The thesis deals with Czech art of the 1980s and with the way it was at its own time reflected in relation to the concept of postmodernism. As a widely discussed topic postmodernism enters Czech art scene in the middle of the 80s. At that time key texts were written (primarily by Jana and Jiří Ševčíks and Ludvík Hlaváček) and first unofficial exhibitions of students of Prague art academies known as Confrontations took place. "New painting" or "new art" was interpreted and perceived as an expression or manifestation of the ethical, political and life attitudes of the "postmodern generation". In this context generational theatrical, musical and performative activities were of particular importance (theatre ensembles of Pražská pětka, musical performances of Vladimír Skrepl and Martin John at the openings of their exhibitions, Vaclav Stratil's, Margita Titlova Ylovsky's and Vladimír Merta's band Apage Satanas and others). The thesis discuses some shared attributes of postmodern "mood" and in this broad framework interprets work of some particular artists (Martin John, Vladimír Skrepl, František Skála, Martin Mainer, Jiří Kovanda, Margita Titlová Ylovsky, Jiří Surůvka and others).

La chaîne laser Apollon 10PW est un projet de grande envergure visant à fournir des impulsions de 10 PW et atteindre des intensités sur cibles de 10^22 W/cm^2. Dans l’état de l'art actuel, les lasers à dérive de fréquence (CPA) de haute intensité à base de cristaux titane saphir (Ti:Sa), sont limités à des puissances de crête de 1,3 PW pour des impulsions de 30-fs, en raison du rétrécissement spectral par gain dans les amplificateurs. Pour accéder au régime multipetawatt, le rétrécissement de gain doit être évité. Pour cela une technique alternative d’amplification appelée amplification paramétrique optique d'impulsions à dérive de fréquence (OPCPA) est utilisée. Elle offre la possibilité d’amplifier sur des très larges bandes spectrales de gain et d’accéder à des durées d'impulsion aussi courtes que 10 fs. Le laser Appolon 10 PW exploite une technologie hybride d’OPCPA et de Ti:Sa-CPA pour atteindre in fine des impulsions de 15 fs avec une énergie de 150 J. L’OPCPA est réalisé essentiellement sur les étages d'amplification de basse énergie et de très fort gain (ou le rétrécissement par le gain se fait le plus ressentir), ceci pour obtenir des impulsions de 100 mJ, 10 fs. Deux étages OPCPA sont préus ; le premier en régime picoseconde, le second en régime nanoseconde, et subséquemment on utilisera le Ti:Sa pour l'amplification de très haute énergie pour atteindre le régime multi-Joule.Les travaux de cette thèse porte sur le pilote OPCPA du laser Apollon-10 PW et se concentre sur le développement d’une source d’impulsions ultra-courtes avec un contraste élevé. Pour atteindre l’objectif final de 15 fs, 150 J, le pilote doit permettre l’obtention d’impulsions dont le spectre supporte des durées de 10 fs, ceci avec un contraste temporel d'au moins 10^10. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à la mise en œuvre des premiers étages du pilote. Ce travail concerne les étages de compression, de nettoyage d’impulsions et d’amplification OPCPA en régime picoseconde. Ainsi, en partant d'une source commerciale Ti:Sa délivrant des impulsions de 25-fs avec un contraste de 10^8, nous réalisons tout d’abord un élargissement spectral par auto-modulation de phase et une amélioration du contraste par génération de polarisation croisée (XPW). Ensuite, nous nous intéressons aux différents étireurs ps possibles incluant un filtre dispersif programmable (dazzler) en vue d’injecter l’OPCPA picoseconde de manière optimale. La solution directe utilisant un bloc de verre BK7 a été retenue et son association avec un compresseur compact pour le diagnostique de la compressibilité a été étudiée. Enfin, l’amplificateur OPCPA ps a été mis en œuvre dans des configurations à simple et double étages. / The Apollon-10 PW laser chain is a large-scale project aimed at delivering 10 PW pulses to reach intensities of 10^22 W/cm^2. State of the art, high intensity lasers based solely on chirped pulse amplification (CPA) and titanium sapphire (Ti:Sa) crystals are limited to peak powers reaching 1.3 PW with 30-fs pulses as a result of gain narrowing in the amplifiers. To access the multipetawatt regime, gain narrowing can be suppressed with an alternative amplification technique called optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA), offering a broader gain bandwidth and pulse durations as short as 10 fs. The Apollon-10 PW laser will exploit a hybrid OPCPA-Ti:Sa-CPA strategy to attain 10-PW pulses with 150 J and 15 fs. It will have two high-gain, low-energy amplification stages (10 fs ,100 mJ range) based on OPCPA in the picosecond and nanosecond timescale and afterwards, and will use Ti:Sa for power amplification to the 100-Joule level.Work in this thesis involves the progression of the development on the Apollon-10 PW front end and is focused on the development of a high contrast, ultrashort seed source supporting 10-fs pulses, stretching these pulses prior to OPCPA and the implementation of the picosecond OPCPA stage with a target of achieving 10-mJ pulses and maintaining its bandwidth. To achieve the final goal of 15-fs, 150-J pulses, the seed source must have a bandwidth supporting 10-fs and a temporal contrast of at least 10^10. Thus from an initial commercial Ti:Sa source delivering 25-fs pulses with a contrast of 10^8, spectral broadening via self-phase modulation and contrast enhancement with cross polarized (XPW) generation was performed. Subsequently, the seed pulses were stretched to a few picoseconds to match the pump for picosecond OPCPA. Strecher designs using an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter (dazzler) for phase control in this purpose are studied. A compact and straightforward compressor using BK7 glass is used and an associated compressor for pulse monitoring was also studied. Lastly, the picosecond OPCPA stage was implemented in single and dual stage configurations.

The Apollon-10 PW laser chain is a large-scale project aimed at delivering 10 PW pulses to reach intensities of 10^22 W/cm^2. State of the art, high intensity lasers based solely on chirped pulse amplification (CPA) and titanium sapphire (Ti:Sa) crystals are limited to peak powers reaching 1.3 PW with 30-fs pulses as a result of gain narrowing in the amplifiers. To access the multipetawatt regime, gain narrowing can be suppressed with an alternative amplification technique called optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA), offering a broader gain bandwidth and pulse durations as short as 10 fs. The Apollon-10 PW laser will exploit a hybrid OPCPA-Ti:Sa-CPA strategy to attain 10-PW pulses with 150 J and 15 fs. It will have two high-gain, low-energy amplification stages (10 fs ,100 mJ range) based on OPCPA in the picosecond and nanosecond timescale and afterwards, and will use Ti:Sa for power amplification to the 100-Joule level.Work in this thesis involves the progression of the development on the Apollon-10 PW front end and is focused on the development of a high contrast, ultrashort seed source supporting 10-fs pulses, stretching these pulses prior to OPCPA and the implementation of the picosecond OPCPA stage with a target of achieving 10-mJ pulses and maintaining its bandwidth. To achieve the final goal of 15-fs, 150-J pulses, the seed source must have a bandwidth supporting 10-fs and a temporal contrast of at least 10^10. Thus from an initial commercial Ti:Sa source delivering 25-fs pulses with a contrast of 10^8, spectral broadening via self-phase modulation and contrast enhancement with cross polarized (XPW) generation was performed. Subsequently, the seed pulses were stretched to a few picoseconds to match the pump for picosecond OPCPA. Strecher designs using an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter (dazzler) for phase control in this purpose are studied. A compact and straightforward compressor using BK7 glass is used and an associated compressor for pulse monitoring was also studied. Lastly, the picosecond OPCPA stage was implemented in single and dual stage configurations.

Bien qu'ayant suscité de nombreuses études sur le sujet, un certain nombre de questions à propos de la formation des vagues sous l'effet du vent restent sans réponse précise. Dans ma thèse, j'aborde ce problème selon une approche peu explorée : l'étude expérimentale de la déformation sous l'effet du vent de la surface d'un liquide fortement visqueux. En effet, contrairement à la majeure partie de la littérature sur le sujet, le liquide que j'utilise n'est pas de l'eau mais un liquide sensiblement plus visqueux. Indépendamment des questions fondamentales sous-jacentes, cela a en pratique l'avantage de simplifier le problème. En effet, du fait de la forte viscosité du liquide, l'écoulement dans le liquide reste laminaire et les perturbations de l'interface qui ne sont pas amplifiées ne peuvent se propager que sur une distance limitée. Pour observer ces déformations de l'interface liquide-air, j'ai développé un nouveau montage expérimental sur lequel a été mise en œuvre la méthode de visualisation Free Surface Synthetic Schlieren. Cette technique non intrusive a permis de mesurer avec une résolution micrométrique les amplitudes de déformations de la surface et d'accéder aux premières déformations à faible vitesse de vent. Dans un premier temps, les expériences furent conduites sur un liquide trente fois plus visqueux que l'eau. Grâce aux données expérimentales obtenues par FS-SS, deux régimes de déformation de l'interface liquide-air ont été mis en évidence. A vitesse de vent faible, l'interface est recouverte de "wrinkles", des perturbations de faible amplitude désorganisées spatialement et globalement alignées dans le sens de l'écoulement. Ces wrinkles peuvent être interprétés comme l'effet sur l'interface des fluctuations de pression de l'écoulement turbulent d'air. A plus forte vitesse, au-dessus d'une vitesse critique, apparaissent des vagues transverses quasi-parallèles entre elles et perpendiculaire à la direction du vent. Les distinctions entre les deux régimes ont été détaillées et les non-linéarités émergeant au-dessus du seuil ont aussi été étudiées. Par la suite, la viscosité du liquide a été changée sur une large gamme. Il ressort des expériences que les deux régimes de déformation de l'interface sous l'effet du vent peuvent être identifiés pour l'ensemble des viscosités parcourues. Suite à ces résultats, un modèle décrivant l'évolution de l'amplitude des wrinkles en fonction du vent et de la viscosité du liquide a été développé. / Despite numerous studies on the subject, the development of waves under the action of wind still retains a certain number of open questions. In my PhD, I approach this problem through a fairly uncommon angle: the experimental study of the deformation by wind of the surface of a highly viscous liquid. Indeed, contrary to the major part of the literature on the matter, the liquid I used is not water but a significantly more viscous liquid. Regardless of the fundamental underlying questions, this has the practical advantage of simplifying the problem. Indeed, due to the high viscosity of the liquid, the flow in the liquid stays laminar and the unamplified perturbations of the interface can only propagate over a limited distance. To observe these deformations at the liquid-air interface, I have developed a new experimental set-up upon which the Free Surface Synthetic Schlieren method of visualization was implemented. This non-intrusive technique allowed to measure with a micrometric accuracy the amplitude of the surface deformation and to access the first deformations at low wind velocity. First, experiments were conducted over a liquid thirty times more viscous than water. The experimental data obtained by FS-SS show two regimes of deformation of the liquid-air interface. At low wind velocity, the interface is populated with ``wrinkles'', small-amplitude streamwise spatially disorganized perturbations. These wrinkles can be interpreted as the effect on the interface of the pressure fluctuations in the turbulent wind. At higher windspeed, above a critical velocity, transverse waves appear with quasi-parallel crests perpendicular to the wind direction. The distinctions between the two regimes have been detailed and the nonlinearities emerging above the threshold have also been studied. Then, the viscosity of the liquid has been changed over a large range. It results from the experiments that the two regimes of surface deformation by wind can be identified for all the viscosities explored. Following these results, a model was developed to account for the evolution of the wrinkles' amplitude both with wind velocity and with viscosity.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21732号 / 工博第4549号 / 新制||工||1709(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 大村 善治, 教授 松尾 哲司, 教授 竹内 繁樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Dans le cadre de la séparation sélective pour le traitement et la valorisation des combustibles nucléaires usés, l’extraction liquide/liquide est largement utilisée au niveau industriel. Néanmoins, ce procédé est encore mal compris en ce qui concerne les phénomènes physico-chimiques qui se produisent à l’interface liquide/liquide. Ce travail porte sur la compréhension de la dynamique de l’interface liquide nanométrique durant le transfert d’une espèce entre une phase aqueuse et une phase organique. Deux techniques expérimentales ont principalement été utilisées: la mesure de tension interfaciale et l’optique non linéaire. Ce travail a également donné lieu au développement d’un modèle numérique de dynamique de transfert de phase prenant en compte à la fois des phénomènes de transport diffusif proche de l’interface et une cinétique chimique sur l’interface décrivant les processus d’adsorption/désorption. Des systèmes modèles constitués de molécules surfactantes et/ou chromophores et/ou complexantes ont été étudiés aux interfaces air/liquide et liquide/liquide. L’adsorption/désorption, l’agrégation en surface, la complexation d’ion à une interface liquide et la structuration des systèmes ont ainsi pu être étudiées tant d’un point de vue des états d’équilibre que de la dynamique. Enfin, ces études ont été appliquées à un système d’intérêt industriel utilisé dans le procédé de dépollution DIAMEX / Liquid-liquid extraction processes are widely used in the industrial fields of selective separation. Despites its numerous applications, the microscopic mechanisms which occur during a liquid liquid extraction processes are really unknown specially at the liquid/liquid interface. Thus, this work deals on the understanding of the phenomena which drive the mass transfer across a liquid/liquid interface. Two experimental techniques were used in this work: dynamic interfacial tension measurement and non-linear optical experiments. Along with the use of this experimental approach, a numerical model describing the mass transfer dynamic has been developed. This model works under the assumption that both diffusion and a chemical step describing adsorption and desorption processes contribute to the global transfer kinetics. Model systems of surfactant molecules, chromophore molecules and complexing molecule were investigated at liquid/liquid and air/liquid interface. Interfacial phenomena like adsorption, surface aggregation and ion complexing were studied. Finally, the methodology developed in this work was applied to studied an extractant molecule with potential industrial application

This works focusesof the propose and realization device for drive four quadrant bridge convertor with transistors IGBT. Final propose include drive unipolar and bipolar, choice between direct or alternative modulation.

No description available.

This thesis deals with optical synthesis of unmodulated and modulated microwave signals. Generation of microwave signals based on optical heterodyning is discussed in detail. The effect of phase noise of laser on heterodyned output has been studied for different phase noise profiles. Towards this, we propose a generic algorithm to numerically model the linewidth broadening of a laser due to phase noise. Generation of microwave signals is demonstrated practically by conducting an optical heterodyning experiment. Signals ranging in frequency from 12.5 MHz to 27 GHz have been generated. Limitations of optical heterodyning based approach in terms of phase noise performance and frequency stability are discussed and practically demonstrated. A hardware-efficient Optical Phase Locked Loop (OPLL) is proposed to overcome these issues. Phase noise tracking performance of the proposed OPLL has been experimentally demonstrated. Phase noise values as low as -105 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz offset have been achieved. Optical modulators, owing to their extremely low electro-optic response time, can support high frequency modulating signals. This makes them highly attractive in comparison to their microwave counterparts. In this thesis, we propose techniques to generate microwave signals modulated at very high bit rates by down-converting the corresponding modulated optical signals to microwave domain. Down-conversion required for this process is achieved by optical heterodyning. The proposed concept has been theoretically analyzed, simulated and experimentally validated. Amplitude Modulated and ASK modulated microwave signals have been generated as Proof-of-Concept. Limitations posed by OPLL in generation of angle modulated microwave signals by optical heterodyning have been brought out. Schemes overcoming these limitations have been proposed towards generation of BPSK and QPSK modulated microwave signals. Integrated Optics (IO) technology has been studied as a means of implementation of the proposed concepts. IO components like Sinusoidal bends, Y-branch splitters and Electro-Optic-Modulators (EOMs) have been designed towards optical synthesis of modulated microwave signals. Propagation of modulated optical signal through these IO components has also been studied. An all-optic scheme based on Optical Beam Forming is proposed for transmission of QPSK modulated signal. Limitation of phase-shifting based approach, in terms of beam-squint, has been brought out. True-Time-Delay based approach has been proposed for applications demanding wide instantaneous bandwidth to avoid beam-squint. Algorithms / numerical methods required for analyses and simulations associated with the above-mentioned tasks have been evolved. This study is envisaged to provide useful insight into the realization of high-speed, compact, light-weight data transmitting systems based on Integrated Optics for future onboard spacecraft applications. This work, we believe, is a step towards realization of an Integrated Optic System-on-Chip solution for specific microwave data transmission applications.

Generating, miniaturizing and controlling spin waves on the nanometer scale is of great interest for magnonics. For instance, this holds the prospect of exploring wave-based logic concepts and reduced Joule heating, by avoiding charge transport, in spin-wave circuitry. In this work, a novel approach is for the first time confirmed experimentally, which allows confining spin-wave transport to nanometre-wide channels defined by magnetic domain walls. This is investigated for different domain wall types( 90deg and180deg Néel walls) in two material systems of polycrystalline Ni81Fe19 and epitaxial Fe. The study covers the thermal, linear and non-linear regime utilizing micro- focused Brillouin light scattering microscopy complemented by micromagnetic simulations. An initially linear dispersion dominated by dipolar interactions is found for the guided spin waves. These are transversally confined to sub-wavelength wide beams with a well-defined wave vector along the domain wall channel. In the non-linear regime, higher harmonic generation of additional spin-wave beams at the sides of the domain wall channel is observed. Furthermore, the possibility to shift the position of the domain wall over several microns by small magnetic fields is demonstrated, while maintaining its spin-wave channeling functionality. Additionally, spin-wave transmittance along domain walls, which change direction at the edges of the structure as well as between interconnected walls of identical and different type is studied. Characterization of spin-wave transmission through interconnected domain walls is an important step towards the development of magnonic circuitry based on domain wall(-networks). With respect to developing flexible and scalable spin-wave sources, the second part of this thesis addresses auto-oscillations in spin Hall oscillators (based on a Pt / Ni81Fe19 bilayer) of tapered nanowire geometry. In these systems, a simultaneous formation of two separate spin-wave bullets of distinct localization and frequency has been indicated. This spin-wave bullet formation is con- firmed experimentally and investigated for different driving currents. Subsequently, control over these bullets by injecting external microwave signals of varying frequency and power is demon- strated, switching the oscillator into single-mode operation. Three synchronized auto-oscillatory states are observed, which can be selected by the frequency of the externally imprinted signal. This synchronization results in linewidth reduction and frequency-locking of the individual bullet modes. Simultaneously the bullet-amplitude is amplified and is found to scale as P2/3 with the injected microwave power P. This amplification and control over position and frequency of the spin-wave bullets is promising for the development of microwave amplifiers/detectors and spin- wave sources on the nanoscale based on spin Hall oscillators.:1 Introduction 1 2 Theoretical background 4 2.1 Energy density of thin film ferromagnets and domain(wall) formation 2.2 Magnetizationdynamicsinthinfilmferromagnets 11 2.2.1 Spin-wavedispersioninthelinearregime 13 2.2.2 Magnetizationdynamicsinthenon-linearregime 17 2.3 SpinHallOscillators 21 2.3.1 Spin Hall effect and spin transfer torque in a ferromagnet/heavy-metal bi- layersystem 21 2.3.2 Characteristics of magnetization auto-oscillations 25 2.3.3 Improvement of monochromaticity, coherence and output power by injec- tionlocking 28 3 Materials and Methods 31 3.1 ElectronBeamLithography,EBL 31 3.2 Ni81Fe19 microstructures 32 3.3 Femicrostructures 34 3.4 TaperedspinHalloscillators 35 3.5 Micro-focused Brillouin Light Scattering Spectroscopy, μBLS 36 3.5.1 μBLSspatialresolution 40 4 Experimental results 43 4.1 Spin-wave dynamics in multi-domain magnetic configurations 43 4.1.1 Spin-wave dynamics of 180◦ Néel walls in rectangular elements 44 4.1.2 Spin-wave dynamics of 90◦ Néel walls in square elements 63 4.1.3 Spin-wave dynamics of interconnected Néel walls in Fe wires 76 4.2 Auto-oscillationintaperedwiregeometries 88 4.2.1 Initial static magnetic configuration and effective field 89 4.2.2 Thermally excited dynamics and spectral properties 91 4.2.3 Direct microwave excitation of spin-wave dynamics 93 4.2.4 Auto-oscillatoryresponse 96 4.2.5 Microwaveamplificationandinjectionlocking 104 5 Summary and outlook 114 Own publications 118 Bibliography 120 Acknowledgement 141 A Appendix 143 A.1 Splitting process in magnetic domains confined by domain walls 143 A.2 reconfigurable remanent states in square structures stabilized by local ion irradiation 144 A.3 Domain wall displacements induced by a scanning laser beam 145 A.4 Magnetic Force Microscopy investigation of the domain wall type and width 147 A.5 Micromagnetic simulations: problem definition and analysis 149 A.6 Current dependence of auto-oscillations in the tapered SHO 152 A.7 Fabrication of Ni81Fe19 microstructures for spin waves in domain walls 153