As populações remanescentes de quilombos tiveram seu direito à propriedade das terras que ocupam garantido pelo Art. 68 dos Atos das Disposições Transitórias da Constituição Federal de 1988. Entretanto, essas populações ainda enfrentam dificuldades de acesso a serviços essenciais como os de saúde. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar dados referentes ao acesso a serviços odontológicos e estimar a necessidade de prótese da população quilombola de Santo Antônio do Guaporé, Rondônia, Brasil. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo transversal seguindo a metodologia proposta pelo Projeto SB Brasil 2003 para identificar as condições de acesso e a necessidade de prótese dessa população. Foram examinadas 29 pessoas acima de 12 anos de idade. Das 62,1% dessas pessoas que consultaram o dentista pelo menos uma vez; 37,9% consultaram havia mais de três anos; 41,4% foram atendidos no serviço público; para 58,6% dos examinados, o motivo da consulta foi a dor e 44,8% avaliaram o atendimento como bom. Em relação à necessidade de prótese, 48,3% necessitam de prótese superior e 72,4% inferior; 17,2% necessitam de combinação de próteses superior, e 13,8% inferior. Os dados apontam a dificuldade das condições de acesso ao serviço odontológico, e a precariedade das condições bucais, marcadas pela necessidade de tratamento reabilitador. / The leftover populations of hiding-places had a right to the property of the lands that they occupy guaranteed by Art. 68 of the Acts of the Transitory Arrangements of the Federal Constitution of 1988. Meantime, these populations still face difficulties of access to essential services like those of health. The proposal of this work is to present data referring to the access to odontologic services and appreciates the necessity of prosthesis of the population fugitive Negro slave of Saint Antônio of the Guaporé, Rondônia, Brazil. For that, a cross study was carried out when Brazil 2003 is following the methodology proposed by the Project SB to identify the conditions of access and the necessity of prosthesis of this population. 29 persons were examined above 12 years of age. Of 62,1 % of these persons who consulted the dentist at least once; 37,9 % consulted that there were more than three years; 41,4 % was attended in the Civil Service; for 58,6 % of the examined ones, the cause of the consultation went to pain and 44,8 % they valued the service like good. And relation to the necessity of prosthesis, 48,3 % needs superior prosthesis inferior and 72,4 %; 17,2 % needs combination of próteses inferior superior, and 13,8 %. The data point to the difficulty of the conditions of access to the odontologic service, and the precariedade of the buccal conditions, marked by the necessity of treatment reabilitador.

En dépit des grandes avancées dans le domaine de la recherche médicale, les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) représentent toujours l’une des causes principales de mortalité dans le monde, et sont globalement responsables d’un tiers des décès dus à des maladies. En raison de la diversité et de la complexité de ces MCV, les recherches dans des domaines variés tels que la biomécanique, médecine, biologie, anatomopathologie, pharmacologie et imagerie se sont accrues. Ces recherches multidisciplinaires se développent dans l’espoir de mieux comprendre ces pathologies afin de mieux les traiter, ainsi que de réduire les coûts hospitaliers liés aux traitements des patients. Mes travaux de thèse rentrent dans ce cadre-là et s’inscrivent dans le champ de la Biomécanique Cardiovasculaire lié aux maladies coronariennes. Ils visent à développer de nouveaux outils d’aide au diagnostic médical pour la cardiologie interventionnelle.Mon rapport doctoral comporte deux parties :Dans la 1ère partie, je m’intéresse à l’imagerie de la plaque coronarienne obtenue à partir de l’exploration endovasculaire par ultrason (IVUS) pratiquée en clinique et plus particulièrement en utilisant le signal radio-fréquence (RF) IVUS. Le risque de rupture d’une plaque d’athérome coronarienne vulnérable (PV) est lié à la composition composite de sa lésion athéromateuse. Les proximités de tissus biologiques très différents engendrent des gradients d’élasticité importants responsables de concentrations de contraintes de fortes amplitudes, pouvant potentiellement rompre la PV. La mécanique des milieux continus va nous aider à identifier les propriétés mécaniques de tous les constituants de la PV à partir des séquences IVUS obtenues sur patients. Plusieurs études développées au sein de notre laboratoire TIMC (telles que la Palpographie isotrope, la Modulographie isotrope) permettent une quantification préliminaire des propriétés mécaniques de tous les constituants de la lésion. Au sein de cette 1ère partie, je décris dans un premier temps ces techniques existantes, puis dans un 2ème temps je détaille et explique mes travaux de recherche développés lors de ma thèse dans ce domaine d’imagerie. J’ai essayé de répondre aux deux questions essentielles suivantes : 1) Peut-on travailler directement avec le signal IVUS b-mode disponible en routine clinique pour visualiser l’élasticité de la lésion athéromateuse? , et 2) Est-il possible d’améliorer la technique existante de palpographie isotrope afin de tenir compte des propriétés anisotropes de la lésion et de la paroi vasculaire? . Afin d’y répondre, j’ai mené des études à la fois théoriques et expérimentales pour tester les performances des nouveaux outils d’imagerie IVUS proposés.Dans la 2ème partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à l’angioplastie par ballonnet et plus précisément aux propriétés viscoélasto-plastiques du ballon. En effet, il est essentiel pour le cardiologue de prendre en compte l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques du ballon lors de son utilisation répétée, et cela afin de permettre un acte chirurgical plus précis lors du gonflement du ballonnet au sein des artères coronariennes pathologiques. Cette dernière étude peut servir de base au développement d’un modèle biomécanique plus complet permettant de prédire l’évolution de la courbe pression-diamètre du ballon lors de son utilisation et plus particulièrement lors de ses gonflements consécutifs en utilisation clinique. / Cardiac catheterization has evolved from being initially received with great skepticism to becoming a standard for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. A myriad of derived techniques like balloon angioplasty, intravascular imaging, as well as valve and stent implantation are now routine procedures for interventional cardiologists. Despite these and other great advances in cardiovascular medicine, cardiovascular disease (CVD) still represents the main cause of mortality, accounting for as much as one out of three deaths worldwide. Due to the complexity of CVD, it has become the field of study of researchers among various disciplines in hopes to reduce the burden of the disease. One of such disciplines is mechanics, that applies its principles and approaches to create innovative tools to diagnose, prevent and treat CVD.The present thesis belongs to the field of cardiovascular biomechanics and aims to develop tools that can be of assistance to physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease. This dissertation is divided into two parts:Part I: Imaging the atherosclerotic plaque in clinics, is related to the identification and assessment of coronary atherosclerotic plaque with the presentation of a novel palpography algorithm based on continuum mechanics theory.First, it was investigated whether gray-scale IVUS images are enough for obtaining an accurate elasticity map to assess plaque composition and evolution. Indeed, it was concluded that radiofrequency (RF) data provides more detailed data than b-mode IVUS images. Then a novel anisotropic elasticity-palpography algorithm is described. It computes an apparent elasticity of the plaque from radiofrequency signals obtained through IVUS images. The derivation of an anisotropic index (AI) that can be related to the mechanical properties of the arterial wall, along with a first validation using simulated IVUS images based on real patient geometries of atherosclerotic and healthy plaques is presented. Using this new palpography algorithm, a study was that aimed to validate this technique in vitro was performed. Polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) cryogel vascular phantoms were fabricated, two of them with increased anisotropy. The phantoms were imaged with IVUS and their mechanical properties were obtained using different characterization techniques. Then, the anisotropy indices modeld with the experimental results and the ones computed with the algorithm were compared.Part II: Balloon angioplasty is focused on the treatment of coronary plaque and analyzes the mechanical properties of the balloons used for coronary angioplasty.First, the visco-elasto-plastic mechanical characterization of a specific balloon catheter model, the Maverick2 from Boston Scientific, is presented. Geometrical measurements using different microscopy techniques, balloon inflation tests, tensile tests and high-speed images are used to describe the mechanical behavior of the balloon components. The previous results are used in to define a model that can accurately predict the viscoelasto-plastic behavior of the angioplasty balloon film. These results could be used as the basis for a model to predict the inflation behavior of the angioplasty balloon during consecutive inflations in clinics.

Through a national collection, the Swedish Police identify and classify vulnerable neighborhoods. Areas are assessed through police perceptions regarding high concentrations of certain problems and criminal activity, such as public acts of violence with risk of harming third parties, open drug markets and organised crime structures. The purpose of this study has been to see whether it is possible to statistically discover these neighborhoods based on socioeconomic and demographic data. Initially, in a national comparison, areas that are defined as vulnerable neighborhoods by the national collection, was compared with other areas in the country. This was done based on a statistical grid consisting of squares with the dimension of 250 x 250 meters, with each square holding information about socio-demographic data. The main aim has been to identify a statistical model that more objectively can identify squares that are vulnerable or not, compared to the police's more subjective assessment. Result from logistic regression analyses implies that vulnerable neighborhoods from the national collection show greater odds at having high concentrations of residents with foreign background, higher unemployment rates and more households with single parents. Lastly, the best fitted regression model for explaining these areas by the means of pseudo R2-value, were used to calculate a prediction value for each square. This value was then analysed using a GIS-software, to discover any areas that in the national collection was classified as vulnerable, but according to the model no longer met the criteria, and then vice versa. The overall result indicate that it is possible to discover areas with higher concentrations of certain characteristics seen in vulnerable neighborhoods, using spatial analyses and logistic regressions of micro-places, to more objectively classify these areas. By aggregating crime data, the result of this study can in the future mean a more effective implementation for police authorities.

This thesis investigates the myriad of responses and complex relationships residents have to the stigma attached to their neighbourhood, one categorised by the police as socially vulnerable (Nationella operativa avdelningen 2019). This research explores the narrative of place to diffuse some complexity around the multidimensional positions people have to stigma and stigmatising imagery of place. Drawing on qualitative interview material, with past and present residents in Hisings Backa, this thesis explores the narrative of stigmatisation from experiential and temporal perspectives of understanding the place of Hisings Backa. Using a feminist approach, the research highlights the importance of understanding everyday experiences of place and space in the context of locating the wider effects of place stigma.

This study aims to analyse the trust and distrust towards the police by the youth community in a vulnerable district. Previous research has shown that young people are subjected to involuntary police search and are automatically seen as suspects by the police, contributing to the increasing distrust towards the police force and other authorities within law enforcement. A qualitative study was used to examine the trust and distrust in targeted vulnerable areas, along with interviews from nine people residing in a vulnerable district in southern Sweden between the ages of 16-24. The analytical and theoretical framework was centred around Goffman’s notion of ‘stigmatisation’ and Skegg’s theory about respectability, which enabled the analytical focus on what is happening in the interaction with the police.     The study’s empirical data showed that the encounter with police has a crucial part in the trust and distrust within the young community in a vulnerable district towards the police. A specific strategy appears to stand out in which the young people are avoiding the police. It is a strategy where young people take actions independently rather than call the police for ongoing or witnessed crimes. The study also showed that the police’s encounter with the youth in a vulnerable district is much tougher than the police encounter in a less vulnerable area. A clear pattern in the analysis appeared to distinguish how the youth in vulnerable and targeted areas were criminalised by the police and subjected to an involuntary police search, which was considered discriminating and derogatory by the youth subjected to it. An explanation was that a vulnerable area featured criminality and has a low socioeconomic status, which made all the young people suspects in these areas because of the work on crime prevention by the law enforcement. A respectful treatment by the police is essential to build and strengthen the trust towards them by the young people. Furthermore, the findings showed that the police’s work is deemed to be ineffective and inefficient, which is something mentioned by the majority of the interviewees. An important conclusion in this study is that the trust towards the police by the majority of the youth is practically non-existent.

This study, aimed at analysing the methods used by caregivers to construct their own resilience at a residential care facility for orphaned and vulnerable children, forms part of a larger study investigating the role of emotional awareness in caregivers. Convenience selection was used for the research site on account of accessibility, and purposive selection for the participants owing to their role as caregivers at the care facility. The qualitative case study method facilitated contextual investigation of the matter at hand. Data were collected by means of a focus group discussion with seven participants, individual interviews with four participants, and the researcher’s informal observations in order to elucidate the main research question: How do formal caregivers of orphaned and vulnerable children construct their own resilience? Kumpfer’s Resilience Framework served as the theoretical foundation for the study. Thematic analysis of the data yielded the following themes: demonstrating resilience when functioning within an unsupportive environment; demonstrating resilience when establishing a sense of control; demonstrating resilience through belief; and resilience born out of identity as a caregiver. Results were related to existing literature and the theoretical framework. Furthermore, a conceptual framework for the South African context is suggested. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lk2014 / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

Child and Youth Care is another profession that falls under the social services sector. A contextualization of child and youth care field within the broader socio-economic South African context is presented. In particular, the contribution of child and youth care as a unique field is outlined in this study. The ecological systems theory was used as the theoretical framework to underpin the study. This theory acknowledges that child and youth care as a field and child and youth care workers as professionals are not working in isolation, but are affected by the socio-economic dynamics within the broader macro-system. In the context of applied research, this study investigated the challenges and coping strategies of child and youth care workers in the South African context. Qualitative methodology was used to allow participants some reflection on the challenges experienced and coping strategies used by them. By utilizing the collective case study design, 11 focus group interviews were conducted in six provinces of South Africa to collect data from 93 participants. The participants were employed in government organisations and non-governmental organisations. Participants further represented child and youth care workers from rural, semi-urban and urban areas. Findings revealed that child and youth care workers are faced with an array of challenges which fall under the following categories: psycho-social challenges, professional challenges and socio-economic challenges. Under each of these categories, a range of themes and sub-themes have emerged. Themes and sub-themes that emerged under psycho-social challenges are as follows: inability to disengage from work environment, disengagement from socialisation activities, personal trauma, invasion of personal boundaries and emotional well-being issues. Coping strategies that emerged are: non-existent coping mechanisms, personal mission, substance use and quitting. Under the professional challenges category, the following themes have emerged: dealing with clients’ behaviours, personal risk, lack of tangible and immediate results, poor stakeholder relations, lack of clarity on the role and title of the child and youth care worker, inconsistent job requirements, lack of recognition, lack of training and promotion opportunities and inadequate working conditions. To cope with these challenges, the following strategies have emerged: non-existent coping mechanisms, personal support networks and professional support networks. A range of concepts emerged under each of the sub-themes. The specific features of the sub-theme ‘personal support networks’ include: rationalizing, self-protection and self-care. Coping strategies under professional support networks include: colleagues, team meetings, supervision, and psychological support systems. Challenges that emerged under socio-economic category are: inadequate remuneration structures and inadequate programme funding. To cope with these challenges, it emerged that participants resort to budgeting, formal and informal lending mechanisms, and alternative income generating streams. Upon closer inspection of all the challenges, the study revealed that many of these challenges originate from child and youth care workers not being fully recognised as professionals. Formal recognition of this category of workers will go a long way in resolving a number of challenges raised by the participants. It is also assumed that when registered, child and youth care workers will experience better working conditions which will also enable them to be remunerated properly in line with their counterparts within the social service professions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Social Work and Criminology / PhD / Unrestricted

The purpose for this qualitative study is to examine the crime prevention strategies against youth crime within non-state actors' work. As well as obtaining views of successes and challenges of this work in practice. Youth crime is a major area of interest within criminology, and in recent years much interest has been directed at problems that arise in the so-called vulnerable areas of Sweden, where young people are at risk of being drawn into crime. Information has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with nine people representing seven different organizations / associations. The actors work with young people in one way or another through sports activities, mentor programs or independent youth centers; and most actors are active in vulnerable areas. The results show that it seems important to have committed adults in order to engage and gain trust from the young people. Further strategies for activating the young people in prosocial activities is revealed, as well as to spread good attitudes among the youths. The findings are put within the framework of criminological theories in order to discuss / <p>2021-01-13</p>

Magister Legum - LLM / This study is encouraged by the fact that the field of labour law has drastically changed after enactment of amendments in various labour legislation such as Employment Equity Act, Basic Conditions of Employment Act and Labour Relations Act during 2013 and 2014. These changes have compelled employers to review their policies in line with the amendments of these Acts. This study will however focus on the impact of the newly introduced section 198 to the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995. The study will specifically focus on the continued use of fixed-term contracts of employment within the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Sector of South Africa.

The thesis deals with the concept of family conferences, which are a support tool for the functioning of families. The paper' s objective is to present information about the character, implementation and difficulties of the practice of family conferences. The text is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part focuses on the topic of family, its functioning and possibilities of its support within the Czech system of social care. Furthermore, it provides information about the benefits and the process of family conferences. The research part presents and evaluates the research of documents presenting the reasons for the implementation of family conferences, its impact and development in New Zealand, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic. The research part includes qualitative research carried out in the form of an interview. It provides information about some problem-solving processes in the families. The research findings suggest that we can benefit from experience from other countries during the implementation of family conferences in the Czech Republic and that the families involved in the research are inclined to solving complex situations by their own efforts. Key words: family, vulnerable family, family group conferences, empowerment, support