This study is an investigation into the nature of the vowel phonemes of Bahasa Indonesia in monosyllabic words, under primary stress, and consisting of a consonant followed by vowel followed by a consonant. Bahasa Indonesia is the national language of the Republic of Indonesia. All of the material in the literature relating to the vowel quality of this language is highly impressionistic. Some of the descriptions are comparisons with vowels in various modern Indo-European languages rather than scientific descriptions of strictly Indonesian vowel quality.

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Ce mémoire est une étude phonologique et phonétique visant à ordonner les voyelles nasales en fonction de leur degré en sonorité. Jusqu'à présent, la sonorité des voyelles nasales n’a pas été abordée dans la littérature phonologique et phonétique; ainsi, cette étude vise à combler cette lacune de la recherche en menant une étude typologique et expérimentale des différentes qualités des voyelles nasales. La première partie du mémoire comprend un examen du comportement et de la distribution des voyelles nasales dans les langues du monde afin d'élucider leur place dans l’échelle de sonorité. La partie typologique montre que, dans trois des langues étudiées, seules les voyelles nasales hautes subissent des processus phonologiques comme l’harmonie nasale et la réduction vocalique tandis que, dans deux des langues étudiées, seule la voyelle nasale basse subit des processus phonologiques comme le changement vocalique déplacement de la voyelle et l’attraction de l’accent. La deuxième partie est une expérience nasométrique dans laquelle l’intensité des voyelles nasales et orales est mesurée. L’analyse d’intensité permet de déterminer le niveau de sonorité de chaque voyelle nasale car l’intensité est considérée comme le corrélat physique le plus saillant de la sonorité. L'analyse statistique descriptive effectuée sur l'ensemble des données des voyelles organisées selon leur hauteur (c'est-à-dire haute, mi-haute, mi-basse ou basse) et leur type (nasal ou oral) montre que [a] est la voyelle orale la plus haute en intensité relatif. Quant aux voyelles nasales, [ĩ] est la plus élevée en intensité. Ainsi, suite à l’analyse statistique inférentielle, nous avons établi une échelle permettant de classer les voyelles orales et nasales en fonction de leur intensité. / This thesis is a phonological and phonetic study to classify nasal vowels according to their rank in sonority. To date, the sonority of nasal vowels has not been covered in the phonology and phonetics literature; thus, this study aims to fill that research gap through conducting a typological and experimental investigation of different qualities of nasal vowels. The first part of this thesis includes an examination of the behaviour and the distribution of nasal vowels in the world’s languages to elucidate the place of nasal vowels in sonority hierarchy. The typological part of this study shows that, in three selected languages, only high nasal vowels undergo phonological processes such as nasal harmony and vowel reduction while, in two other selected languages, only the low nasal vowel undergoes phonological processes like vowel shift and attraction of stress. The second part of this study presents the findings of a nasometric experiment in which the intensity of nasal vowels and oral vowels is measured. Analysing intensity helps to determine the level of sonority of each nasal vowel, because intensity is considered the most salient physical correlate of sonority. The descriptive statistical analysis performed on the data set of vowels organized according to height (i.e., high, mid-high, mid-low, and low) and type (nasal or oral) shows that, [a] is the highest in relative intensity. As for nasal vowels, [ĩ] is the highest in intensity. Thus, according to the inferential statistical analysis, we established a scale that classifies oral and nasal vowels according to their intensity.

This study focuses on how the cross-language perception of German vowels by native speakers of North American English differs based on various levels of classroom instruction and experience in a German-speaking country. Of special interest is whether more advanced students and those with target country experience have a different cross-language perception of German vowels from naive or less-experienced listeners. It further examines how English-speaking learners perceive German sounds that are not found in English, namely the front-rounded vowels. Study participants were students at Brigham Young University, divided into four groups: those 1) without knowledge of German; 2) in their 3rd semester of German without stay abroad; 3) in their 5th semester of German or above without stay abroad; and 4) in their 5th semester or above with at least 12 months in a German-speaking country. The subjects performed two tasks. While listening to German words, they first selected the English word with the vowel that most closely matched the German vowel heard from a list of English words on the computer screen; and secondly, they rated how much alike the German vowel sounded like the English vowel they chose. The results indicate that level of instruction does indeed affect how subjects perceive German vowels. Moreover, perception of the vowels was to some degree affected by the consonant environment. Finally, it was found that all groups rated the similarity of vowels in a similar manner regardless of experience.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-11-26T19:51:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Gisélia Brito dos Santos - 2013.pdf: 4152384 bytes, checksum: 0d7d314119a6b433c433012852e4d3ab (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T14:09:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Gisélia Brito dos Santos - 2013.pdf: 4152384 bytes, checksum: 0d7d314119a6b433c433012852e4d3ab (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T14:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Gisélia Brito dos Santos - 2013.pdf: 4152384 bytes, checksum: 0d7d314119a6b433c433012852e4d3ab (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This Thesis presents an acoustic-phonetic analysis of the oral and nasal vowels of Brazilian Portuguese, specifically those of the speech community of Fortaleza dos Nogueiras, Maranhão and European Portuguese, in some speech data from the region of Lisbon, Portugal. The theoretical foundation is sustained on the postulates of Camara Jr. (1970 ), Mateus (1982), de Morais Barbosa (1994) and Moraes and Wetzels (1992), concerning nasality in Portuguese, especially in Brazilian Portuguese. The theoretical framework of Acoustic Phonetics is composed mainly by the work of Ladefoged (2003, 2006 and 2007), Ladefoged, Johnson (2008), Mateus et al. (2005), Delgado-Martins (1988), Morais Barbosa (1994), Malmberg (1998), Medeiros (2007), Medeiros et al. (2008) and Sousa, E. (1994). The informants used as subjects in this research, both Brazilian and Portuguese, are people with low education, low turnover, 50 years of age or older. The Brazilian informants were born and lived most of their lives in rural Fortaleza dos Nogueiras; the Portuguese live in the outskirts of Lisbon. The speech data in Brazil are a result of our field research conducted in 2011. The data from Portugal were provided by the Instituto de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa and form part of the speech collection of ALEPG (Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Portugal and Galicia). The acoustic-phonetic analysis of the data is made through the program of Speech Station by Sensimetrics for visualization of expectograms and to extract measurements of F1 and F2. We present the values of formants 1 and 2 of the oral and nasal vowels and these are compared in order to show what happens with the nasal vowel in relation to the corresponding oral; we highlight the acoustical characteristics of oral and nasal vowels; we show the articulatory triangle of vowels of the informants of the research highlighting the contours the vowels assume in articulation and the frequency bands in which each vowel stands. Finally, we carry out a comparative investigation of oral and nasal vowels in these two varieties of Portuguese. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise fonético-acústica das vogais orais e nasais do português brasileiro, mais especificamente da comunidade de fala de Fortaleza dos Nogueiras, Maranhão e do português europeu, em alguns dados de fala da região de Lisboa, Portugal. O embasamento teórico pauta-se nos postulados de Camara Jr. (1970), de Mateus (1982), de Morais Barbosa (1994) e de Moraes e Wetzels (1992), acerca da nasalidade na língua portuguesa, especialmente, no português brasileiro. O referencial teórico de Fonética Acústica compõe-se, principalmente, pelos trabalhos de Ladefoged (2003, 2006 e 2007), Ladefoged; Jonhson (2008), Mateus et al. (2005), Delgado-Martins (1988), Morais Barbosa (1994), Malmberg (1998), Medeiros (2007), Medeiros et al. (2008) e Sousa, E. (1994). Os informantes sujeitos desta pesquisa, tanto brasileiros como portugueses, são pessoas com baixa escolaridade, baixa rotatividade, que têm a partir de 50 anos de idade. Os brasileiros nasceram e viveram a maior parte de suas vidas na zona rural de Fortaleza dos Nogueiras; os portugueses são moradores do entorno de Lisboa. Os dados de fala do Brasil são resultado de nossa pesquisa de campo realizada em 2011. Os de Portugal foram-nos cedidos pelo Instituto de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa e fazem parte do acervo de fala do ALEPG (Atlas Linguístico e Etnográfico de Portugal e da Galiza). A análise fonético-acústica dos dados é feita por meio do programa Speech Station da Sensimetrics, para a visualização dos expectogramas e para a extração das medidas de F1 e de F2. Apresentam-se os valores dos formantes 1 e 2 das vogais orais e nasais e estes são comparados com o intuito de mostrar o que acontece com a vogal nasal em relação à correspondente oral; evidenciam-se quais as características acústicas das vogais orais e nasais; apresenta-se o triângulo articulatório das vogais desses informantes da pesquisa com evidência para os contornos que elas assumem na articulação e para as faixas de frequência em que cada vogal se posiciona. Por fim, realiza-se uma investigação comparativa das vogais orais e nasais nessas duas variedades da língua portuguesa.

本教學實驗旨在探討如何教導國中生認識英語弱化音。筆者身為英語母語人士經常看到即使有十年或二十年學習經驗的英語學習者，仍舊無法完整了解母語人士講述的內容，原因就是弱化音與連音所造成的困擾，本研究藉著教導學生具備相關辨識能力，希望了解學生對這樣學習的成果與反應。 研究首先施行前測，取得比較基準，接著設計並在課堂實施了七個節次的教學，包括四堂連音、三堂弱化母音。課後再施行後測。前後測比較之下並無顯著統計差異。但是針對學生所作的問卷調查發現，學生覺得學到了聽力技巧與能力有所進步。此外協同教師在訪談中也表示，此教學對學生的聽力技巧與能力有所助益。 根據本次研究經驗，筆者提出教學建議，認為教授國中生弱化音與連音確有必要，也期待這樣的教學應該盡早提供，而非等到高中或大學，以免為時已晚。 / This study looks at teaching reduced sounds to junior high school students. It started with the premise that even people who have studied English for ten or twelve years still cannot understand online materials spoken by native speakers of English. The reduced sounds and linked sounds baffle them. This study investigated the student reaction to hearing reduced vowels. A pretest was administered to establish a baseline. Four contractions and three reduced vowels were presented in the lessons. Then a post-test was given. The statistics showed no measurable change between pretest and post-test scores. However there are other ways to measure progress. In the survey given with the post-test, a number of students responded that they felt they had learned listening skills, and that their listening comprehension had improved. There were also interviews with co-teachers. These interviews also bore out that teachers felt the students’ listening comprehension had improved. The writer, as an active participant in the study, feels that teaching reduced sounds in junior high school is worthwhile. One should present more reduced sounds and linked words early on, and not wait until senior high school or university.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The runic alphabet in the Viking Age (ca. 800-1100) only consisted of 16 characters. These did not cover the Rune-Swedish phoneme system. One of the runes, the so-called os-rune, was used for at least 8 different phonemes. By tradition it has been used to date Viking Age runic inscriptions in the Scandinavian countries. The present work investigates the phonetic and phonemic value of the os-rune in Rune-Swedish inscriptions on stone, altogether 1,745 instances in 961 inscriptions. On the basis of the analysis, the accepted view of the chronological value of the os-rune is assessed, and is found to be non-valid. The regional variations in the use of the os-rune are also studied, particularly in the context of individual rune-carvers, but also to see if any dialectal variation is discernable. It is found that there is a marked consistency in the use of the os-rune for either rounded or unrounded vowels. Inscriptions, where both uses occur, are concentrated to one small geographical area. There are also areas, where the use of the os-rune for rounded vowels is the rule. / <p>Digitaliserad utgåva 2016, kompletterad med en lista över viktigare rättelser</p> / De vikingatida runinskrifternas kronologi

Šio darbo tema – trumpųjų balsių vartojimas bendriniuose ir tikriniuose daiktavardžiuose. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – apskaičiuoti ir palyginti trumpųjų balsių dažnius bendriniuose ir tikriniuose žodžiuose. Rašant šį darbą buvo norima kuo daugiau sužinoti apie trumpųjų balsių dažnumą: kurie balsiai ir kodėl vartojami dažniau arba rečiau, ar skiriasi trumpųjų balsių dažniai pradiniuose, vidiniuose ir galiniuose tiriamų žodžių skiemenyse, kokie dažnių skirtumai tarp kirčiuotų ir nekirčiuotų trumpųjų balsių. Norint apskaičiuoti trumpųjų balsių dažnius bendriniuose daiktavardžiuose, buvo tiriama 410 dažniausiai vartojamų daiktavardžių (žr. 1 priedą), turinčių bent vieną trumpąjį balsį, paimtų iš elektroninio dažninio žodyno „Bendriniai XX a. spaudos žodžiai“. Norint apskaičiuoti trumpųjų balsių dažnius tikriniuose daiktavardžiuose ir palyginti jį su bendrinių daiktavardžių trumpųjų balsių dažniais, iš elektroninio dažninio žodyno „Tikriniai XX a. spaudos žodžiai“ buvo išrinkta 500 dažniausių tikrinių žodžių (žr. 2 priedą), turinčių bent po vieną trumpąjį balsį. Tiriami tikriniai žodžiai buvo renkami iš žodyno skyriaus, kuriame pateikiamos garamtinės žodžių formos pagal bendrąjį vidutinį dažnį (taip pat, kaip ir bendriniai daiktavardžiai). Jei žodyje randami keli trumpieji balsiai, tai to žodžio dažnis sumuojamas tiek kartų, kiek tame žodyje yra trumpųjų balsių. Visuose darbo skyriuose ir jų poskyriuose pateikiamos trumpųjų balsių dažnių skritulinės diagramos, taip pat... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The topic of this work is use of short vowels in common and proper nouns. The main purpose of this work is to calculate and compare the frequencies of short vowels in common and proper nouns. When writing this work, it was tried to know more about the frequency of short vowels: which vowels were used more or less often, if the frequencies of short vowels differ in the first, average and last syllables of the researched words, what differences were between the frequencies of stressed and unstressed short vowels. In order to find the frequencies of short vowels in common words, 410 mostly used nouns were researched (see Appendix 1) which had at least one short vowel and were taken from the electronic frequency dictionary „Common Press Words of the 20 th Century“. In order to find the frequencies of short vowels in proper nouns and compare with the frequencies of short vowels of common nouns, 500 mostly used proper nouns were taken from the electronic frequency dictionary „Proper Press Words of the 20th Century“ (see Appendix 2) which had at least one short vowel. The researched proper nouns were chosen from the chapter of the dictionary where grammatical forms were presented according to their general average frequency (the same as common nouns). If a few short vowels were found in the word, the frequency of this word was summed as many times as there were short vowels in that word. In all the chapters and subchapters of this work, circle diagrams of the frequencies of short... [to full text]