Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-03T15:07:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 YuriVAL_TESE.pdf: 1148530 bytes, checksum: bbc02b3ccb620b662b009f4dfd2dbaf2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T15:00:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 YuriVAL_TESE.pdf: 1148530 bytes, checksum: bbc02b3ccb620b662b009f4dfd2dbaf2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T15:04:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 YuriVAL_TESE.pdf: 1148530 bytes, checksum: bbc02b3ccb620b662b009f4dfd2dbaf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T15:04:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YuriVAL_TESE.pdf: 1148530 bytes, checksum: bbc02b3ccb620b662b009f4dfd2dbaf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / The influence of temporal and spatial gradients of the abiotic variables was evaluated in an artificial reservoir in tropical semi-arid region, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte - BR. In relation to data on fisheries was held monthly during the course of one year (January 2012 to December 2012) through interviews with artisanal fishermen that use the reservoir as explored environment. Through the artisanal fishing landing, was sampled a total of 9932.65 kg fish, was parallel obeisant environmental data trying to find the relationship from entering the capture and environmental variables. Environmental variables were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The species caught in the reservoir were the peacock bass, tilapia, hake, curimatã and piau. The first two axes of the PCA explained 78.58% of the total variation of environmental data related to the reservoir. Axis 1 was positively influenced by pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total N, total-P, and negatively influenced by dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and precipitation. Once the first four variables (pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total-N, total-P) presenting a high level of redundancy, the two variables with minor amounts (total N, P total) were excluded for further analysis. The transparency and conductivity were the variables that most influenced the Axis 2, while Chlorophyll, showed no interaction with any of the two axes. According to the CCA, the abiotic oxygen factors dissolved, electrical conductivity and temperature, favored the increase of the capture of species curimatã, tilapia and piau these more factors transparency favored catch hake while the pH and total dissolved solids favored the increase in the catch of the peacock bass. Thus the results demonstrate that the environmental variables influence the capture of the species composition in the reservoir during the study Santa Cruz. During the second study The survey data was conducted on a quarterly basis over the years 2011 to 2014. Sampling was carried out in eight points distributed in the reservoir. Environmental variables observed in the study showed no difference in the spatial distribution. However, when observed in the temporal sense of statistical analysis indicated difference between the years in the reservoir. The rainfall proved to be a determining factor in the temporal dynamics of abiotic variables in the reservoir of Santa Cruz, mainly temperature; pH; Dissolved oxygen; oxygen saturation; electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. The reservoir of Santa Cruz, showed a trend of increase in total dissolved solids concentrations, high electrical conductivity and pH, characteristics that indicate eutrophication trend in this environment / A influência dos gradientes temporal e espacial sobre as variáveis abióticas foi avaliada em um reservatório artificial no semiárido tropical, localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Norte – BR. Em relação aos dados sobre a pesca, foi realizado mensalmente durante o ciclo de um ano (janeiro de 2012 à dezembro de 2012), através de entrevistas com os pescadores artesanais que utilizam o reservatório como ambiente explorado. Através do desembarque da pesca artesanal, foi amostrado um total de 9.932,65 kg pescado, paralelamente foi mesurado os dados ambientais buscando encontrar a relação entrem à captura e variáveis ambientais. As variáveis ambientais foram analisadas através da Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). As espécies capturadas no reservatório foram a tucunaré, tilápia, pescada, curimatã e piau. Os dois primeiros eixos da PCA, explicou 78,58% da variação total dos dados ambientais relacionados com o reservatório. Eixo 1 foi positivamente influenciado pelo pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), N-total, P-total, e influenciado negativamente por oxigênio dissolvido (OD), temperatura e precipitação. Uma vez que as quatro primeiras variáveis (pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), N-total, P-total) apresentando um alto nível de redundância, as duas variáveis com os menores valores (N-total, P-total) foram excluídos de análises posteriores. A transparência e condutividade foram as variáveis que mais influenciou o Eixo 2, enquanto que a Clorofila, não apresentou interação com nenhum dos dois eixos. De acordo com a CCA, os fatores abióticos oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e temperatura, favoreceram o aumento da captura das espécies de curimatã, tilápia e piau, esses fatores mais a transparência favoreceram a captura da pescada, enquanto, o pH e sólidos totais dissolvidos favoreceu o aumento na captura do tucunaré. Desta forma os resultados demonstram que as variáveis ambientais influenciaram na composição da captura de espécies durante o estudo no reservatório de Santa Cruz. Durante o segundo estudo O levantamento dos dados foi realizado de forma trimestral ao longo dos anos de 2011 a 2014. As amostragens foram realizadas em oito pontos distribuídos no reservatório. As variáveis ambientais observadas no estudo não apresentou diferença na distribuição espacial. Entretanto, quando observado no sentido temporal a analise estatística indicou diferença entre os anos no reservatório. A precipitação pluviométrica revelou-se um fator determinante na dinâmica temporal das variáveis abióticas no reservatório de Santa Cruz, principalmente temperatura; pH; oxigênio dissolvido; saturação de oxigênio; condutividade elétrica e sólidos totais dissolvidos. O reservatório de Santa Cruz, demonstrou uma tendência de aumento nas concentrações de sólidos totais dissolvidos, elevação da condutividade elétrica e pH, características que indicam uma tendência de eutrofização deste ambiente / 2017-04-03

Cette thèse porte sur l’impact du type de sol sur le fonctionnement biogéochimique d’un écosystème forestier typique d’Europe centrale et occidentale. Pour cette étude, un dispositif expérimental a été mis en place par l’INRA et l’ANDRA au sein d’une hêtraie (Fagus sylvatica) dans la forêt de Montiers-sur-Saulx (Meuse, France) afin de suivre les cycles biogéochimiques entre les différents compartiments de l’écosystème (l’atmosphère, la canopée, la litière et le sol). L’intérêt particulier du site expérimental de Montiers vient du contraste important entre les types de sols pour un même peuplement : rendisol, calci-brunisol et alocrisol/brunisol. Pour la première fois, les stocks et les flux de l’eau et des éléments ont été mesurés et comparés in situ et sur le long terme (entre janvier 2012 et décembre 2015) sur des sols forestiers différents, toutes les autres conditions du site égales par ailleurs (climat, apports atmosphériques, âge et structure du peuplement). Les stocks totaux et échangeables dans le sol et les stocks dans les différents compartiments de la biomasse végétale (branches, tronc, racines grosses et fines) ont été déterminés par le biais d’analyses chimiques et de modélisations. Les flux élémentaires ont été calculés à partir des prélèvements mensuels des solutions de l’écosystème (dépôt atmosphérique, pluviolessivat, écoulement de tronc, solutions libres et liées du sol) et des chutes de litière. Le modèle hydrique BILJOU© a été utilisé pour estimer les composantes du bilan hydrique de l’écosystème. Les résultats montrent que la réserve utile du sol, les stocks des éléments dans le sol, les compositions chimiques des solutions du sol, la stratégie de colonisation racinaire et la production de biomasse pérenne diffèrent fortement en fonction du type de sol. Contrairement à ce que l’on pouvait supposer compte tenu des différences marquées entre les signatures chimiques des solutions des trois sols, les compositions foliaires du peuplement et les flux des éléments hors sol en solution (échange de la canopée, apport au sol) et sous forme solide (chute de litière) ne diffèrent pas ou peu entre les trois stations expérimentales pour la majorité des éléments. La part biologique des cycles minéraux est globalement prédominante et le renouvellement des racines fines représente un flux de recyclage généralement supérieur à la chute de litière aérienne. Nous montrons également que la quantité d’eau transpirée par la canopée, directement liée à la taille de la réserve utile du sol, est le facteur de contrôle principal de la productivité du peuplement à l’échelle annuelle. Des processus d’adaptation du peuplement aux conditions physico-chimiques du sol semblent réduire, voire compenser entièrement, les facteurs secondaires de contrôle de la productivité du peuplement (notamment la disponibilité des nutriments dans le sol). Ainsi un enjeu significatif pour les gestionnaires forestiers pourrait être l’adaptation des pratiques sylvicoles à des parcelles de gestion davantage basées sur les propriétés physiques des sols, et en particulier les profondeurs d’apparition de la roche-mère et de colonisation racinaire / This thesis deals with the impact of soil type on the biogeochemical functioning of a typical forest ecosystem of Central and Western Europe. For this study, a strongly instrumented experimental site was implemented in a beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) within the state forest of Montiers-sur-Saulx (Meuse, France), in order to monitor the biogeochemical cycling between the different compartments of the ecosystem (the atmosphere, the canopy, the forest floor and the soil). The particular value of the Montiers experimental site resides in the strong contrast between soil types under the same beech stand: Rendzic Leptosol, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Cambisol. For the first time, stocks and fluxes of water and elements were measured and compared in situ and over the long term (from January 2012 to December 2015) on different forest soil types, all other site conditions being equal (climate, atmospheric inputs, stand age and structure). Total and exchangeable pools in the soil and stocks in the different compartments of the vegetation (branches, trunk, fine and coarse roots) were determined via chemical analysis and modelisation. Fluxes of elements were calculated from monthly sampling of the ecosystem’s solutions (atmospheric deposition, throughfall, stemflow, gravitational and bound soil solutions) and of litter fall. The water balance model BILJOU© was used to estimate the different components of the water budget. The results show that the soil water holding capacity, the stocks of elements in the soil, the chemical composition of soil solutions, the rooting strategy and the perennial biomass production differ strongly between soil types. Contrary to what might have been expected in regard to the marked differences between the chemical signatures of the soils solutions in the three soils, the foliar elemental composition of the beech stand and the aboveground fluxes of elements in solution (canopy exchange, stand deposition) and in solid state (litter fall) do not differ significantly between the three experimental stations for the majority of the studied elements. The biological part of the mineral cycles is overall predominant and the recycling through fine roots turnover is generally higher than litter fall. We also show that the quantity of water transpired by the forest canopy, directly linked to the soil water holding capacity, is the primary control factor of the annual stand productivity. Stand adaptation mechanisms to physico-chemical soil properties seemed to reduce, or even entirely compensate for, secondary factors controlling the stand productivity (in particular nutrient availability in the soil). Thus a significant issue for forest managers might be to further adapt forestry practices to management units based on soil physical properties, especially depth to the bedrock and rooting depth

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of values of severity of injury caused by alternaria leaf spot and water deficit during the developmental cycle of three genotypes of sunflower and its relationship with meteorological conditions in seven sowing dates. In addition, aimed to quantify the final yield of grain and determine its relationship with water deficit and alternaria leaf spot severity for three sunflower genotypes grown in seven sowing dates. Rainfed experiments with three sunflower genotypes were conducted in Santa Maria nanthly planting dates from August 2007 to February 2008. Phenometric, phenological and alternaria leaf spot severity observations wise made. The soil water balance was calculated resulting in daily variation of water storage in the soil, the actual crop evapotranspiration and water deficit, based on data obtained with an automatic and a conventional weather stations. The highest values of final disease severity were observed in the sixth planting date for the three genotypes grown, indicating that the later the planting date the greater risk of alternaria leaf spot. There is a close relationship between days of healthy leaf area, area under the curve of progress of the disease, severity of observed final alternaria leaf spot and yield of achenes of sunflower. The highest yield for the three genotypes was obtained in the first two sowing dates and sowing after November should be availed in Santa Maria-RS. / Neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de valores de severidade de injúria causada por mancha de alternaria e a ocorrência de deficiência hídrica ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento de três genótipos de girassol e sua relação com as condições meteorológicas e quantificar a produtividade final de aquênios e verificar sua relação com a ocorrência de deficiência hídrica e de severidade por mancha de alternaria para os três genótipos de girassol em sete datas de semeadura. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos não irrigados em sete épocas de semeadura, distribuídas de agosto de 2007 até fevereiro de 2008, com três diferentes genótipos de girassol. Foram realizadas observações fenométricas, fenológicas e de severidade da mancha de alternaria. Foi calculado o balanço hídrico diário do solo, obtendo-se valores diários da variação de armazenamento de água no solo, da evapotranspiração real da cultura e a deficiência hídrica, a partir de dados obtidos das estações meteorológicas automática e convencional de Santa Maria. Os maiores valores de severidade final foram observados na sexta época para os três genótipos cultivados, mostrando que quanto mais tardia a época de semeadura maior é o risco de ocorrência de mancha de alternaria. Verificouse que existe estreita relação entre dias de área foliar sadia, área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, severidade final observada de mancha de alternaria e a produtividade de aquênios de girassol. A maior produtividade para os três genótipos é obtida nas duas primeiras épocas de semeadura, devendo ser evitadas as semeaduras após novembro em Santa Maria-RS.

Dans un contexte où des millions de personnes dépendent de la ressource en eau exposée au caprice de la mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest, ce travail de thèse vise à mieux appréhender les processus hydrologiques en zone de socle, et notamment à évaluer le rôle de la redistribution latérale de l'eau dans le sol par les interactions entre les réservoirs souterrains, la végétation et l'atmosphère, par la caractérisation et la modélisation à l'échelle de la parcelle et du versant. Ce travail s'appuie sur le dispositif expérimental déployé dans le petit bassin versant de l'Ara dans le cadre de l'observatoire AMMA-CATCH. La mise en oeuvre du modèle ParFlow-CLM permet de simuler les transferts dans la zone saturée et la zone non saturée par la résolution de l'équation de Richards en 3D, en étant conditionné par un forçage atmosphérique en surface. Après avoir identifié les paramètres influents pour les transferts verticaux, une caractérisation spatiale de ces paramètres a été menée. La configuration du modèle a ensuite été évaluée en 1D. Il est montré que le modèle reproduit de manière pertinente les séries temporelles du bilan d'énergie et la distribution de l'eau dans le sol. L'effet de la variabilité spatiale des paramètres hydrodynamiques est ensuite étudié à l'échelle de la parcelle. Enfin, en incluant les géométries de socle connues et une distribution de végétation, les transferts horizontaux souterrains sont mis en évidence avec la formation de zones sèches ou humides en relation avec des distributions spatiales d'évapotranspiration. / In West Africa, millions of people rely on water resources exposed to the monsoon variability. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to better understand hydrological processes in bedrock areas, and more particularly to estimate the role of lateral redistribution of soil water by the interactions between underground reservoirs, vegetation and atmosphere, using hydrogeological prospection and modeling at field and catena scale. This work is supported by the experimental device implemented in the small Ara catchment in the framework of the AMMA-CATCH observatory. The use of the ParFlow-CLM model allows the simulation of transfers in the saturated and the vadose zone by solving the Richards equation in 3D. The model was forced using observed atmospheric forcing at the surface. We first identify influential parameters for vertical water transfers. Then a spatial characterization of these parameters is carried out. The 1D version of the Parflow-CLM model is assessed using observed data. We show that the model provides relevant times series of the surface energy balance and of soil water distribution as compared to the observations. The impact of the spatial variability of the hydraulic parameters at the field scale (<1 ha) is studied. Finally, the bedrock geometry and the spatial distribution of vegetation are taken into account in the modelling. This allows the identification of horizontal subsurface lateral fluxes, which generate wet and dry patterns, which are related to the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration.

L'impact des modifications climatiques et de l'augmentation de la démographie sur le cycle de l'eau et de l'énergie dans la région ouest africaine passe par la quantification des échanges entre les différents couverts de la surface continentale et l'atmosphère. Toutefois, la compréhension du rôle des interactions entre la surface et l'atmosphère dans la dynamique de la mousson ouest africaine est limitée par le manque d'observations dans cette région. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des flux turbulents, en particulier l'évapotranspiration réelle, en climat soudanien. Les deux couverts étudiés sont une forêt claire (site de Bellefoungou) et une mosaïque de culture/jachère (site de Nalohou), situés dans la région du Nord – Bénin. On dispose de quatre années de mesures (2007 à 2010). Les sites d'étude font partie de l'observatoire hydro – météorologique AMMA – CATCH.Les données de flux turbulents de l'atmosphère ont été mesurées avec la technique d'eddy covariance. La partition énergétique des flux a été examinée à travers la fraction évaporative (EF) et le rapport de Bowen (β) aux échelles diurne, saisonnière et inter-annuelle. Des caractéristiques de surface (conductance de surface et aérodynamique) et le coefficient de découplage ont été calculés pour interpréter la dynamique de l'évapotranspiration réelle.L'analyse des résultats est basée sur un découpage du cycle saisonnier suivant quatre phases du cycle de la mousson : la saison sèche, la saison humide, les phases d'humidification et d'assèchement de l'atmosphère. Aux échelles diurne et saisonnière, on montre que le taux d'évapotranspiration réelle de la forêt est toujours supérieur à celui de la mosaïque de culture/jachère quelle que soit la saison. L'évapotranspiration réelle demeure non nulle en saison sèche sur le site de Nalohou malgré les conditions de surface peu favorables à ce processus. En saison humide, après le saut de mousson, la partition énergétique des flux atteint un régime stationnaire avec une moyenne égale à 0,75 à Bellefoungou et 0,70 à Nalohou pour les 4 années étudiées. Le rapport de Bowen pris dans le même ordre est environ de 0,4 et 0,6 traduisant ainsi, en dépit des conditions humides, la part non négligeable du flux de chaleur sensible sur les deux couverts végétaux. La différence de rugosité entre les deux couverts végétaux entraîne une conductance aérodynamique nettement supérieure à Bellefoungou par rapport à Nalohou. On montre également que la végétation du site de Nalohou est plus efficace en transpiration pendant la saison humide que celle du site de Bellefoungou. A l'échelle inter-annuelle, on n'a pas pu mettre en évidence une relation entre flux de chaleur latente et pluviométrie pour les quatre années étudiées qui sont toutes des années excédentaires. Cependant nous avons observé que le rayonnement net explique la majeure partie de la variabilité inter-annuelle des flux turbulents.Enfin, nous avons également montré avec le coefficient de découplage que la surface soudanienne et l'atmosphère restent couplées toute l'année. Ce fonctionnement de l'interface surface – atmosphère reflète le rôle majeur que jouent les conditions de surface dans la variabilité saisonnière de l'évapotranspiration réelle. Les résultats issus de cette étude donnent une première estimation des flux de chaleur latente et de chaleur sensible sur une forêt claire et une mosaïque de culture/jachère en climat soudanien. Ils sont d'une importance capitale pour la paramétrisation et la validation des modèles de surface ainsi que pour la quantification robuste de la ressource en eau disponible en surface pour l'agriculture, principale activité génératrice de revenus des populations locales. / Assessing the impact of climate and anthropic changes on the water and energy cycles, mainly rely on the quantification of the transfer between the various land covers and the atmosphere. Nevertheless the land – atmosphere interactions in the West African monsoon dynamic is not yet well understood because of the lack of observations in this region. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the sensible and latent heat fluxes under Sudanian climate. The two studied land covers are a clear forest (Bellefoungou) and a cultivated area (Nalohou), located in northern Benin, during four years (2007-2010). The study sites are a part of the hydro – meteorological AMMA – CATCH observatory.Turbulent fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance technique.The flux partitioning was investigated through the evaporative fraction (EF) and the Bowen ratio (β) at diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual scales. Surface characteristics (surface and aerodynamical conductance) and the decoupling factor were calculated to interpret the dynamic of the actual evapotranspiration.The analysis was performed according to four different stages of the monsoon cycle: dry and wet seasons drying and moistening intermediate stages. At diurnal and seasonal scales, actual evapotranspiration was always higher on the forest than on the cultivated area. It remained non zero during the dry season at Nalohou despite surface conditions which were not favorable to this process. During the wet season, after the monsoon onset, EF remained steady with a mean seasonal value of 0.75 at Bellefoungou and 0.70 at Nalohou for the four studied years. The Bowen ratio was 0.4 and 0.6 respectively, thus the sensible heat flux was significant on the two contrasted vegetation covers during the wet season. The contrasted roughness length of the two vegetation covers led to a highest aerodynamic conductance at the clear forest site. The mixed of crop/fallow was shown to be more efficient than the clear forest regarding wet season transpiration. At the inter-annual scale, no relationship can be evidenced between evapotranspiration and annual rainfall for the studied period (2007-2010), which was rather rainy. Nevertheless, the net radiation explains the main part of turbulent fluxes inter-annual variation.Finally, complete surface atmosphere decoupling was never observed. This property of the surface – atmosphere interface underlines the key role of the surface conditions in the actual evapotranspiration. Our results provide a first estimate of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over a clear forest and a mixed crop/fallow under sudanian climate. They are relevant to land surface models parametrisation or evaluation and to a robust quantification of the water resources for agriculture, the main economic activity in this region.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-13T13:07:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ABREU_Marcio_2015.pdf: 23193852 bytes, checksum: 4984b40be8f940d0e0e1efe210b0f4ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-13T13:07:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ABREU_Marcio_2015.pdf: 23193852 bytes, checksum: 4984b40be8f940d0e0e1efe210b0f4ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-13T13:07:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ABREU_Marcio_2015.pdf: 23193852 bytes, checksum: 4984b40be8f940d0e0e1efe210b0f4ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T13:07:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ABREU_Marcio_2015.pdf: 23193852 bytes, checksum: 4984b40be8f940d0e0e1efe210b0f4ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-03 / Não recebi financiamento / This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of water resources in the watershed of Sorocaba river and establish relationships between availability and water demand. Initially it was proposed a quantitative model of how to distribute the water in the different stages of the water cycle, from the moment of the rains, to flow to your river mouth, considering the intermediate steps between these two events, including human interventions represented by withdrawals of water from springs. For it was carried out the survey and analysis of hydrological data available and estimated those without measurements through the water balance. Set up for the series evaluated the climatological normal temperatures and rainfall and the average flow rate in river mouth, ie the watercourse that is base level of the watershed. The following parameters were estimated: potential and real evapotranspiration, surplus and water deficit. The average rainfall in the basin for the period 2006-2012 was 1,337 mm.year-1 , the average annual temperature 21.2°C, the ETP and ETR 1,011 mm.year-1 and 999 mm.year-1 , respectively, the water surplus 338 mm.year-1 , the average flow in river mouth 360 mm.year-1 and the flow derived and actually consumed by the users of 16 mm.year-1 . The water availability was adopted as the flow with 95% permanence (Q95%), estimated at 24.1 m3 .s-1 and the demands were obtained based on data from granting processes and by other methodologies, enabling a comparison between the results. Demands for major consumptive uses identified in the watershed were calculated with the following results: human supply 6.20 m 3 .s-1 ; industrial 1.83 m 3 .s-1 ; irrigation 3.59 m 3 .s-1 ; and animal consumption 0.24 m 3 .s-1 . The relationship between availability versus demand was considered and the results allowed indicate that the current situation of water resources across its use is very critical. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o entendimento da dinâmica dos recursos hídricos na bacia do rio Sorocaba e estabelecer relações entre a disponibilidade e as demandas. Inicialmente foi proposto um modelo quantitativo de como se distribui a água nas diferentes fases do ciclo hidrológico, desde o momento das chuvas, até a vazão no seu exutório, considerando-se as etapas intermediárias entre esses dois eventos (entrada e saída), incluindo as intervenções antrópicas representadas pelas retiradas de água dos mananciais. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento e a análise dos dados hidrometeorológicos disponíveis e estimados aqueles sem aferições, por meio do balanço hídrico. Definiu-se para a série histórica avaliada as normais climatológicas de temperatura e chuvas e a vazão média no exutório da bacia, ou seja, do curso d’água que representa o seu nível de base. Foram estimados os seguintes parâmetros: evapotranspiração potencial e real, o excedente e a deficiência hídrica. A chuva média na bacia para o período de 2006 a 2012 foi de 1.337 mm.ano-1 , a temperatura média anual 21,2 °C, a ETP e a ETR 1.011 mm.ano-1 e 999 mm.ano-1 , respectivamente, o excedente hídrico 338 mm.ano-1 , a vazão média no exutório 360 mm.ano-1 e a vazão derivada e efetivamente consumida pelos usuários de 16 mm.ano-1 . A disponibilidade hídrica foi adotada como a vazão com permanência de 95% (Q95%), calculada em 24,1 m 3 .s-1 e as demandas foram obtidas com base nos dados dos processos de outorga e por outras metodologias, permitindo uma comparação entre os resultados. Foram calculadas as demandas para os principais usos consuntivos identificados na bacia, com os seguintes resultados: abastecimento humano 6,20 m 3 .s-1 ; industrial 1,83 m 3 .s-1 ; irrigação 3,59 m 3 .s-1 ; e dessedentação animal 0,24 m 3 .s-1 . A relação entre disponibilidade versus demandas foi considerada e o resultado permitiu indicar que a atual situação dos recursos hídricos frente à sua utilização é muito crítica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 673867 bytes, checksum: 57199b386c14697803d98e5ba63fc8fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study had the aim to develop an automatic and controlled system of regionalized supplementary irrigation demand for the main irrigated crop in the State of Minas Gerais, providing this information three times a week by the world wide web (Internet). The so-called IRG&#150;NET system uses data collected by automatic weather stations belonging to the System of Meteorology and Water Supply of Minas Gerais (SIMGE) for the assessment of water loss in crop evapotranspiration, and also the water supply by rainfall. A geographic information system was used to spatialize and create thematic maps about crop evapotranspiration and daily rainfall in the State. A computer program was also developed to calculate the soil water balance and to determine the irrigation water depth for any place within the state. The performance of the developed system was evaluated by an assessment of the accumulated supplemental irrigation demand for Minas Gerais during the year of 1999, in two planting dates, for dry bean crops. The water demand was calculated by the system and by a climatic method for the recommendation of irrigation proposed by CAMARGO xvi(1971). The total volume of water used for bean irrigation within all potential irrigated area of Minas Gerais was estimated in two planting dates. The estimated reference crop evapotranspiration for Viçosa, Minas Gerais, was also compared for the year of 1999, calculated by the soil water balance class A pan and the Penman Montheith method. It was concluded that the accumulated supplemental irrigation demand for beginning on 1 st May and on 15 th September were higher than the estimates calculated by the climatic model suggested by CAMARGO (1971). The total water volume for the irrigation of bean crop in the State of Minas Gerais was 611,720,830 m 3 for the planting period of 1 st May, while 686,660,480 m 3 were used during the cultivation period of 15 th September. The evaporation class A pan method underestimated evapotranspiration by 7.6%. the reference crop / Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um sistema automático e monitorado de regionalização da demanda de irrigação suplementar das principais culturas irrigadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, disponibilizando tais informações via rede mundial de computadores (Internet), com três atualizações semanais. O sistema denominado IRG&#150;NET utiliza dados de estações climáticas automáticas do Sistema de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos de Minas Gerais (SIMGE), para estimativa da perda de água pela cultura por evapotranspiração, bem como a reposição da água no solo pela precipitação. Foi utilizado um sistema de informações geográficas para espacializar e gerar mapas temáticos de evapotranspiração de referência e de precipitação diária do estado. Também, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional para calcular o balanço hídrico e determinar a lâmina de irrigação para qualquer localidade de Minas. O sistema desenvolvido teve o seu desempenho avaliado por meio da estimativa da demanda de irrigação suplementar acumulada para Minas Gerais no ano de 1999, xivem duas épocas de plantio, para a cultura do feijoeiro. Foi calculada a demanda pelo sistema e por meio de um método climatológico de recomendação de irrigação proposto por CAMARGO (1971). Foi estimado o volume total de água utilizada na irrigação do feijoeiro em todos os municípios de Minas Gerais, nas duas épocas de plantio. Também, foi comparada a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência para Viçosa, MG, no ano de 1999, calculada pelo método do Tanque Classe A e pelo método de Penman Monteith, sendo este considerado padrão e utilizado no sistema. Concluiu-se que as estimativas da demanda de irrigação suplementar acumulada, calculada pelo sistema para os ciclos iniciados em 1 o de maio e em 15 de setembro, foram mais elevadas do que as estimativas calculadas pelo modelo climatológico proposto por CAMARGO (1971). O volume total de água para irrigação da cultura do feijoeiro em Minas Gerais no plantio de 1 o de maio de 1999 foi de 611.720.830 m 3 e, no plantio de 15 de setembro, de 686.660.480 m 3 . O método do Tanque Classe A subestimou a evapotranspiração de referência em 7,6%.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFSF_DISSERT.pdf: 5192980 bytes, checksum: c2b3b9a8cbb06f679d5b9ca1b25bd740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the Macro System of Regional Water Distribution Natal North (RNN) and Southern Regional Natal (RNS), covering 35% and 65% respectively of the Natal-RN City. The terms of the quality and quantity of water (surface and groundwater) were also evaluated in order to adjust the parameters that contribute to proper distribution and control in water reserves. The methodology of the work took place from collecting volumetric data of production capacity and distribution of the two treatment plants for Regional as well as the flow rates of wells. Yet the quantitative capacity of reservation, distribution and consumption of the main reservoirs, population numbers and consumption of members neighborhoods were collected. Data were tabulated and used in computational simulator EPANET to diagnose possible through the water balance, the offers and demands on the water supply system in the neighborhoods of the capital, linking them to specific distribution points. We also evaluated the wells in the levels of nitrate in water consumed. As a result it was found that some neighborhoods in the South Regional Natal, was ranked as critical supply situation: City of Hope, Lagoa Nova and Nova Descoberta, where demand exceeds supply. While in most Northern Regional Natal present deficiency in the supply system as: Lagoa Azul, the Parque dos Coqueiros, igap?, Amarante and Salinas. The rates of nitrate in the city were significant, but manageable with corrective and preventive measures. The averages were 12 mg /l-N in Candel?ria, 10 mg/l-N in Lagoa Nova, 9 mg/l-N in Satelite, 20 mg/l-N in Gramore and 15 mg/l-N in N. Sra. Apresenta??o. Therefore proper distribution of water abstracted and implementation of quality control ensures the supply required by the system, associated with preservation of Water Resources of the Metropolitan Region of Natal / O objetivo deste estudo ? caracterizar e avaliar o Macro Sistema de Distribui??o de ?gua da Regional Natal Norte (RNN) e Regional Natal Sul (RNS), abrangendo 35% e 65% respectivamente da Cidade do Natal-RN. As condi??es da qualidade e quantidade das ?guas (superficiais e subterr?neas) tamb?m foram avaliadas com a finalidade de ajuste aos par?metros que contribuam para adequada distribui??o e controle nas reservas h?dricas. A metodologia do trabalho se deu a partir da coleta dos dados volum?tricos da capacidade de produ??o e distribui??o das duas Esta??es de Tratamento das Regionais, assim como as vaz?es dos po?os tubulares. Foram coletados ainda os quantitativos da capacidade de reserva??o, distribui??o e consumo dos principais reservat?rios, n?mero populacional e o consumo dos bairros integrantes. Os dados foram tabulados e usados no simulador computacional EPANET que possibilitou diagnosticar, atrav?s do balan?o h?drico, as ofertas e demandas no sistema de abastecimento de ?gua nos bairros da capital, associando-os nos pontos espec?ficos de distribui??o. Foram tamb?m avaliados os po?os tubulares quanto aos n?veis de Nitrato na ?gua consumida. Como resultado verificou-se que alguns bairros da Regional Natal Sul, foi classificado em situa??o cr?tica de abastecimento como: Cidade da Esperan?a, Lagoa Nova e Nova Descoberta, onde a demanda supera a oferta. Enquanto na Regional Natal Norte a maioria apresentaram defici?ncia no sistema de abastecimento como: Lagoa Azul, Parque dos Coqueiros, igap?, Amarante e Salinas. Os ?ndices de Nitrato na cidade apresentaram signific?ncia, por?m, control?vel com medidas corretivas e preventivas. As m?dias foram 12 mg/l-N em Candel?ria, 10 mg/l-N em Lagoa Nova, 9 mg/l-N em Sat?lite, 20 mg/l-N em Gramor? e 15 mg//-N em N. Sra da Apresenta??o. Portanto a adequada distribui??o da ?gua captada e a implementa??o de controle de qualidade garante o suprimento requerido pelo sistema, associados a preserva??o dos Recursos H?dricos da Regi?o Metropolitana de Natal

Les retenues collinaires connaissent un essor dans les zones semi-arides pour leur capacité à réduire l'érosion et l'envasement de barrages, et à mobiliser des ressources pour la petite agriculture. Face aux incertitudes sur la faible valorisation de ces ressources et au manque de données sur le potentiel hydrique de ces aménagements, les disponibilités en eau de multiples retenues collinaires sont quantifiées à l'aide d'observations hydrologiques, modélisation numérique et télédétection. Un indice MNDWI appliqué à 546 images Landsat et combiné avec un modèle GR4J+bilan hydrique à l'aide d'un filtre de Kalman d'ensemble est développé pour estimer les disponibilités en eau entre 1999 et 2014 de 50 retenues dans le bassin amont du Merguellil, Tunisie Centrale. Les erreurs sur la disponibilité moyenne journalière sont de l'ordre de 10 000 m3 sur des retenues aux capacités initiales variant de 20 000 m3 à plus de 1 000 000 m3 et permirent de quantifier et caractériser le potentiel hydrique de chaque retenue en saison sèche. En parallèle, la combinaison d'inventaires, d'enquêtes agricoles et entretiens ethnographiques permit de recenser l'hétérogénéité des pratiques, caractériser les bénéfices des retenues et éclairer les contraintes additionnelles freinant l'exploitation agricole. Au delà de prélèvements limités, cette approche multi-échelle permet d'apporter des éclairages sur la diversification des pratiques agricoles, sur les bénéfices indirects (citernes, élevage, recharge de puits), et sur l'intérêt porté par les riverains pour cette ressource, au sens large du terme. La confrontation entre les pratiques et le potentiel hydrologique confirme que la disponibilité en eau est un facteur limitant sur 80% des retenues mais rarement suffisant pour expliquer les disparités inter et intra retenues observées. La majorité des agriculteurs ont été inhibés par des problèmes d'accès à l'eau (d'ordre économique mais également politique) et ne sont pas équipés de stratégies permettant de composer avec la forte variabilité. Les quelques succès recensés sont le fruit d'entreprises individuelles, possédant un capital et une résilience économique, leur permettant notamment de surmonter les pénuries à l'aide d'autres ressources économiques (pour acheter des citernes) ou physiques (accès à d'autres points d'eau). Une approche intégrée et un appui sur le long terme de l'état auraient pu favoriser un développement plus large et équitable des ressources. Au vu des capacités limitées et des sécheresses durables, les retenues collinaires dans ce contexte climatique doivent cependant maintenir leur objectif initial d'irrigation de complément et non chercher à soutenir une intensification à plus grande échelle de l'agriculture. / Small reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. Individual successes were observed as a result of farmers possessing adequate economic resilience and/or means to secure alternate water supplies during dry spells. Faced with limited available storage capacities and prolonged droughts, small reservoirs must in this climatic context retain their supplementary irrigation focus and not strive to support widespread intensification of practices.

A tendência de expansão do complexo sucroalcooleiro para as regiões Centro-Norte do país, devido ao aumento da demanda pelo etanol, torna relevante a elaboração do zoneamento de aptidão agroclimática para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar para essas regiões, notadamente para o estado do Tocantins. As informações climáticas e edáficas favorecem a determinação de áreas mais aptas ao cultivo e à mecanização. Por outro lado poderá ocorrer a elevação do risco climático nas regiões produtoras devido ao aumento da temperatura do ar, conforme divulgado pelo IPCC (2007). O presente estudo visou elaborar o zoneamento edafoclimático e ambiental para a cultura, utilizando a climatologia atual e identificar possíveis regiões com potencial produtivo no Estado. Além disso, buscou-se simular o impacto das mudanças do clima sobre o zoneamento agroclimático para a cana-de-açúcar no Tocantins, considerando os dados gerados pelos modelos GFDL e HadCM3 e cenários de emissão B1 e A1B, para o período de 2021 a 2050. Os resultados mostraram que tanto para as condições climáticas atuais, quanto para projeções dos modelos, não há restrição térmica para o desenvolvimento da cultura, e que para obter boa produtividade com o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar no Estado será necessário, de forma geral, a utilização de irrigação nos períodos de deficiência hídrica. Constatou-se também que, existe potencialidade para a produção da cana-de-açúcar, apesar da predominância da classe de aptidão restrita. Foram identificadas três regiões potenciais com condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis e com boa infra-estrutura para produção, localizadas nas regiões sul, sudeste e central do Estado. As mudanças climáticas analisadas indicaram que o Tocantins estará sob fortes restrições hídricas, com grande redução de áreas consideradas climaticamente aptas e marginais, e aumento das áreas restritas (quase a totalidade do Estado) ao cultivo da cana-de-açúcar sob condições de sequeiro. / Due to the increase of ethanol demand, the tendency to expansion of the complex sugarcane industry in the Center-North region requires an elaboration of agroclimatic aptitude for sugarcane culture, especially in Tocantins State. The climatic and edaphic informations favor the determination of most suitable areas for cultivation and mechanization. On the other hands, according to IPCC (2007) it may occur an elevation of the climatic risk in the productive regions due to the increase of air temperature. This study aimed to elaborate the environmental and edapho-climatic zoning for sugarcane using the current climate regime, and identify regions of potential productivity in Tocantins State. Furthermore, it was also aimed to simulate the climate change impacts over the agroclimatic sugarcane zoning in Tocantins considering data generated by GFDL and HadCM3 and scenarios of B1 e A1B emissions for the period between 2021 and 2050. Results showed that for both the current climatic conditions and the projected models there is no thermal restrictions for cane development and to obtain good productivity it will be necessary to irrigate the crops during the drought periods. Although the predominance of restrict aptitude classes it was noticed the existence of a potential for sugarcane production. Three potential regions (South, Southeast and Central regions) were identified with favorable edapho-climatic conditions and with suitable infrastructure for production. The climate changes analyzed indicated that Tocantins State will go through hidric restrictions due to the reduction of areas considered climatically apt and marginal and increase of the restrict areas for sugarcane cultivation without irrigation regime.