographics such as ages, occupations, addresses, activities and the networks between members. By addressing the Corps demographics it is possible to understand the role played by the Volunteers in the development of goldfields society.

非營利組織中的女性志工－以勵馨杜會福利事業基金會為例 本研究之研究對象為勵馨基金會台北辦事處志工組織之辦公行政組、個案協同組與活動企畫組三組的常駐志工，在蒐集資料上採用量化與質化研究法。在使用量化研究法蒐集資料上，因考量中途之家的保密注，以及活動企畫組的機動性高，不常出現在勵馨，因此交由勵馨基金會台北辦事處志二組織前總督導曾夢儀小姐代為發放結構式問卷，故本研究為立意抽樣，共計發出四十份問卷，發放時間為2001年7月至9月中，回收三十三份，回收率82.5片。之後為補量化研究法不夠深入之缺點，研究者再依回收問卷之個案豐富性與方便性從三十三名受訪志工中選取七名訪談對象，並訪談志工組織之前任總督導、現任總督導、三組志工督導，以期提供更寬闊的視野。 本研究之研究問題除觀察我國女性參與非營利組織的現況、女性志工在勵馨基金會中擔任什麼樣的工作、扮演什麼樣的角色，並嘗試分析我國女性志工參與非營利組織的社會意義為何。茲將研究發現摘要如下： 一 、我國女性參與非營利組織的現況 根據國內相關的統計調查結果顯示，我國女性參與非營利組織的現況主要有兩個趨勢，一是女性參與志願服務的比率略低於男性，二是女性傾向於從事社會福利型態的志願服務。而國外相關統計的結果也指出志願服務領域中的性別分工仍是存在的現象，男性似乎較常在政治、經濟與科學的領域中從事志願服務，女性則對社會福利服務與健康、教育領域較有興趣。 二、勵馨基金會台北辨事處三組受訪志工之統計分析 總結勵馨基金會台北辦事處三組之受訪志工特色為：女性志工比例高、志工普遍年輕、教育程度高，且未婚、無宗教信仰者居多，而以全職工作者佔大多數，不過學生族群也是主力之一。對勵馨基金會之組織持續度高、對志願服務懷抱熱誠，肯定從事志願服務帶來的收穫，並認為勵馨基金會限定中途之家志工須為女性的作法。 而在性別上呈現之顯著差異包括：男性志工無宗教信仰者較女性多、女性基督徒則較男性多；男性志工比女性較有明顯的年齡斷層；女性集中在個案協同組，男性則多分佈於活動企畫組，在辦公行政組則男女各半；女性資深志工比男性多，對組織的認同感、持續度，以及對志工工作的熱誠度均明顯比男性高；且女性志工比男性志工更肯定勵馨基金會限定個案協同組志工須為女性的作法。 三、女性志工在勵馨基金會所呈現之樣貌 勵馨基金會台北辦事處之個案協同組主要的工作內容是陪伴個案，以及為有需要的個案進行課業輔導，而辦公行政組是整理每月固定的捐款收據、接聽總機，及協助處理行政工作，活動企畫組則是協助義賣、支援活動等。辦公行政組與活動企畫組的工作大致而言是男女志工均可做、沒有性別差異的。而個案協同組則限定為女性，主要扮演一個陪同者的角色，也是一個情感性的角色，提供青少女心理上的支持、慰藉與陪伴，協助她們重新學習待人處世、獨立生活等。而由個案協同組之工作內容可發現，在中途之家服務的女性志工還扮演了一個延伸的「家務勞動者」與「家庭照顧者」的角色。 女性到勵馨基金會台北辦事處當志工所面臨的困境，主要來自於傳統性別角色的束縛，也就「女主內」的傳統規範，女性志工在家庭中除須負擔家中主要的家務、教養小孩、照顧家人等，受訪的女性志工往往也內化了社會期待，要求自己將家庭置於優先地位。此外，家人的態度是否支持、是否較有兩性平等觀念，對其當志工的投入程度有若干程度的影響。丈夫的態度對已婚的女性志工而言，可能是最主要的壓力來源，若丈夫不支持，女性志工在參與志願服務時往往必須首先考量到丈夫的態度，而有所限制，且家務料理與照顧小孩的責任往往也都落到女性一個人的頭上。 女性志工從勵馨基金會中所得到的成長，包括獲得更多知識、擴展人際關係，及精神上的滿足等，也有女性因為當了志工後，更加積極去求取相關的資訊，修習相關課程來充實自己。另外，值得一提的是，女，往志工認為當志工後不但自己本身對兩性平等有更深的體認，有更強的女，性自覺，而且也會將這份知識傳承給女兒，她們也發現當志工後與女兒的互動更好，不但有更多知識可以教導女兒如何保護自己，也告訴女兒應該明白女性自己的權力、為家庭犧牲應有限度等。這點對於破除傳統兩性分工的意識型態，應有相當大的助益。 四、我國女性志工參與非營利組織的社會意義 女性一方面到勵馨基金會台北辦事處當志工貢獻一己之力，另一方面也在潛移默化中受到勵馨基金會本身追求兩性平等的使命感影響，消極面來講，是踏出家庭私領域的小圈子，積極面而言則是從志願服務的過程中擴大生活觸角，開始關心社會中黑暗的角落，對兩性不平等、性侵害等的社會事件會更有主見、更有行動力，同時也對兩性平等有更深的體認，瞭解到身為女性的存在感與價值，更有勇氣為女性不利地位發聲，同時也更有行動力，能身體力行教育下一代學習尊重兩性。女性藉由當志工獲得成長與主體性，或許是非營利組織未來可以繼續施力、加強之處。 / Female Volunteers of Nonprofit Organization - Take "The Garden of Hope Foundation" For Example This is a case study , take "The Garden of Hope Foundation" Taipei office for example, focus on it’s permanent volunteers in three department of volunteer organizations—Office department, department ,and Case Accompany department. Quantity research and Quality research both used, use structure questionnaire to have basic information of volunteers , then interview 7 of 33 volunteers to explore deeper. Conclude some investigation , the research found male volunteers are more than female and female volunteers are tend to join voluntary organizations of social service. Volunteers in three department of volunteer organizations of The Garden of Hope Foundation Taipei office are found : female volunteers are more than male, most of volunteers are young, single, non-religionism, and most of them have job, students occupy 1/3. Male non-religionism volunteers are more than female, female Christians are more than male and female volunteers are more active, positive and enthusiastic than male. Female volunteers offer their labor in nonprofit organization, and gain knowledge, friendship and growth from it, they pay more attention to gender issue and have more confidence of themselves, even they pass female consciousness to their daughters. Female volunteers get growth and confidence from nonprofit organization may be a way to lead women walk into the public sphere.